Anne of Denmark
Queen consort of Scotland, England, and Ireland (more...)
Queen Anne in mourning for Prince Henry
Consort	Scotland: 20 August 1589 – 2 March 1619 England: 24 March 1603 – 2 March 1619
Coronation	17 May 1590
Consort to	James VI of Scots, I of England
Issue
Henry Frederick, Elizabeth Stuart, Margaret Stuart, Charles I, Robert Stuart, Mary Stuart, Sophia Stuart
Royal house	House of Stuart House of Oldenburg
Father	Frederick II of Denmark
Mother	Sophie of Mecklenburg
Born	12 December 1574 Skanderborg, Denmark
Died	2 March 1619 (aged 44) Hampton Court Palace
Burial	13 May 1619 Westminster Abbey

Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619) was queen consort of James VI of Scots, I of England and Ireland. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Robert Bruce Stuart Duke of Kintyre ( 18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602) was the fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of The House of Oldenburg is a North German dynasty and one of Europe 's most influential Royal Houses It first became royal when Count Christian I Frederick II ( 1 July 1534 &ndash 4 April 1588) King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 until his death Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow ( 4 September 1557, Wismar &ndash 14 October 1631, Nykoping) was a German Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Skanderborg, with a Population of 13520 is a town in central Denmark just south of Aarhus The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James ^[1] The second daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark, Anne married James in 1589 at the age of fourteen and bore him three children who survived infancy, including the future Charles I. Frederick II ( 1 July 1534 &ndash 4 April 1588) King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 until his death Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. She demonstrated an independent streak and a willingness to use factional Scottish politics in her conflicts with James over the custody of Prince Henry and his treatment of her friend Beatrix Ruthven. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Anne appears to have loved James at first, but the couple gradually drifted and eventually lived apart, though mutual respect and a degree of affection survived.

In England, Anne shifted her energies from factional politics to patronage of the arts and constructed a magnificent court of her own, hosting one of the richest cultural salons in Europe. A salon is a gathering of stimulating people of quality under the roof of an inspiring hostess or host partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through ^[2] After 1612, she suffered sustained bouts of ill health and gradually withdrew from the centre of court life. Though she was reported to have died a Protestant, evidence suggests that she may have converted to Catholicism at some stage in her life. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described ^[3]

Historians have traditionally dismissed Anne as a lightweight queen, frivolous and self-indulgent. ^[4] However, recent reappraisals acknowledge Anne's assertive independence and, in particular, her dynamic significance as a patron of the arts during the famous Jacobean age. Highlights of the Jacobean Era The practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was a development of the first order of importance for both ^[5]

Early life

Anne's mother, Sophie of Mecklenburg, c. 1578, by Hans Knieper

Anne was born on 12 December 1574 at the castle of Skanderborg, on the Jutland Peninsula in the Kingdom of Denmark. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Skanderborg, with a Population of 13520 is a town in central Denmark just south of Aarhus This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. Denmark–Norway ( Danish: Danmark-Norge Norwegian: Danmark-Norge or Danmark-Noreg is the historiographical name for a former political entity union Her birth came as a blow to her father, King Frederick II of Denmark, who was desperately hoping for a son. Frederick II ( 1 July 1534 &ndash 4 April 1588) King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 until his death ^[6] Anne's mother, Sophie of Mecklenburg, however, was only seventeen, and three years later did bear Frederick a son, the future Christian IV of Denmark. Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow ( 4 September 1557, Wismar &ndash 14 October 1631, Nykoping) was a German Christian IV ( 12 April, 1577 &ndash 28 February, 1648) was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1588 until his death ^[7] Anne was sent with her older sister Elizabeth to be raised at Güstrow, in Germany, by her maternal grandparents, the Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg. Güstrow (ˈgʏstʀoː is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Elizabeth of Denmark ( 14 October 1524 &ndash 15 October 1586) was a Duchess of Mecklenburg. Compared with the roving Danish court, where King Frederick was notorious for gargantuan meals, heavy drinking, and restless behaviour which included unfaithfulness to the Queen, Güstrow provided Anne with a frugal and stable life during her early childhood. ^[8] Christian was also sent to be brought up at Güstrow; but two years later, in 1579, the Rigsraad, or Danish Privy Council, successfully requested his removal to Denmark, and Anne and Elizabeth returned with him. Rigsraadet ( English The Council of the Realm or The Council of the State - sometimes translated as "Privy Council" is the name of the councils ^[9]

Anne enjoyed a close and happy family upbringing in Denmark, thanks largely to Queen Sophie, who tended the children herself during their illnesses. ^[10] Suitors from all over Europe sought the hands of Anne and her older sister in marriage, including James VI of Scotland, who favoured Denmark as a kingdom reformed in religion and a profitable trading partner. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. ^[11] Scottish ambassadors had at first concentrated their suit on the oldest daughter,^[12] but Frederick betrothed Elizabeth to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, promising the Scots instead that "for the second [daughter] Anna, if the King did like her, he should have her". Henry Julius (German Heinrich Julius; 15 October 1564 – 30 July 1613) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince of ^[13]

Betrothal and proxy marriage

Sophie's constitutional position became difficult after Frederick's death in 1588,^[14] when she found herself in a power struggle with the Rigsraad for control of King Christian. As a matchmaker, however, Sophie proved more diligent than Frederick and, overcoming sticking points on the amount of the dowry and the status of Orkney,^[15] she sealed the agreement by July 1589. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north ^[16] Anne herself seems to have been thrilled with the match. ^[17] On 28 July 1589, the English spy Thomas Fowler reported that Anne was "so far in love with the King's Majesty as it were death to her to have it broken off and hath made good proof divers ways of her affection which his Majestie is apt in no way to requite". Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. ^[18] Fowler's insinuation, that James preferred men to women,^[19] would have been hidden from the fourteen-year-old Princess, who devotedly embroidered shirts for her fiancé while three hundred tailors worked on her wedding dress. ^[20]

Whatever the truth of the rumours, James required a royal match to preserve the Stuart line. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of ^[21] "God is my witness," he explained, "I could have abstained longer than the weal of my country could have permitted, [had not] my long delay bred in the breasts of many a great jealousy of my inability, as if I were a barren stock". ^[22] On 20 August 1589, Anne was married by proxy to James at Kronborg Castle, the ceremony ending with James's representative, George Keith, the Earl Marischal, sitting next to Anne on the bridal bed. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine A proxy marriage is a Marriage in which either the bride or the groom is not physically present for the wedding Kronborg Castle (Kronborg Slot is situated near the town of Helsingør (immortalised as Elsinore in Shakespeare's Hamlet) on the extreme tip The title of Earl Marischal was created in the peerage of Scotland for William Keith the Great Marischal of Scotland. ^[23]

Marriage

James VI of Scotland in 1586, aged twenty, three years before his marriage to Anne of Denmark.

About ten days later, Anne set sail for Scotland, but her fleet was beset by a series of misadventures,^[24] finally being forced back to the coast of Norway, from where she travelled by land to Oslo for refuge, accompanied by the Earl Marischal and others of the Scottish and Danish embassies. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. ^[25]

On 12 September, Lord Dingwall had landed at Leith, reporting that "he had come in company with the Queen's fleet three hundred miles, and was separated from them by a great storm: it was feared that the Queen was in danger upon the seas". Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port ^[26] Alarmed, James called for national fasting and public prayers, kept watch on the Firth of Forth for Anne’s arrival,^[27] wrote several songs, one comparing the situation to the plight of Hero and Leander, and sent a search party out for Anne carrying a letter he had written to her in French: "Only to one who knows me as well as his own reflection in a glass could I express, my dearest love, the fears which I have experienced because of the contrary winds and violent storms since you embarked. The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows Hero and Leander is a Greek myth, relating the story of Hero, a priestess of Aphrodite who dwelt in a tower in Sestos, at the edge of the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. . . ". ^[28] Informed in October that the Danes had abandoned the crossing for the winter, and in what Willson calls "the one romantic episode of his life",^[29] James sailed from Leith with a three-hundred-strong retinue to fetch his queen personally, arriving in Oslo on 19 November after travelling by land from Flekkefjord via Tønsberg. is a town and municipality in the county of Vest-Agder, Norway. is a town and municipality in the county of Vestfold, Norway The town of Tønsberg was established as a municipality 1 January 1838 (see Formannskapsdistrikt) ^[30] According to a Scottish account, he presented himself to Anne, "with boots and all", and, disarming her protests, gave her a kiss in the Scottish fashion. ^[31]

Anne and James were formally married at the Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo on 23 November 1589, "with all the splendour possible at that time and place". The Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo was the residence of the Catholic bishops of Oslo. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of ^[32] So that both bride and groom could understand, Leith minister David Lindsay conducted the ceremony in French, describing Anne as "a Princess both godly and beautiful. . . she giveth great contentment to his Majesty". ^[33] A month of celebrations followed; and on 22 December, cutting his entourage to fifty, James visited his new relations at Kronborg Castle in Elsinore, where the newlyweds were greeted by Dowager Queen Sophie, twelve-year-old King Christian IV, and Christian's four Regents. Kronborg Castle (Kronborg Slot is situated near the town of Helsingør (immortalised as Elsinore in Shakespeare's Hamlet) on the extreme tip Elsinore redirects here For other places and things named Elsinore see Elsinore (disambiguation. Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow ( 4 September 1557, Wismar &ndash 14 October 1631, Nykoping) was a German Christian IV ( 12 April, 1577 &ndash 28 February, 1648) was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1588 until his death ^[34] The couple moved on to Copenhagen on 7 March and attended the wedding of Anne's older sister Elisabeth to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, sailing two days later for Scotland in a patched up "Gideon". Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Henry Julius (German Heinrich Julius; 15 October 1564 – 30 July 1613) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and prince of ^[35] They arrived in the Water of Leith on 1 May. This article is about the river in Scotland For the river in Dunedin New Zealand see Water of Leith New Zealand The Water of Leith is the main Five days later, Anne made her state entry into Edinburgh in a solid silver coach brought over from Denmark, James riding alongside on horseback. ^[36]

Coronation

Anne was crowned on 17 May 1590 in the Abbey Church at Holyrood, the first Protestant coronation in Scotland. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Holyrood Abbey is a ruined Augustinian Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence ^[37] During the seven-hour ceremony, her gown was opened by the Countess of Mar for presiding minister Robert Bruce to pour "a bonny quantity of oil" on "parts of her breast and arm", so anointing her as queen. The Mormaer or Earl of Mar was the provincial ruler of the province of Mar in north-eastern Scotland ^[38] (Kirk ministers had objected vehemently to this element of the ceremony as a pagan and Jewish ritual, but James had insisted that it dated from the Old Testament. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. )^[39] The king handed the crown to Chancellor Maitland, who placed it on Anne's head. ^[40] She then affirmed an oath to defend the true religion and worship of God and to "withstand and despise all papistical superstitions, and whatsoever ceremonies and rites contrary to the word of God. Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. "^[41]

Relationship with James

By all accounts, James was at first entranced by his bride, but his infatuation evaporated quickly and the couple often found themselves at loggerheads, though in the early years of their marriage, James seems always to have treated Anne with patience and affection. ^[42] Between 1593 and 1595, James was romantically linked with Anne Murray, later Lady Glamis, whom he addressed in verse as "my mistress and my love"; and Anne herself was also occasionally the subject of scandalous rumours. Glamis (pronounced Glämz) is a small village in Angus, Scotland, located four miles south of Kirriemuir and five miles southwest of Forfar ^[43] In Basilikon Doron, written 1597–1598, James described marriage as "the greatest earthly felicitie or miserie, that can come to a man". The Basilikon Doron is a treatise on government written by King James VI of Scotland, later King James I of England, in 1599. ^[44]

From the first moment of the marriage, Anne was under pressure to provide James and Scotland with an heir,^[45] but the passing of 1591 and 1592 with no sign of a pregnancy provoked renewed libels on the theme of James’s fondness for male company, and whispers against Anne "for that she proves not with child". ^[46] As a result, there was great public relief when on 19 February 1594 Anne gave birth to her first child, Henry Frederick. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. ^[47]

Custody of Prince Henry

Prince Henry Stuart, c. 1608, by Robert Peake the Elder. Robert Peake the Elder (c 1551 – 1619 was an English painter active in the later part of Elizabeth I's reign and for most of the reign of James I.

It was quickly brought home to Anne that she was to have no say in the care of her son. James appointed as head of the nursery his former nurse Helen Little, who installed Henry in James's own old oak cradle. ^[48] Most distressingly for Anne, James insisted on placing Prince Henry in the custody of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, at Stirling Castle, in keeping with Scottish Royal tradition. John Erskine 2nd Earl of Mar (c 1558 &ndash 14 December 1634) was a Scottish politician was the only son of John Erskine 1st Earl of Mar. For ships named after the castle see Stirling Castle (disambiguation Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest ^[49]

In late 1594, Anne began a furious campaign for custody of Henry, recruiting a faction of supporters to her cause, including the chancellor, John Maitland of Thirlestane. John Maitland 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane, ( 1537 - 3 October 1595) Knight (1581 was Lord Chancellor of Scotland. ^[50] Nervous of the lengths to which Anne might go, James formally charged Mar in writing never to surrender Henry to anyone except on orders from his own mouth, "because in the surety of my son consists my surety", nor to yield Henry to the Queen even in the event of his own death. ^[51] Anne demanded the matter be referred to the Council, but James would not hear of it. ^[52] After public scenes in which James reduced her to rage and tears over the issue,^[53] Anne became so bitterly upset that in July 1595 she suffered a miscarriage. ^[54] Thereafter, she outwardly abandoned her campaign, but it was thought permanent damage had been done to the marriage. In August 1595, John Colville wrote: "There is nothing but lurking hatred disguised with cunning dissimulation betwixt the King and the Queen, each intending by slight to overcome the other. John Colville (c 1540-1605 Scottish Clergyman, Judge, Politician and Author, was the son of Robert Colville of Cleish "^[55]

Anne saw a belated opportunity to gain custody of Henry in 1603 when James left for London, taking the Earl of Mar with him, to assume the English throne following the death of Queen Elizabeth. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[56] Pregnant at the time, Anne descended on Stirling with a force of "well-supported" nobles, intent on removing the nine-year-old Henry, whom she had hardly seen for five years; but Mar's mother and brother would allow her to bring no more than two attendants with her into the castle. ^[57] The obduracy of Henry's keepers sent Anne into such a fury that she suffered another miscarriage: according to David Calderwood, she "went to bed in anger and parted with child the tenth of May". David Calderwood ( 1575 - October 29, 1650) was a Scottish divine and Historian. ^[58]

When the Earl of Mar returned with James’s instructions that Anne join him in the Kingdom of England, she informed James by letter that she refused to do so unless allowed custody of Henry. The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally ^[59] This "forceful maternal action", as historian Pauline Croft describes it, obliged James to climb down at last, though he reproved Anne for "froward womanly apprehensions" and described her behaviour in a letter to Mar as "wilfulness". ^[60] After a brief convalescence from the miscarriage, Anne duly travelled south with Prince Henry,^[61] their progress causing a sensation in England. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined Lady Anne Clifford recorded that she and her mother killed three horses in their haste to see the Queen, and that when James met Anne near Windsor, "there was such an infinite number of lords and ladies and so great a Court as I think I shall never see the like again". Lady Anne Clifford ( January 30 1590 &ndash March 22 1676) was the only surviving child of George Clifford 3rd Earl of Cumberland Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited Castle in the world and dating back to the time of ^[62]

Marital frictions

Anne of Denmark, c. 1605, by John de Critz. John de Critz or John Decritz (1551/2 Antwerp – buried 14 March 1642, London) was one of a number of painters of Flemish and "Her features were not regular but her complexion was extremely fair and she had the finest neck that could be seen, which she took care it should be. "^[63]

Observers regularly noted incidents of marital discord between Anne and James. The so-called Gowrie plot of 1600, in which the young Earl of Gowrie, John Ruthven, and his brother Alexander Ruthven were killed by James's attendants for a supposed assault on the King, triggered the dismissal of their sisters Beatrix and Barbara Ruthven as ladies-in-waiting to Anne, with whom they were "in chiefest credit". John Ruthven 3rd Earl of Gowrie (c 1577 - 5 August 1600) was a Scottish nobleman the second son of William Ruthven 1st Earl of Alexander Ruthven ( 12 January 1580 - 5 August 1600) was a Scottish nobleman ^[64] The Queen, who was five months pregnant,^[65] refused to get out of bed unless they were reinstated and stayed there for two days, also refusing to eat. When James tried to command her, she warned him to take care how he treated her because she was not the Earl of Gowrie. ^[66] James placated her for the moment by paying a famous acrobat to entertain her,^[67] but she never gave up, and her relentless support for the Ruthvens over the next three years was taken seriously enough by the government to be regarded as a security issue. ^[68] In 1602, after discovering that Anne had smuggled Beatrix Ruthven into Holyrood, James carried out a cross-examination of the entire household;^[69] in 1603, he finally caved in to Anne's campaign and granted Beatrix Ruthven a pension of £200. ^[70]

A briefer confrontation occurred in 1613 when Anne shot James's favourite dog dead during a hunting session; after his initial rage, James smoothed things over with the gift of a £2000 diamond in memory of the dog, whose name was Jewel. ^[71] In 1603, James fought with Anne over the proposed composition of her English household, sending her a message that "his Majesty took her continued perversity very heinously". ^[72] In turn, Anne took exception to James's drinking: in 1604 she confided to the French envoy, "the King drinks so much, and conducts himself so ill in every respect, that I expect an early and evil result". ^[73]

Separate life

Princess Elizabeth Stuart, 1606, by Robert Peake the Elder. Robert Peake the Elder (c 1551 – 1619 was an English painter active in the later part of Elizabeth I's reign and for most of the reign of James I.

In London, Anne adopted a cosmopolitan lifestyle, while James preferred to escape the capital, most often at his hunting lodge in Royston. Royston is a town and Civil parish in the District of North Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, England. ^[74] Anne's chaplain, Godfrey Goodman, later summed up the royal relationship: "The King himself was a very chaste man, and there was little in the Queen to make him uxorious; yet they did love as well as man and wife could do, not conversing together". Godfrey Goodman ( 28 February, 1582 or 1583 Ruthin, Denbighshire - 19 January 1656, Westminster) was the ^[75] Anne moved into Greenwich Palace and then Somerset House, which she renamed Denmark House. The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester in 1447 in Greenwich, on the banks of the Somerset House is a large building situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo After 1607, she and James rarely lived together,^[76] by which time she had borne seven children and suffered at least three miscarriages. After narrowly surviving the birth and death of her last baby, Sophia, in 1607, Anne’s decision to have no more children may have widened the gulf between her and James. ^[77]

The death of Prince Henry in 1612 at the age of eighteen, probably from typhoid, and the departure for Heidelberg of the sixteen-year-old Princess Elizabeth in April 1613, after marrying Elector Frederick V of the Palatine,^[78] further weakened the family ties binding Anne and James. Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I ^[79] Henry's death hit Anne particularly hard; the Venetian ambassador was advised not to offer condolences to her "because she cannot bear to have it mentioned; nor does she ever recall it without abundant tears and sighs". The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica ^[80] From this time forward, Anne’s health deteriorated, and she withdrew from the centre of cultural and political activities, staging her last known masque in 1614 and no longer maintaining a noble court. The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in sixteenth and early seventeenth century Europe though it was developed earlier in Italy ^[81] Her influence over James visibly waned as he became openly dependent on powerful favourites. ^[79]

Reaction to favourites

Although James had always adopted male favourites among his courtiers, he now encouraged them to play a role in the government. In historical writings when used in reference to a person favourite ( British English and the English of Commonwealth Countries or favorite ( American Anne reacted very differently to the two powerful favourites who dominated the second half of her husband's English reign, Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, and George Villiers, the future Duke of Buckingham. Robert Carr 1st Earl of Somerset, KG, PC (sometimes spelt Kerr) (c George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite She detested Carr,^[79] but she encouraged the rise of Villiers, whom James knighted in her bedchamber;^[82] and she developed friendly relations with him, calling him her "dog". ^[83] Even so, Anne found herself increasingly ignored after Buckingham's rise and became a lonely figure towards the end of her life. ^[84]

Religion

A further source of difference between Anne and James was the issue of religion; for example, she abstained from the Anglican communion at her coronation. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those ^[85] Anne had been brought up a Lutheran, but she may have discreetly converted to Catholicism at some point, a politically embarrassing scenario which alarmed ministers of the Scottish Kirk and caused suspicion in Anglican England. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Kirk can mean " church " in general or the Church of Scotland in particular ^[86]

Queen Elizabeth had certainly been worried about the possibility and sent messages to Anne warning her not to listen to papist counsellors and requesting the names of anyone who had tried to convert her; Anne had replied that there was no need to name names because any such efforts had failed. Papist is a term usually disparaging or an Anti-Catholic slur referring to a member of the Catholic Church. ^[87] Anne drew criticism from the Kirk for keeping Henrietta Gordon, wife of the exiled Catholic George Gordon, Marquess of Huntly, as a confidante;^[88] after Huntly's return in 1596, the St Andrews minister David Black called Anne an atheist and remarked in a sermon that "the Queen of Scotland was a woman for whom, for fashion's sake, the clergy might pray but from whom no good could be hoped". George Gordon 1st Marquess of Huntly ( 1562 - June 13, 1636) was a Scottish nobleman who took a leading role in politics at the time of the St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. Atheism ^[89]

When former intelligencer Sir Anthony Standen was discovered bringing Anne a rosary from Pope Clement VIII in 1603, James imprisoned him in the Tower for ten months. Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII. Pope Clement VIII ( February 24, 1536 &ndash March 3, 1605 ^[90] Anne protested her annoyance at the gift, but eventually secured Standen's release. ^[91]

Like James, Anne later supported a Catholic match for both their sons, and her correspondence with the potential bride, the Spanish Infanta, Maria Anna, included a request that two friars be sent to Jerusalem to pray for her and the King. Maria Anna ( 18 August, 1606 – 13 May, 1646) also known as Maria Anna of Austria Infanta of Spain Archduchess of Austria and A Friar is a member of one of the Mendicant orders. Friars and monks Friars differ from Monks in that they are called to a life of poverty in service Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the ^[92] The papacy itself was never quite sure where Anne stood; in 1612, Pope Paul V advised a nuncio: "Not considering the inconstancy of that Queen and the many changes she had made in religious matters and that even if it might be true that she might be a Catholic, one should not take on oneself any judgement". For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese. ^[93]

Court and politics

Anne of Denmark, attributed to Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger. Marcus Gheeraerts (also written as Gerards or Geerards) was an Artist of the Tudor court, born in Bruges in 1561 or 1562 and was brought to

In Scotland, Anne sometimes exploited Court factionalism for her own ends, in particular by supporting the enemies of the Earl of Mar. ^[94] As a result, James did not trust her with secrets of state. Henry Howard, active in the highly secret diplomacy concerning the English succession, subtly reminded James that though Anne possessed every virtue, Eve was corrupted by the serpent. Henry Howard 1st Earl of Northampton ( 1540 - June 15, 1614) was the second son of Henry Howard Earl of Surrey, the poet and of his wife In Genesis, Eve is the first woman the wife of Adam. God created her from Adam's rib as his helpmate Serpent is a word of Latin origin (from serpens serpentis "something that creeps snake" that is commonly used in a specifically mythic or ^[95] In practice, Anne was little interested in high politics unless they touched on the fate of her children or friends. ^[96]

In England, Anne largely turned from political to social and artistic activities. ^[97] Though she participated fully in the life of James’s Court and maintained a Court of her own, often attracting those not welcomed by James, she rarely took political sides against her husband. Whatever her private difficulties with James, she proved a diplomatic asset to him in England, conducting herself with discretion and graciousness in public. Anne played a crucial role, for example, in conveying to ambassadors and foreign visitors the prestige of the Stuart dynasty and its Danish connections. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of The House of Oldenburg is a North German dynasty and one of Europe 's most influential Royal Houses It first became royal when Count Christian I ^[98]

The Venetian envoy, Nicolo Molin, wrote this description of Anne in 1606:

Reputation

Anne has traditionally been regarded with condescension by historians, who have emphasized her triviality and extravagance. ^[99] Along with James, she tended to be dismissed by a historical tradition, beginning with the anti-Stuart historians of the mid-17th century, which saw in the self-indulgence and vanity of the Jacobean court the origins of the English civil war. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Historian David Harris Willson, in his 1956 biography of James, delivered this damning verdict: "Anne had little influence over her husband. She could not share his intellectual interests, and she confirmed the foolish contempt with which he regarded women. Alas! The king had married a stupid wife. "^[100] The 19th century biographer Agnes Strickland condemned Anne's actions to regain custody of Prince Henry as irresponsible: "It must lower the character of Anne of Denmark in the eyes of everyone, both as a woman and queen, that she. Agnes Strickland ( 19 August, 1796 – 8 July, 1874) was an English historical Writer and Poet. . . preferred to indulge the mere instincts of maternity at the risk of involving her husband, her infant, and their kingdom, in the strife and misery of unnatural warfare. "^[101]

However, the reassessment of James in the past two decades, as an able ruler who extended royal power in Scotland and preserved his kingdoms from war throughout his reign,^[102] has been accompanied by a re-evaluation of Anne as an influential political figure and assertive mother, at least for as long as the royal marriage remained a reality. ^[103] John Leeds Barroll argues in his cultural biography of Anne that her political interventions in Scotland were more significant, and certainly more troublesome, than previously noticed; and Clare McManus, among other cultural historians, has highlighted Anne's influential role in the Jacobean cultural flowering, not only as a patron of writers and artists but as a performer herself. ^[104]

As a homage to his mother, Charles I had Cape Ann in Massachusetts named after her.

Patron of the arts

Anne shared with James the fault of extravagance, though it took her several years to exhaust her considerable dowry. ^[105] She loved dancing and pageants, activities often frowned upon in Presbyterian Scotland, but for which she found a vibrant outlet in Jacobean London, where she created a "rich and hospitable" cultural climate at the Royal Court,^[106] became an enthusiastic playgoer, and sponsored lavish masques. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Highlights of the Jacobean Era The practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was a development of the first order of importance for both The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in sixteenth and early seventeenth century Europe though it was developed earlier in Italy Sir Walter Cope, asked by Robert Cecil to select a play for the Queen during her brother Duke Ulric of Holstein's visit, wrote, "Burbage is come and says there is no new play the Queen has not seen but they have revived an old one called Love's Labour's Lost which for wit and mirth he says will please her exceedingly". Holstein (ˈhɔlʃtain ( Low German: Holsteen, Danish: Holsten, Latin and historical English: Holsatia) Love's Labour's Lost is one of William Shakespeare 's early comedies believed to have been written in the mid-1590s and first published in 1598 ^[107] Anne’s masques, scaling unprecedented heights of dramatic staging and spectacle,^[108] were avidly attended by foreign ambassadors and dignitaries and functioned as a potent demonstration of the English crown’s European significance. Zorzi Giustinian, the Venetian ambassador, wrote of the Christmas 1604 masque that "in everyone's opinion no other Court could have displayed such pomp and riches". ^[109]

The Queen's House at Greenwich, begun for Anne in 1616. The Queen's House Greenwich, built 1614-1617 was designed by Architect Inigo Jones, early in his architectural career for Anne of Denmark, the queen

Anne's masques were responsible for almost all the courtly female performance in the first two decades of the seventeenth century and are regarded as crucial to the history of women's performance. ^[110] Anne sometimes performed with her ladies in the masques herself, occasionally offending members of the audience. In The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses of 1604, she played Pallas Athena, wearing a tunic that some observers regarded as too short; in The Masque of Blackness of 1605, Anne performed while six months pregnant, she and her ladies causing scandal by appearing with their skin painted as "blackamores". The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses was an early Jacobean era Masque, written by Samuel Daniel and performed in the Great Hall of Hampton ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. T he Masque of Blackness was an early Jacobean era Masque, first performed at the Stuart Court in the Banqueting Hall of Whitehall Palace Letter writer Dudley Carleton reported that when the Queen afterwards danced with the Spanish ambassador, he kissed her hand "though there was danger it would have left a mark upon his lips". Dudley Carleton 1st Viscount Dorchester (1573-1632 English diplomatist son of Antony Carleton of Brightwell Baldwin, Oxfordshire, and of Jocosa daughter ^[111] Anne commissioned the leading talents of the day to create these masques, including Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist Iñigo Jones ( July 15, 1573 &ndash June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant British architect, and the first to bring ^[112]

Jones, a gifted architect steeped in the latest European taste, also designed the Queen's House at Greenwich for Anne, one of the first true Palladian buildings in England;^[113] and the Dutch inventor Salomon de Caus laid out her gardens at Greenwich and Somerset House. The Queen's House Greenwich, built 1614-1617 was designed by Architect Inigo Jones, early in his architectural career for Anne of Denmark, the queen PLEASE DO NOT ADD AN INFO BOX TO THIS PAGE --> Palladian architecture is a European style of Architecture derived from the designs of the Italian Salomon de Caus (born 1576 in Dieppe; died 1626 was a French Engineer and once (falsely credited with the development of the Steam engine. Anne particularly loved music and patronised the lutenist and composer John Dowland,^[114] previously employed at her brother's court in Denmark, as well as "more than a good many" French musicians. John Dowland (1563 &ndash buried February 20, 1626) was an English Composer, singer and Lutenist He is best known today for his ^[115]

Anne also commissioned artists such as Paul van Somer, Isaac Oliver, and Daniel Mytens, who led English taste in visual arts for a generation. Paul van Somer (c 1577 – 1621 also known as Paulus van Somer was a Flemish artist who arrived in England from Antwerp during the reign of King James I of England Isaac Oliver (c 1565 &ndash bur October 2, 1617) was a French -born English Portrait miniature painter Daniël Mijtens ( Delft c 1590 - The Hague 1647-48 known in England as Daniel Mytens the Elder, was a Dutch portrait painter who spent the ^[116] Under Anne, the Royal Collection began once more to expand,^[117] a policy continued by Anne's son Charles. The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British Royal Family. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Historian Alan Stewart suggests that many of the phenomena now seen as peculiarly Jacobean can be identified more closely with Anne's patronage than with James, who "fell asleep during some of England's most celebrated plays". Highlights of the Jacobean Era The practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was a development of the first order of importance for both ^[118]

Death

By late 1617, Anne's bouts of illness had become debilitating; the letter writer John Chamberlain recorded: "The Queen continues still ill disposed and though she would fain lay all her infirmities upon the gout yet most of her physicians fear a further inconvenience of an ill habit or disposition through her whole body". John Chamberlain (1553 – 1628 was the author of a series of letters written in England from 1597 to 1626 notable for their historical value and their literary In January 1619, royal physician Sir Theodore de Mayerne instructed Anne to saw wood to improve her blood flow, but the exertion served to make her worse. Sir Théodore Turquet de Mayerne ( Sep 28 1573 - March 22 1654 or 1655 was a Swiss -born physician who treated kings of France and ^[119] James visited Anne only three times during her last illness,^[120] though Prince Charles often slept in the adjoining bedroom at Hampton Court Palace and was at her bedside during her last hours, when she had lost her sight. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. ^[121] With her till the end was her personal maid, Anna Roos, who had arrived with her from Denmark in 1590. ^[122] Queen Anne died aged 44 on 2 March 1619, of a dangerous form of dropsy. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling ^[123]

Despite his neglect of Anne, James was emotionally affected by her death. ^[124] He did not visit her during her dying days or attend her funeral, being himself sick, the symptoms, according to Sir Theodore de Mayerne, including "fainting, sighing, dread, incredible sadness. . . ". ^[125] The inquest discovered Anne to be "much wasted within, specially her liver". ^[121] After a prolonged delay,^[126] she was buried in King Henry's Chapel, Westminster Abbey, on 13 May 1619. The Henry VII Lady Chapel, now more often known just as the Henry VII Chapel is a large Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey built The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. ^[127] The catafalque, designed by Maximilian Colt, placed over her grave was destroyed during the civil war. A catafalque is a raised Bier or platform often movable that is used to support the Casket, Coffin, or body of the deceased during a Funeral Maximilian Colt (alias Maximilian Coult) (died after 1641 was a Flemish Sculptor who settled in England and eventually rose to become the King's The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. ^[128]

As he had done before he ever met her, James turned to verse to pay his respects:^[129]

So did my Queen from hence her court remove

And left off earth to be enthroned above.

She's changed, not dead, for sure no good prince dies,

But, as the sun, sets, only for to rise.

Children

Charles, Prince of Wales, 1613, by Robert Peake the Elder. Robert Peake the Elder (c 1551 – 1619 was an English painter active in the later part of Elizabeth I's reign and for most of the reign of James I.

Further information: Descendants of James I of England

Anne of Denmark gave birth to seven children who survived beyond childbirth, four of whom died in infancy or early childhood;^[130] she also suffered at least three miscarriages. James VI and I (James Stuart ( June 19, 1566 – March 27, 1625) was King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland ^[131] Her second son succeeded James as King Charles I. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Her daughter Elizabeth was the grandmother of King George I of England. Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless

1. Henry, Prince of Wales (19 February 1594–6 November 1612). For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Died, probably of typhoid fever, aged 18. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium ^[132]
2. Elizabeth Stuart (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662). Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Married 1613, Frederick V, Elector Palatine. Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I Died aged 65.
3. Margaret Stuart (24 December 1598 Dalkeith Palace – March 1600 Linlithgow Palace). Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Dalkeith Palace in Dalkeith, Midlothian, Scotland, is the former seat of the Duke of Buccleuch. The ruins of Linlithgow Palace are situated in the town of Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland, 15 miles west of Edinburgh. Died aged two. Buried at Holyrood Abbey. Holyrood Abbey is a ruined Augustinian Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.
4. Charles I of England (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649). Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Married 1625, Henrietta Maria. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Executed aged 48.
5. Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre (18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602). Robert Bruce Stuart Duke of Kintyre ( 18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602) was the fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Died aged four months. ^[133]
6. Mary Stuart (8 April 1605 Greenwich Palace – 16 December 1607 Stanwell, Surrey). Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester in 1447 in Greenwich, on the banks of the Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Stanwell is a suburban village in the Surrey borough of Spelthorne. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. Died aged two.
7. Sophia Stuart. (22 June 1606 - 23 June 1606). Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Born and died at Greenwich Palace. The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester in 1447 in Greenwich, on the banks of the ^[134]

Notes

References

• Akrigg, G. P. V ([1962] 1978 edition). Jacobean Pageant: or the Court of King James I. New York: Athenaeum. ISBN 0689700032.
• Ackroyd, Peter (2006). Shakespeare: The Biography. London: Vintage. ISBN 074938655X.
• Barroll, J. Leeds (2001). Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 0812235746.
• Cerasano, Susan, and Marion Wynne-Davies (1996). Renaissance Drama by Women: Texts and Documents. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415098068.
• Croft, Pauline (2003). King James. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333613953.
• Fraser, Antonia ([1996] 1997 edition). The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605. London: Mandarin Paperbacks. ISBN 0749323574.
• Haynes, Alan ([1994] 2005 edition). The Gunpowder Plot. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0750942150.
• Hogge, Alice (2005). God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0007156375.
• McCrea, Scott (2005). The Case For Shakespeare: The End of the Authorship Question. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 027598527X.
• McManus, Clare (2002). Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court (1590–1619). Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719060923.
• Sharpe, Kevin (1996). "Stuart Monarchy and Political Culture," in The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor & Stuart Britain. Ed. John. S. Morrill. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192893270.
• Stewart, Alan (2003). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & 1. London: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0701169842.
• Strickland, Agnes (1848). Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest. Vol VII. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. Original from Stanford University, digitized 20 April 2006. Full view at Google Books. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
• Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970). Anne of Denmark. London: Longman. ISBN 0582127831.
• Willson, David Harris ([1956] 1963 edition). King James VI & 1. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. ISBN 0224605720.

External links

• Portrait of Anne in the Government Art Collection. Retrieved 5 May 2007.