Anne Boleyn
Queen Consort of England
Anne Boleyn
Titles	Marquess of Pembroke
Born	1501/1507
Died	19 May 1536
Place of death	Tower of London
Consort	28 May 1533 – 19 May 1536
Consort to	Henry VIII
Issue	Elizabeth I
Father	Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire
Mother	Lady Elizabeth Howard

Anne Boleyn (1501/1507–19 May 1536) was the second of the six wives of King Henry VIII of England, and so was Queen of England from 1533 until shortly before her death. A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Thomas Boleyn 1st Earl of Wiltshire and 1st Earl of Ormonde, KG (c Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and The six wives ( queens consort) of Henry VIII of England were in order Catherine of Aragon (annulled Anne Boleyn (beheaded Jane Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland She was also the mother of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.

Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key player in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope The daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Boleyn (born Lady Elizabeth Howard), Anne was of more noble birth than either Jane Seymour or Catherine Parr, two of Henry VIII's later wives. Thomas Boleyn 1st Earl of Wiltshire and 1st Earl of Ormonde, KG (c Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry She was educated in Europe, largely as a maid-of-honour to Queen Claude of France. She returned to England in 1522. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Around 1525 or 1526, Henry VIII became enamoured of Anne and began his pursuit of her. Anne resisted the King's attempts to seduce her and refused to become his mistress, as her sister, Mary Boleyn, had done. Mary Boleyn (c 1499/1500&ndash July 19 1543) was a member of the Boleyn family which enjoyed considerable influence during the reign of Henry VIII It soon became the one absorbing object of the King's desires to secure an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina When it became clear that Pope Clement VII was unlikely to give Henry an annulment, the breaking of the power of the Roman Catholic Church in England began. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September

Cardinal Wolsey was dismissed from public office, allegedly at Anne Boleyn's instigation, and later the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The wedding between Henry and Anne finally took place on 25 January 1533. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate On 23 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Five days later, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be good and valid. Soon after, the Pope launched sentences of excommunication against Henry and the Archbishop. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community As a result of this marriage, the Church of England broke with Rome and was brought under the King's control. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic

Anne was crowned Queen Consort of England on 1 June 1533. See also List of English monarchs. The English royal consorts were the spouses of the reigning monarchs of the Kingdom of England Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Later that year, on 7 September, Anne gave birth to a baby girl, who later reigned as Queen Elizabeth I of England. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Anne failed to quickly produce a surviving male heir; the only male baby she had was a miscarriage. Two and a half years after their wedding, a plot was led by Sir Thomas Cromwell to replace her. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister

Although the evidence against her was unconvincing, Anne was beheaded on charges of adultery, incest, and high treason in 1536. Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country Following the coronation of her daughter Elizabeth as Queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe. John Foxe (1517 &ndash April 18, 1587) martyrologist is remembered as the author of what is popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. Anne Boleyn, second wife of English King Henry VIII has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works As a result, she has remained strong in the popular memory and Anne has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had". ^[1]

Contents 1 Early years (1501-1522) 1.1 Time in the Netherlands 1.2 Time in France 2 At the court of Henry VIII (1522-1533) 2.1 Henry's annulment 2.2 Marriage 3 Queen of England (1533-1536) 3.1 Birth of Elizabeth 3.2 Strife with the king 4 Downfall and execution (1536) 4.1 Charges of adultery, incest, and treason 4.2 Final hours 4.3 Death and burial 5 Recognition and legacy 6 Styles 7 Ancestry 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Early years (1501-1522)

Anne was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, later 1st Earl of Wiltshire and 1st Earl of Ormonde, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Boleyn (born Lady Elizabeth Howard), daughter of the 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Thomas Boleyn 1st Earl of Wiltshire and 1st Earl of Ormonde, KG (c The title Earl of Wiltshire is one of the oldest in the Peerage of England, going back to the 12th century. For the titles in the Peerage of Scotland see Earl of Ormonde (Scottish The Peerage titles Earl Marquess and Duke of Ormonde have a long and complex Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443 &ndash 21 May 1524) was an English soldier and statesman and son of John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk Sir Thomas was a respected diplomat with a gift for languages; he was also a favourite of King Henry VII, who sent him on many diplomatic missions abroad. A lack of parish records from the period has made it impossible to establish Anne's date of birth. Contemporary evidence is contradictory, with several dates having been put forward by various historians. An Italian, writing in 1600, suggested that she had been born in 1499, while Sir Thomas More's son-in-law, William Roper, suggested a much later date of 1512. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained William Roper (1496 - 1578 Biographer, son of a Kentish gentleman married Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas More. As with Anne herself, it is not known for certain when her two siblings were born, but it seems clear that her sister Mary was older than Anne. Mary's children clearly believed their mother had been the elder sister. ^[2] Their brother George was born some time around 1504. George Boleyn Viscount Rochford (c 1504 &ndash May 17 1536) was the brother of Anne Boleyn, the husband of Jane Parker. ^[3]

The academic debate of Anne's birthdate centres around two key dates: 1501 and 1507. Eric Ives, a British historian and legal expert, promotes the 1501 date, while Retha Warnicke, an American scholar who has also written a biography of Anne, prefers 1507. Professor Retha Marvine Warnicke (born 1939) American historian and Professor of History at Arizona State University. The key piece of surviving written evidence in the argument is a letter Anne wrote sometime in 1514. ^[4] She composed it in French (her second language) to her father, who was still living in England while Anne was completing her education in the Netherlands. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area as well as Luxembourg and parts of Ives argues that the style of the letter and its mature handwriting prove that Anne must have been about thirteen at the time of its composition. This would also be around the minimum age that a girl could be a maid of honour, as Anne was to the regent, Archduchess Margaret of Austria. This is supported by claims by a chronicler from the late 16th century, who wrote that Anne was twenty when she returned from France. Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance ^[5] These findings are contested by Warnicke in several books and articles, but the evidence does not conclusively support either date. ^[6]

Anne's great grandparents included a Lord Mayor of London, a duke, an earl, two aristocratic ladies and a knight. The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London is the legal title for the Mayor of (and head of the City of London Corporation. A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom Earl was the Anglo-Saxon form and jarl the Scandinavian form of a title meaning " Chieftain " and referring especially to chieftains Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Tradition held that one of them, Geoffrey Boleyn, may have been a wool merchant prior to becoming Lord Mayor. ^[7][8] This is disputed by some historians,^[9] who make the case that the family had held a title for four generations. ^[10] What is known is that at the time of Anne's birth, the Boleyn family was considered one of the most respected in the English aristocracy. Among her relatives, she numbered the Howards, one of the pre-eminent families in the land. She was certainly of more noble birth than either Jane Seymour or Catherine Parr, two of Henry VIII's later wives. Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of ^[11]

Time in the Netherlands

Anne's father had continued his diplomatic career under Henry VIII. In Europe, Thomas Boleyn's charm won many admirers, including Archduchess Margaret of Austria, the daughter of Maximilian I, the Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states During this period, she ruled the Netherlands on behalf of her father and she was so impressed with Boleyn that she offered his daughter Anne a place in her household. Ordinarily, a girl had to be twelve years old to have such an honour, but Anne may have been somewhat younger, as the Archduchess affectionately referred to her as "La petite Boleyn". It is not known if this was in reference to Anne's age or her stature. ^[13] She made a good impression in the Netherlands with her manners and studiousness and lived there from the spring of 1513 until her father arranged for her to become a maid-of-honour to Henry VIII's sister, Mary Tudor, Queen of France in the winter of 1514. This article is about Mary Queen consort of France. For her niece and namesake Mary Tudor Queen regnant of England, see Mary I

Time in France

In France, Anne was a maid-of-honour to Queen Mary, and afterward Queen Claude of France. In Queen Claude's household, she completed her study of French and developed an interest in fashion and religious philosophy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people She also acquired a thorough knowledge of French culture and etiquette. The Culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by its geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and Etiquette is a code that governs the expectations of Social behavior, according to the contemporary conventional norm within a Society, ^[14] She made the acquaintance of the King's sister Marguerite d'Angouleme, a patron of humanists and an author in her own right who encouraged Anne's interest in poetry and literature. Marguerite de Navarre ( April 11, 1492 &ndash December 21, 1549) also known as Marguerite of Angouleme and Margaret ^[15][16]

Her education in France would later prove to be of great value. Anne would make a good impression with her style and fashion sense, inspiring many new trends among the ladies of England. William Forrest, author of a contemporary poem about Catherine of Aragon, complimented Anne's "passing excellent" skill as a dancer. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina "Here," he wrote, "was [a] fresh young damsel, that could trip and go. "^[17] These graces were important, as Anne was not considered to have conventional beauty. One historian compiled a number of descriptions and concluded:

“

She was never described as a great beauty, but even those who loathed her admitted that she had a dramatic allure. Her olive complexion and straight black hair gave her an exotic aura in a culture that saw milk-white paleness as essential to beauty. Her eyes were especially striking: 'black and beautiful' wrote one contemporary, while another averred they were 'always most attractive,' and that she 'well knew how to use them with effect. '[18]

”

People seemed primarily attracted by Anne's charisma:

“

Anne’s charm lay not so much in her physical appearance as in her vivacious personality, her gracefulness, her quick wit and other accomplishments. She was petite in stature, and had an appealing fragility about her. . . she shone at singing, making music, dancing and conversation. . . Not surprisingly, the young men of the court swarmed around her. [19]

”

Anne's experience in France also made her a devout Christian in the new tradition of Renaissance humanism, although calling her a Protestant would be an overstatement. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. While she would later hold the position that the papacy was a corrupting influence on Christianity, her conservative tendencies could be seen in her devotion to the Virgin Mary. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings ^[20] At this stage of her life, Anne was described as "sweet and cheerful". She enjoyed gambling, drinking wine, and gossiping. ^[21] She was brave and emotional however, and Anne could also be extravagant, neurotic, vindictive, and bad-tempered:

“

To us she appears inconsistent—religious yet aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with the light touch of the courtier yet the strong grip of the politician. . . A woman in her own right—taken on her own terms in a man’s world; a woman who mobilized her education, her style and her presence to outweigh the disadvantages of her sex; of only moderate good looks, but taking a court and a king by storm. Perhaps, in the end, it is Thomas Cromwell’s assessment that comes nearest: intelligence, spirit and courage. [22]

”

Her French education ended in the winter of 1521, when Anne was summoned back to England by her father. She sailed from Calais, which was then still an English possession, in January 1522. Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France. ^[23]

At the court of Henry VIII (1522-1533)

Anne was recalled to marry her Irish cousin, James Butler. James Butler 9th Earl of Ormonde and 2nd Earl of Ossory was born in 1496 and died on 28 October 1546, the victim of an (apparently accidental incident of mass poisoning This was in attempt to settle a dispute involving the title and estates of the Earldom of Ormonde. For the titles in the Peerage of Scotland see Earl of Ormonde (Scottish The Peerage titles Earl Marquess and Duke of Ormonde have a long and complex The 7th Earl of Ormonde had died in 1515, leaving his two daughters, Margaret Boleyn and Anne St. Thomas Butler 7th Earl of Ormonde PC, was born before 1450 and died on 3 August 1515. Leger, as co-heiresses. In Ireland, a remote cousin named Sir Piers Butler contested the will and claimed the Earldom for himself. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Piers Butler 8th Earl of Ormonde and 1st Earl of Ossory (c 1467 &ndash August 26, 1539) also known as The Red Piers, was the son of Sir James Butler Sir Thomas Boleyn, being the son of the eldest daughter, felt that the title belonged to him and protested to his brother-in-law, the Duke of Norfolk, who spoke to the King about the matter. Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1473 – 25 August 1554) was a prominent Tudor politician. Fearful that this dispute could very well provide the spark to ignite a civil war in Ireland, the King sought to resolve the problem by arranging an alliance between Piers's son, James, and Anne Boleyn. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state She would bring her Ormonde inheritance as dowry and thus end the dispute. The plan ended in failure, perhaps because Sir Thomas was hoping for a grander marriage for his daughter. Whatever the reason, the marriage negotiations came to a complete halt. ^[24]

Anne's sister, Mary, was at this time the King's mistress. Mary was the wife of Sir William Carey, a Gentleman of the King's Privy Chamber. Sir William Carey (c1500&ndash June 22 1528) was a courtier and Favourite of King Henry VIII of England. It has long been suspected that one or both of Mary's children were fathered by Henry VIII, although some writers, such as Alison Weir, now question whether Henry Carey, Mary's son, was fathered by the King. Alison Weir (born 1951) is a British Writer of History books mostly in the form of biographies about British royalty Henry Carey (or Cary), 1st Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon ( 4 March 1526 – 23 July 1596) was an English nobleman ^[25] Anne Boleyn was sent to the court of Henry VIII as a maid-of-honour to Queen Catherine. Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Anne made her début at a masquerade ball on 4 March 1522, where she was described as a woman of "charm, style and wit, and will and savagery which make her a match for Henry". ^[26] There she performed an elaborate dance accompanying the King's younger sister Mary, several other great ladies of the court and her own sister. All wore gowns of white satin embroidered with gold thread. ^[27] Within a few weeks of this performance, Anne was known as the most fashionable and accomplished woman at the court and she has been referred to as a "glass of fashion". ^[28]

During this time, Anne was courted by Lord Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland. Henry Percy 6th Earl of Northumberland (1502&ndash1537 was the son of Henry Algernon Percy 5th Earl of Northumberland. The title of Earl of Northumberland was created several times in the Peerages of England and Great Britain. The exact nature of their relationship is unclear. A priest, George Cavendish, who disliked Anne but was friendly with Lord Percy, later stated categorically that the two had not been lovers. George Cavendish (1494 &ndash c 1562 was an English writer best known as the biographer of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. It thus seems unlikely that their relationship was sexual. ^[29] The romance was broken off in 1523 when Percy's father refused to support their engagement. According to George Cavendish, Anne was briefly sent from court to her family’s countryside estates, but it is not known for how long. When she returned to court, she gathered a group of female friends and male admirers around herself, but became famous for her ability to keep men at arm's length. Her cousin, the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt wrote about her in the poem, Whoso List to Hunt,^[30] in which he described her as unobtainable and headstrong, despite seeming demure and quiet. Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 &ndash October 11, 1542) was a 16th century English lyrical Poet. ^[31] In 1525, Henry VIII became enamoured with her and began his pursuit. ^[32]

Anne resisted his attempts to seduce her and she refused to become his mistress, as her sister had. Henry was all the more attracted to her because of this refusal and he pursued her relentlessly. Anne continued to reject his advances by saying, "I beseech your highness most earnestly to desist, and to this my answer in good part. I would rather lose my life than my honesty. "^[33]

Henry's annulment

It is possible that the idea of annulment had suggested itself to the King much earlier than this, and it is highly probable that it was motivated by his desire for a male heir. Before his father King Henry VII ascended the throne, England had been beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the English crown and Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession. The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 were a series of dynastic Civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York The King had no living sons: all Catherine of Aragon's children except his daughter Mary had died in infancy. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death ^[34] Anne saw her opportunity in Henry's infatuation and determined that she would only yield as his acknowledged queen. ^[35]

In 1528, sweating sickness broke out with great severity. Sweating sickness, also known as the "English sweate" (sudor anglicus was a mysterious and highly virulent disease which struck England and later In London, the mortality rate was great and the court was dispersed. The King left London, frequently changing his residence. It is believed that Anne contracted and survived the sickness in June. Henry sent his own physician to Hever Castle to care for her. Hever Castle, in Kent, England (in the village of Hever) was the seat of the Boleyn, originally 'Bullen' family ^[36] It soon became the one absorbing object of the King's desires to secure an annulment from Catherine. ^[37] Henry set his hopes upon a direct appeal to the Holy See, acting in this independently of Cardinal Wolsey, to whom he at first communicated nothing of his plans so far as they related to Anne. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Thomas Cardinal Wolsey (c1470–1471 – November 28 or November 29 1530 who was born in Ipswich Suffolk England was an English Statesman and a cardinal William Knight, the King's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the annulment of his marriage with Catherine, on the ground that the dispensing bull of Pope Julius II was obtained by false pretences. William Knight (1475/6 – 1547 was the Secretary of State to Henry VIII of England, and Bishop of Bath and Wells. For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513 Henry also petitioned, in the event of his becoming free, a dispensation to contract a new marriage with any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connection. This clearly referred to Anne. ^[35]

As the Pope was at that time the prisoner of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, Knight had some difficulty in obtaining access to him. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states In the end, the King's envoy had to return without accomplishing much, though the conditional dispensation for a new marriage was granted. Henry had now no choice but to put his great matter into the hands of Wolsey. Wolsey did all he could to secure a decision in the King's favour. ^[35] How far the Pope was influenced by Charles V in his resistance, it is difficult to say, but it is clear Henry saw that the Pope was unlikely to give him an annulment from the emperor's aunt. ^[38] The Pope forbade Henry to proceed with a new marriage before a decision was rendered in Rome. Convinced that he was treacherous, Anne Boleyn maintained pressure until Wolsey was dismissed from public office in 1529. The Cardinal begged her to help him return to power, but she refused. He then allegedly began a secret plot to have Anne forced into exile and began communicating with the Pope to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest and had it not been for his death from an illness in 1530, he might have been executed for treason. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. ^[39] A year later, Queen Catherine was banished from court and her old rooms were given to Anne. With Wolsey gone, Anne had considerable power over government appointments and political matters. When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died, the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed to the vacant position. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the William Warham (c 1450 &ndash August 22 1532) Archbishop of Canterbury, belonged to a Hampshire family and was educated at Winchester Through the intervention of the King of France, this was conceded by Rome, the pallium being granted to him by Clement VII. This article refers to the religious garment called a "pallium" ^[40]

The breaking of the power of Rome in England proceeded little by little. In 1532, a supporter of Anne, Sir Thomas Cromwell, brought before Parliament a number of acts including the Supplication against the Ordinaries and the Submission of the Clergy, which recognised royal supremacy over the church. Thomas Cromwell 1st Earl of Essex (c 1485 &ndash 28 July 1540) was an English statesman who served as King Henry VIII 's chief minister This article is a List of Parliaments of England Devolved English Parliament is about the debate on a devolved parliament for England The Supplication against the Ordinaries was a petition passed by the House of Commons in 1532. The Submission of the Clergy was a process by which the Church of England gave up their power to formulate church laws without the King 's licence and assent The first Act of Supremacy granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy which is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom Following these acts, Sir Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained ^[41]

Marriage

The Six Wives of King Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr

During this period, Anne Boleyn also played a role in England's international position by solidifying an alliance with France. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Anne of Cleves Queen of England (22 September 1515&ndash16 July 1557 ( German: Anna von Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII For other Catherine Howards see Catherine Howard (disambiguation Catherine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 – 13 February 1542 also called Catherine Parr ( c 1512 &ndash 5 September 1548 also known as Katherine or Katharine Parr(e, was the last of the six wives of Henry She established an excellent rapport with the French ambassador, Gilles de la Pommeraie. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country Gilles de la Pommeraie, French diplomat and Baron d'Entrammes Anne and Henry attended a meeting with King Francis I at Calais in the winter of 1532, in which Henry hoped he could enlist the support of King Francis for his new marriage. Francis I (September 12 1494 &ndash March 31 1547 was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547 Anne's position continued to rise.

On 1 September 1532, she was created suo jure Marquess of Pembroke, and became the most prestigious non-royal woman in the realm. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Suo jure is a Latin phrase meaning "in her his own right" She was the first female commoner to become a Peer by direct creation (as opposed to by marriage or inheritance). She is sometimes incorrectly described as "Marchioness of Pembroke", but she was known as the Marquess. ^[42] The Pembroke title was of emotional value to the Tudor family: Henry's great-uncle, Jasper Tudor, had held the title of Earl of Pembroke. Jasper Tudor ( Welsh: Siasbar Tudur) c 1431 &ndash December 21/26 1495 Earl of Pembroke and 1st Duke of Bedford, was the uncle of King The Earldom of Pembroke, associated with Pembroke Castle in Wales, was created by King Stephen of England. With her later conviction for treason, the title was confiscated.

Anne’s family also profited from the relationship; her father, already Viscount Rochford, was created Earl of Wiltshire and, by means of a deal made by the King with Anne’s Irish cousins, the Butler family, he was also made Earl of Ormonde. The title Earl of Wiltshire is one of the oldest in the Peerage of England, going back to the 12th century. Thanks to Anne's intervention, her widowed sister Mary received an annual pension of £100, and Mary's son, Henry Carey, received his education in a prestigious Cistercian monastery. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. Henry Carey (or Cary), 1st Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon ( 4 March 1526 – 23 July 1596) was an English nobleman The conference at Calais was a political triumph, since the French government gave its support for Henry's re-marriage. ^[43] Soon after returning to Dover in England, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service. Dover is a town and major ferry port in the county of Kent, England. ^[44] She soon became pregnant and, as was the custom with royalty, there was a second wedding service, which took place in London on 25 January 1533. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Events now began to move at a quick pace. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne The Priory Church of St Peter with its monastery ( Dunstable Priory) was founded in 1132 by Henry I for Augustinian Canons in Dunstable Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be good and valid. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling ^[45]

Queen of England (1533-1536)

Catherine was formally stripped of her title as Queen and Anne was consequently crowned Queen Consort on 1 June 1533 in a magnificent ceremony at Westminster Abbey with a sumptuous banquet afterward. See also List of English monarchs. The English royal consorts were the spouses of the reigning monarchs of the Kingdom of England Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church ^[46] On the previous day, Anne had taken part in an elaborate procession through the streets of London seated in an open litter of white cloth of gold resting on two palfries caparisoned in white damask. She wore a surcoat and mantle of white tissue trimmed with ermine, and her long, straight black hair hung down from a coif encircled with rich stones. ^[47] The public's response to her appearance had been lukewarm. ^[48] Meanwhile, the House of Commons had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of præmunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Praemunire (an error from Latin præmonere to pre-admonish or forewarn was an offence in English law that took its name from the introductory words of the It was only then that Pope Clement at last took the step of launching sentences of excommunication against the King and Cranmer, declaring at the same time the Archbishop's decree of annulment to be invalid and the marriage with Anne null and void. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community The papal nuncio was withdrawn from England and diplomatic relations with Rome were broken off. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy ^[40] In response, the Peter's Pence Act was passed in England and it reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope. The Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations – Short title Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533 – ( 25 Henry VIII c His Grace or Her Grace was the style used to address the King or Queen of Scotland up to the Act of Union of ^[49] In defiance of the Pope, the Church of England was now under Henry's control, not Rome's. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Anne, Cranmer, and Cromwell were delighted at this development. News of the start of the English Reformation spread through Europe, and Anne was hailed as a heroine by some Protestant figures. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope It is said that even Martin Luther viewed her rise to the throne as a good sign. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer ^[50]

Birth of Elizabeth

After her coronation, Anne settled into a quiet routine at the King's favourite residence, Greenwich Palace, to prepare for the birth of her first baby. The Palace of Placentia was an English Royal Palace built by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester in 1447 in Greenwich, on the banks of the The child was born slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Between three and four o'clock in the afternoon,^[51] Anne gave birth to a girl, who was christened Elizabeth, probably in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 &ndash 11 February 1503 was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486 ^[52]

The little princess was given a splendid christening, but Anne feared that Catherine's daughter, Mary, would threaten Elizabeth’s position. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death Henry soothed his wife's fears by separating Mary from her many servants and sending her to Hatfield House, where Princess Elizabeth would be living with her own magnificent staff of servants. Hatfield House is a Country house set in a large park the Great Park on the eastern side of the town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. The country air was better for the baby's health, and Anne was an affectionate mother who regularly visited her daughter. She often told Elizabeth the love she had for her. ^[53]

The new Queen had a larger staff of servants than Catherine had kept. There were over two hundred and fifty servants to tend to her personal needs, everyone from priests to stable-boys. There were also over 60 maids-of-honour who served her and accompanied her to social events. She also employed several priests who acted as her confessors, chaplains, and religious advisers. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of One of these was Matthew Parker, who would become one of the chief architects of Anglican thought during the reign of Anne's daughter Elizabeth I. Matthew Parker ( 6 August 1504 &ndash 17 May 1575) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1559 until his death in 1575 Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs ^[54]

Strife with the king

The King and Queen were not pleased with married life. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Henry's frequent infidelities greatly upset his new wife, who reacted with tears and rage to each new mistress. For his part, Henry disliked Anne’s constant irritability and violent temper. After a false pregnancy or miscarriage in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine. ^[55]

Anne, unaware of the dangerous position she was in, presided over a magnificent court. She spent huge sums on gowns, jewels, head-dresses, ostrich-feather fans, riding equipment, and the finest furniture and upholstery from across the world. Numerous palaces were renovated to suit her extravagant tastes. ^[56] Anne also began to share in the blame for the tyranny of her husband's government. Public opinion of her dropped following her failure to produce a son. It sank even lower following the executions in 1535 of her enemies, the Bishop of Rochester, John Fisher, and Sir Thomas More. See also List of bishops of Rochester The Bishop of Rochester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese John Cardinal Fisher (c1469 &ndash 22 June, 1535) from 1935 Saint John Fisher, was an English Catholic bishop cardinal and Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained ^[57] Scenes of friction also took place between the Queen and her stepdaughter, Princess Mary, whom Anne called "the cursed bastard". She confiscated Mary's jewels and even spoke of having her poisoned. ^[55]

Downfall and execution (1536)

On 8 January 1536, news reached the King and Queen that Catherine of Aragon had died. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Upon hearing the news of her death, Henry and Anne reportedly decked themselves in bright yellow clothing;^[58] some have concluded this was to celebrate,^[59] others have pointed out that it was the Spanish colour for mourning. ^[60] Anne, for her part, attempted to make peace with Princess Mary as a line of defence. Mary rebuffed these overtures, perhaps because rumours circulated that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne and/or Henry. The rumours were born after the discovery during her embalming that her heart was blackened. Modern medical experts are in agreement that this was not due to poisoning, but rather to cancer of the heart, something which was not understood at the time. ^[61]

The Queen, pregnant again, was aware of the dangers if she failed to give birth to a son. With Catherine dead, Henry would be free to remarry without any taint of illegality.

Later that month, the King was unhorsed in a tournament and was badly injured. It seemed for a time that his life was in danger. When news of this accident reached the Queen, she was apparently sent into shock and miscarried a male child that was about fifteen weeks old. This happened on the very day of Catherine’s funeral, 29 January 1536. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. According to most observers, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage. ^[62]

Given Henry's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the birth of the male child she miscarried in 1536. ^[63] Most sources attest only to the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533, a possible miscarriage in the summer of 1534, and the miscarriage of a male child, of almost four months gestation, in January 1536. ^[64] As Anne recovered from what would be her final miscarriage, Henry declared that his marriage had been the product of witchcraft. The King's new mistress, Jane Seymour, was quickly moved into new quarters. Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. This was followed by Anne's brother being refused a prestigious court honour, the Order of the Garter, which was instead given to Sir Nicholas Carew. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients ^[65]

Charges of adultery, incest, and treason

In the final days of April, a Flemish musician in Anne's service named Mark Smeaton was arrested and tortured. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or Mark Smeaton (c1512 – 17 May, 1536) was a musician at the court of Henry VIII of England in the household of Queen Anne Boleyn. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally He initially denied that he was the Queen’s lover, but under torture he confessed. Another courtier, Henry Norris was arrested on May Day, but since he was an aristocrat, he could not be tortured. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour He denied his guilt and swore that Queen Anne was also innocent. Sir Francis Weston was arrested two days later on the same charge. Sir Francis Weston (1511 - 17 May 1536) was a Gentleman at the Court of King Henry VIII of England. William Brereton, a groom of the King's privy chamber, was also apprehended on grounds of adultery. William Brereton, ( - May 17, 1536) who came from a Cheshire landowning family was a Groom of the Privy Chamber of Henry VIII The final accused was Queen Anne's own brother, arrested on charges of incest and treason, accused of having a sexual relationship with his sister over the last twelve months. Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. ^[66]

On 2 May 1536, Anne was arrested at luncheon and taken to the Tower of London. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London In the Tower, she suffered a minor nervous breakdown, demanding to know full details of her family's whereabouts and the charges against her. Mental breakdown (also known as nervous breakdown or snapping) is a non-medical term used to describe a sudden acute attack of Mental illness such as Four of the men were tried in Westminster on 12 May 1536. Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Weston, Brereton and Norris publicly maintained their innocence and only the tortured Smeaton supported the Crown by pleading guilty. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government Three days later, Anne and George Boleyn were tried separately in the Tower of London. She was accused of adultery, incest and high treason. See also Treason, High treason in the United Kingdom High treason is criminal disloyalty to one's country ^[67]

Final hours

Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death by their peers. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on May 17, 1536. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Lord Kingston, the keeper of the Tower, reported that Anne seemed very happy and ready to be done with life. The King commuted Anne's sentence from burning to beheading and employed a swordsman from Saint-Omer for the execution, rather than having a queen beheaded with the common axe. Saint-Omer ( Sint-Omaars in Dutch) a town and commune of Artois in northern France, Sous-préfecture of the They came for Anne on the morning of May 19 to take her to the Tower Green. Tower Green is a space within the Tower of London where two English Queen consorts and five other British nobles were executed ^[68] Anthony Kingston, the Constable of the Tower, wrote:

“

This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innocency always to be clear. Sir Anthony Kingston (died 14 April 1556 Son of Sir William Kingston of Blackfriars London, and holder of various positions under several Tudor monarchs The Constable of the Tower of London is the governor of the Tower of London. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, 'Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain. ' I told her it should be no pain, it was so little. And then she said, 'I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,' and then put her hands about it, laughing heartily. I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight. [69]

”

She wore a red petticoat under a loose, dark grey gown of damask trimmed in fur. Her dark hair was bound up and she wore her customary French headdress. ^[70] She made a short speech:

“

Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul. [69]

”

Death and burial

She then knelt upright, in the French style of executions. Her final prayer consisted of her repeating, "To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesus receive my soul. " Her ladies removed the headdress and tied a blindfold over her eyes. The swordsman shouted, "Where is my sword?" and then beheaded her so she would not know that the sword was coming. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal The execution was swift and consisted of a single stroke. ^[71] Across the river, Alexander Ales accompanied Thomas Cranmer as he walked in the gardens of Lambeth Palace. Alexander Ales ( Alesius) (23 April 1500–17 March 1565 was a Scottish theologian of the school of Augsburg. Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. When they heard the cannon fire from the Tower, signalling the death of Anne, the archbishop looked up and proclaimed: "She who has been the English queen on earth will today become a Heaven's queen. " He then sat down on a bench and wept. ^[72] When the charges were first brought against Anne, Cranmer had expressed his astonishment to Henry and his belief that "she should not be culpable. " Still, Cranmer felt vulnerable because of his closeness to the queen. On the night before the execution, he had declared Henry's marriage to Anne to have been void, like Catherine's before her. He made no serious attempt to save Anne's life. ^[73]

Henry had failed to provide a proper coffin for Anne, and so her body and head were put into an arrow chest and buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. For other churches of this dedication see St Peter ad Vincula (disambiguation. Her body was identified during renovations of the chapel in the reign of Queen Victoria and Anne's final resting place is now marked in the marble floor. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Recognition and legacy

After her death, a number of myths sprung up about Anne. Many of these stories had their roots in anti-Anglican works written by Roman Catholics. It was reported by some that Anne suffered from polydactyly, having six fingers on her left hand. Polydactyly or polydactylism (from Ancient Greek πολύς (polus "many" + δάκτυλος (daktulos Others claimed she had a birthmark or mole on her neck that was at all times hidden by a jewel. Although the first legend is popular, there is no contemporary evidence to support it. None of the many eyewitness accounts of Anne Boleyn’s appearance—some of them meticulously detailed—mention any deformities, let alone a sixth finger. Moreover, as physical deformities were generally interpreted as a sign of evil, it is difficult to believe that Anne Boleyn would have gained Henry's romantic attention had she possessed any. ^[74]

Following the coronation of her daughter as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism and that God had provided proof of her innocence and virtue by making sure her daughter, Elizabeth I, later became Queen regnant. John Foxe (1517 &ndash April 18, 1587) martyrologist is remembered as the author of what is popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. Anne Boleyn, second wife of English King Henry VIII has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works As a result, she has remained in the popular memory and Anne has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had. "

Styles

• Mistress Anne Boleyn (1501/1507-1525)
• The Hon. Anne Boleyn (1525-1527)
• Lady Anne Boleyn (1527-1532)
• The Most. Hon. The Marquess of Pembroke (1532-1533)
• HM Queen Anne, Marquess of Pembroke (1533-1536)

Ancestry

See also

• List of English consorts

Notes

References

• The Reformation Parliament, 1529-1536 by Stanford E. Lehmberg (1970).
• Tower Of London: A History of England From the Norman Conquest by Christopher Hibbert (1971).
• Henry VIII and his Court by Neville Williams (1971).
• The Life and Times of Henry VIII by Robert Lacey (1972).
• Henry VIII by J. J. Scarisbrick (1972) ISBN 978-0520011304.
• Anne Boleyn by Professor Eric Ives (1986).
• The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII by R. M. Warnicke (1989) ISBN 0521406773.
• The Six Wives of Henry VIII by Alison Weir (1991) ISBN 0802136834.
• The Wives of Henry VIII by Lady Antonia Fraser (1992) ISBN 067973001X.
• English Reformations by Christopher Haigh (1993).
• Divorced Beheaded Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII by Karen Lindsey (1995) ISBN 0201408236.
• Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century by T. A. Morris (1998).
• New Worlds, Lost Worlds by Susan Brigden (2000).
• A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World?: 3000 BC–AD 1603 by Simon Schama (19 October 2000) ISBN 0-563-38497-2.
• British Kings & Queens by Mike Ashley (2002) ISBN 0-7867-1104-3.
• Henry VIII: The King and His Court by Alison Weir (2002) ISBN 034543708X.
• Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII by David Starkey (2003) ISBN 0060005505.
• Anne Boleyn: A New Life of England's Tragic Queen by Joanna Denny (2004) ISBN 074995051X.
• The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn by Eric Ives (2004) ISBN 1405134631.
• Starkey, David. Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.

Further reading

• Anne Boleyn by Marie-Louise Bruce (1972).
• The Challenge of Anne Boleyn by Hester W. Chapman (1974).
• The Politics of Marriage by David Loades (1994).
• Doomed Queen Anne by Caroline Meyer (2002).

External links

• A geo-biography tour of the Six Wives of Henry VIII on Google Earth
• The Other Boleyn Girl - a movie about Anne Boleyn and her sister Mary, and both their relationships with Henry VIII, released in 2008

English royalty
Preceded by Catherine of Aragon	Queen Consort of England 28 May 1533–May 19, 1536	Succeeded by Jane Seymour

Persondata
NAME	Boleyn, Anne
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Second wife of King Henry VIII, mother of Queen Elizabeth I
DATE OF BIRTH	ca. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina See also List of English monarchs. The English royal consorts were the spouses of the reigning monarchs of the Kingdom of England Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of 1504
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH	19 May 1536
PLACE OF DEATH	Tower of London

Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London

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