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Ann Dunham
Born Stanley Ann Dunham
November 29, 1942(1942-11-29)
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, U.S.A.
Died November 7, 1995 (aged 52)
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Cause of death ovarian and uterine cancer
Burial place Pacific Ocean
Nationality American
Education B.A., M.A., Ph.D.[1]
Alma mater University of Hawaii
Occupation Rural development
Spouse Barack Obama Sr.
(1961-1965) (divorced)
Lolo Soetoro
(1966-1980) (divorced)
Children Barack Obama
Maya Soetoro-Ng
Parents Madelyn and Stanley Dunham

Stanley (S. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Honolulu is the Capital and most populous Census-designated place (CDP in the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from an Ovary. The cancer most commonly forms in the lining of the ovary (resulting in epithelial The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of Cancer which occur in the Uterus, namely Uterine sarcomas The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The University of Hawaii, formally the University of Hawaii System and popularly known as UH, is a public co-educational college and university system that confers Note This article provides definition of Rural development See Rural Development for Rural Development Agency of the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA Barack Hussein Obama (1936&ndash1982 was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and Father of Illinois Senator and 2008 Democratic presidential Maya Kassandra Soetoro-Ng ( born August 15 1970 in Jakarta, Indonesia) is the Half sister of 2008 United States Democratic Party Madelyn Lee Payne Dunham (born October 26, 1922) and Stanley Armour Dunham ( March 23, 1918 &ndash February 8, ) Ann Dunham Soetoro (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), known as (S. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 ) Ann Dunham, and later as (S. ) Ann Sutoro[1] was the mother of United States Senator and presidential candidate Barack Obama. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. [2] Dunham was an anthropologist who later specialized in rural development. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Note This article provides definition of Rural development See Rural Development for Rural Development Agency of the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA Born in Kansas, Dunham attended high school near Seattle, Washington and spent most of her adult life in Hawaii. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the

Contents

Early life

Ann Dunham was born in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas[3] (some say Wichita, Kansas),[4] while her father was in the military. Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast Wichita (ˈwɪtʃɪtaː is the most populous City in the US state of Kansas, and the county seat of Sedgwick County. [5] She was named after her father,[3] who reportedly gave his daughter and only child his name because he had wanted a boy; however, she was referred to as "Ann". [6]

Her parents, Stanley Armour Dunham (born on March 23, 1918, raised in El Dorado, Kansas died February 8, 1992—buried in the Punchbowl National Cemetery) and Madelyn Dunham (née Madelyn Lee Payne) (who was born in 1922 and raised in Augusta, Kansas and is still living in Honolulu, Hawaii), met in Wichita, Kansas and married on May 5, 1940. Madelyn Lee Payne Dunham (born October 26, 1922) and Stanley Armour Dunham ( March 23, 1918 &ndash February 8, Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common El Dorado is a City situated along the Walnut River in the central part of Butler County, located in south-central Kansas, in the Central Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (also Punchbowl National Cemetery) is a Cemetery located in Honolulu, Hawai'i that serves a memorial Madelyn Lee Payne Dunham (born October 26, 1922) and Stanley Armour Dunham ( March 23, 1918 &ndash February 8, Augusta is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States, at the confluence of the Walnut and Whitewater Rivers Honolulu is the Capital and most populous Census-designated place (CDP in the U Wichita (ˈwɪtʃɪtaː is the most populous City in the US state of Kansas, and the county seat of Sedgwick County. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7]

After the Pearl Harbor attack her father joined the Army and her mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E [3] At the end of World War II she moved with her parents to California, Texas, and Seattle, Washington, where her father was a furniture salesman and her mother worked for a bank. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The family moved to Mercer Island, Washington, in 1956 so that 13-year old Ann could attend the high school that had just opened,[6] where teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging societal norms and questioning authority. Mercer Island is a city in King County, Washington, USA The population was 22036 at the 2000 census Mercer Island High School ( MIHS) is a Public high school located in Mercer Island, Washington in the U Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors Dunham took the lessons to heart; "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children". A classmate remembers her as "intellectually way more mature than we were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way. "[6]

First marriage

Dunham moved to Hawaii to attend the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where she studied anthropology. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The University of Hawaii at Mānoa is a public co-educational University and is the flagship campus of the greater University of Hawai{{okina}}i system. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of There she met Barack Hussein Obama, Sr., a graduate student from Kenya and the school's first African student, in a Russian class. Barack Hussein Obama (1936&ndash1982 was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and Father of Illinois Senator and 2008 Democratic presidential The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages [2] When they became engaged, both sets of parents opposed the marriage, with Barack, Sr. 's father in particular objecting. "He didn't want the Obama blood sullied by a white woman", Obama recalls his mother saying, in Dreams from My Father. Dreams from My Father A Story of Race and Inheritance is a Memoir by 2008 United States Presidential candidate Barack Obama of Illinois Nevertheless, the couple married on February 2, 1961 in Maui, Hawaii. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 727 The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the [6][1]

Dunham has been described by her friends as "a fellow traveler. In some political contexts the term fellow traveler refers to a person who sympathizes with the beliefs of a particular organization but does not belong to that organization . . We were liberals before we knew what liberals were," and as "the original feminist". Liberalism in the United States is a broad political and philosophical mindset favoring individual Liberty, and opposing restrictions on liberty whether they come from Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate [6]

Barack was born in Hawaii on August 4, 1961. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ann was 18 at the time.

In an interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in my formative years. . . The values she taught me continue to be my touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics. "[6]

Barack Obama, Sr. left Ann and their son in 1963 to attend Harvard in Boston. Dunham and Obama were divorced in Honolulu, Hawaii in January 1964. Honolulu is the Capital and most populous Census-designated place (CDP in the U Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The senior Obama obtained a masters degree in economics at Harvard and returned to Kenya in 1965 where he obtained a position in the Kenyan government. Friends report that later in life, he "was drinking too much" and became bitter and frustrated. [6] He was killed in an automobile accident in 1982. [8]

Second marriage

Two years after the divorce, when her son was five, Dunham married Lolo Soetoro (ca. 1936-1987), an Indonesian oil manager, whom she met at the East-West Center on the University of Hawaii campus. The East-West Center (EWC headquartered in Honolulu Hawaii, is an education and research organization established by the U [9] They moved to Jakarta, Indonesia in 1967 after the unrest surrounding the ascent of Suharto. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding [2]

Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro, on August 15, 1970. Maya Kassandra Soetoro-Ng ( born August 15 1970 in Jakarta, Indonesia) is the Half sister of 2008 United States Democratic Party Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [7]

In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's education with correspondence courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by the Rev. Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the Pedagogy and Andragogy, technology and instructional systems design Mahalia Jackson (October 26 1911 In 1929 Jackson met the composer Thomas A Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. When the young Obama asked to return to Hawaii for upper school rather than stay in Asia with her she agreed, despite the decision being painful for her. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader [2] In 1971, at the age of 10, Barack was sent back to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, where he attended the prestigious Punahou School. "Mom" "Mum" and "Mommy" redirect here Punahou School, once known as Oahu College, is a private Co-educational, Nonsectarian College preparatory school located in Honolulu Madelyn Dunham's job as a vice-president at The Bank of Hawaii helped pay the steep tuition,[10] with some assistance from a scholarship. [11]

In the 1970s, as Dunham wished to return to work, Soetoro wanted more children. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. "He became more American, she once said, as she became more Javanese. "[2] They divorced in 1980. [12]

Post-second marriage

Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband, and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers. She returned to graduate school in Honolulu in 1974, while raising Barack and Maya. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. When Dunham returned to Indonesia for field work in 1977 with Maya, Barack chose not to go, concentrating on his struggle to define himself; Dunham again acquiesced, despite it being personally painful for her. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays [2]

Having been a weaver, Dunham was interested in village industries, therefore moved to Yogyakarta, the center of Javanese handicrafts. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. The Special Region of Yogyakarta ( Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY) is the smallest province of Indonesia (excluding Handicraft, also known as craftwork or simply Craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools In 1992 she earned a Ph. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) D. in anthropology from the University of Hawai'i with a dissertation titled Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: Surviving and Thriving Against All Odds. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of The University of Hawaii, formally the University of Hawaii System and popularly known as UH, is a public co-educational college and university system that confers [13] Dunham then pursued a career in rural development championing women’s work and microcredit for the world’s poor, with Indonesia’s oldest bank, the United States Agency for International Development, the Ford Foundation, Women’s World Banking, and as a consultant in Pakistan. Note This article provides definition of Rural development See Rural Development for Rural Development Agency of the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA This article is specific to small loans For financial services to the poor see Microfinance. The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the United States federal government organization responsible for most non- military The Ford Foundation is a Private foundation incorporated in Michigan and based in New York City created to fund programs that were chartered in 1936 by She mingled with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grass-roots development. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants [2]

In 1994 Ann Dunham was diagnosed with ovarian cancer and uterine cancer; she moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother. Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from an Ovary. The cancer most commonly forms in the lining of the ovary (resulting in epithelial The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of Cancer which occur in the Uterus, namely Uterine sarcomas [2] She died there in 1995 at the age of 52. [14][15] Her son, starting his first campaign for public office, was not present at the time of her death. Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Barack and his half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng, spread her ashes in the Pacific Ocean on the south side of Oahu. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Oahu (usually Oahu outside Hawaiian and Hawaiian English) known as ''"The Gathering Place", is the third largest of the [2]

Religion

Dunham's best friend in high school has said that she "touted herself as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue. "[6]

Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books - the Bible, the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture, the Tao Te Ching - and wanted us to recognise that everyone has something beautiful to contribute. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Tao Te Ching or Dao De Jing ( originally known as Laozi or Lao tzu ( is a Chinese classic "[16] "Jesus, she felt, was a wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in un-Christian ways. "[17]

In his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues depended on a faith I didn't possess. Dreams from My Father A Story of Race and Inheritance is a Memoir by 2008 United States Presidential candidate Barack Obama of Illinois . . In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship. . . she was a lonely witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps, position-paper liberalism. "[18] In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household. The Audacity of Hope Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream is the second book written by US Senator Barack Obama. . . My mother's own experiences. . . only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones. . . And yet for all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I've ever known. "[19] Religion for her was "just one of the many ways – and not necessarily the best way – that man attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our lives," Obama wrote. [17] However, in 2007 Obama described his mother as "a Christian from Kansas. " "I was raised by my mother", he continued. "So, I’ve always been a Christian. "[20][21] Also in 2007, he said in a speech, "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a healthy skepticism of religion as an institution. "[1]

Dreams from My Father

She helped her son write his memoir Dreams from My Father while she was battling cancer. Obama wrote:

During the writing of this book, she would read the drafts, correcting stories that I had misunderstood, careful not to comment on my characterizations of her but quick to explain or defend the less flattering aspects of my father's character. [22]

Obama noted in the book that it was Ann rather than his natural father who taught him about his African American heritage. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa

She would come home with books on the civil rights movement, the recordings of Mahalia Jackson, the speeches of Dr. King. Mahalia Jackson (October 26 1911 In 1929 Jackson met the composer Thomas A Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader When she told me stories of schoolchildren in the South who were forced to read books handed down from wealthier white schools but who went on to become doctors and lawyers and scientists, I felt chastened by my reluctance to wake up and study in the mornings… Every black man was Thurgood Marshall or Sidney Poitier; every black woman Fannie Lou Hamer or Lena Horne. Thurgood Marshall ( July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American Jurist and the first African American Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE (ˈpwɑːtie born February 20, 1927) is an Oscar - Golden Globe - BAFTA - and Grammy Fannie Lou Hamer (born Fannie Lou Townsend on October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American Voting rights Lena Mary Calhoun Horne (born June 30, 1917) is an iconic American singer and Actress. To be black was to be the beneficiary of a great inheritance, a special destiny, glorious burdens that only we were strong enough to bear. [23]

Obama noted in the book that he might have written a different book if he had known she was dying when he wrote it:

I think sometimes that had I known she would not survive her illness, I might have written a different book—less a meditation on the absent parent, more a celebration of the one who was the single constant in my life. In my daughters I see her every day, her joy, her capacity for wonder. I won't try to describe how deeply I mourn her passing still. I know that she was the kindest, most generous spirit I have ever known, and that what is best in me I owe to her. [22]

2008 presidential campaign ad

A photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama was included in a 30-second television advertisement called "Mother". [15] Obama says in the ad, which focuses on his calls for health care improvements, that his mother spent her final months "more worried about paying her medical bills than getting well. "[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Amanda Ripley. "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother", Time, 2008-04-09. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Retrieved on 2007-04-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)  
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Scott, Janny. "A Free-Spirited Wanderer Who Set Obama’s Path", New York Times, 2008-03-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Retrieved on 2008-03-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.  
  3. ^ a b c Fred Mann. "Kansas roots show in Obama", The Wichita Eagle, via Topix, 2008-02-02, p. The Wichita Eagle is a daily Newspaper published in Wichita Kansas. To kyo stock P rice I nde X, commonly known as TOPIX, along with Nikkei 225, is an important Stock market index 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor  1B. Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne  
  4. ^ http://www.wargs.com/political/obama.html
  5. ^ Obama Press Office. "Gov. Kathleen Sebelius Endorses Barack Obama", Reuters, 2008-01-29. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne  
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Tim Jones. "Obama's mom: Not just a girl from Kansas: Strong personalities shaped a future senator", Chicago Tribune, 2007-03-27. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.  
  7. ^ a b A Special Report: The Obama Family Tree. Chicago Sun-Times (2007-09-09). The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
  8. ^ Muliro Telewa. "US election makes waves in Kenya", BBC News, 2004-08-20. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne  
  9. ^ Deborah Solomon. Deborah Solomon (born August 9, 1957) is a journalist and cultural critic with a weekly Q&A column in The New York Times Magazine. "Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the Family", New York Times, 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne  
  10. ^ David Mendell (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.  
  11. ^ Carlyn Tani (Spring 2007). "A Kid Called Barry: Barack Obama '79". Punahou School. Punahou School, once known as Oahu College, is a private Co-educational, Nonsectarian College preparatory school located in Honolulu  
  12. ^ Scott Fornek. "Lolo Soetoro: 'A piece of tiger meat'", Chicago Sun-Times, 2007-09-09. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.  
  13. ^ Dunham, S. Ann (1992). "Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia : surviving against all odds". . University of Hawaii
  14. ^ Chipman, Kim. "Obama Drive Gets Inspiration From His White Mom Born in Kansas", Bloomberg, 2008-02-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.  
  15. ^ a b c McCormick, John. "Obama's mother in new ad", Chicago Tribune, 2007-09-21. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.  
  16. ^ "Obama’s ‘Muslim past’ back on the agenda", The First Post, 2008-01-21. The First Post is a daily online News magazine published in the UK and based in London. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.  
  17. ^ a b Ariel Sabar. Barack Obama: Putting faith out front. July 16, 2007 edition. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on June 1, 2008.
  18. ^ Hank De Zutter. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, 1995-12-08. The Chicago Reader is an Alternative newsweekly in Chicago, Illinois, USA Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne  
  19. ^ Barack Obama. "Book Excerpt: Barack Obama", Time Magazine, 2006-10-15. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the  
  20. ^ Aswini Anburajan. "Obama Asked about Connection to Islam", First Read, MSNBC, 2007-12-22. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies  
  21. ^ Michael, Saul. "I'm no Muslim, says Barack Obama", New York Daily News, 2007-12-23. The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Retrieved on 2008-01-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.  
  22. ^ a b Barack Obama (2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. Excerpt via wnyc. org: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.  
  23. ^ Barack Obama (2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. Excerpts via delectconnect. com: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.  
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