City of Ann Arbor
Nickname: A2, A-2, Tree Town, the Deuce
Location of Ann Arbor within Washtenaw County, Michigan. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Washtenaw County (ˈwɒʃtɨnɔː is a county in the US state of Michigan.
Coordinates: 42°16′31.26″N 83°43′51.02″W / 42.27535, -83.7308389
Country	United States
State	Michigan
County	Washtenaw
Government
- Type	Council-Manager
- Mayor	John Hieftje
- City Administrator	Roger Fraser
Area
- City	27. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The political units and divisions of the United States include The 50 states (four of these being officially styled as Commonwealths) which are typically Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The boundaries of the 83 counties in the US state of Michigan have not changed substantially since 1897. Washtenaw County (ˈwɒʃtɨnɔː is a county in the US state of Michigan. In the council-manager form of government an elected city council (typically between five and 11 people is responsible for making Policy, passing Ordinances voting Appropriations A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government John Hieftje (pronounced "HEEFT-yeh" is the current mayor of Ann Arbor Michigan. A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a City, in a council-manager form of city government Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status 7 sq mi (71. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 7 km²)
- Land	27. To help compare sizes of different geographic regions we list here Areas between 10 km² (1000 Hectares and 100 km² (10000 hectares 0 sq mi (70. 0 km²)
- Water	0. 7 sq mi (1. 7 km²)
Elevation	840 ft (256 m)
Population (2000)
- City	114,024
- Density	4,221. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 1/sq mi (1,629. 9/km²)
- Urban	283,904
- Metro	341,847
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
- Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s)	734
FIPS code	26-03000[1]
GNIS feature ID	0620133[2]
Website: http://www.a2gov.org/

Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during Daylight saving time ( DST The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−4 is the Time offset used in the Atlantic Standard Time Zone in Canada in winter and the North American Eastern Time Zone during A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks US area code 734 covers southern portions of southeast Michigan including all of Washtenaw (its largest city being Ann Arbor) and Monroe counties and Federal Information Processing Standards ( FIPS) are publicly announced standards developed by the United States Federal government for use by all non-military The Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Washtenaw County (ˈwɒʃtɨnɔː is a county in the US state of Michigan. It is the state's seventh largest city with a population of 114,024 as of the 2000 census, of which 36,892 (32%) are college or graduate students. ^[3] Believed to be named for the spouses of the city's founders and for the stands of trees in the area,^[4] Ann Arbor is best known as the location of the main campus of the University of Michigan, which moved from Detroit in 1837. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research

The city's economy is currently dominated by education, high tech, and biotechnology. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. ^[5] Average home prices and property taxes are well above the state and national medians. The city is also known for its political liberalism and its large number of restaurants and performance venues.

History

Main article: History of Ann Arbor, Michigan

Ann Arbor was founded in January 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey, both of whom were land speculators. The recorded History of Ann Arbor in the US state of Michigan, began On May 25, 1824, the town plot was registered with Wayne County as "Annarbour"; this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year ^[6]

There are various accounts concerning the origin of the settlement's name; one states that Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their spouses, both named Ann, and for the stands of burr oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they had purchased for $800 from the federal government. The Bur Oak, ( Quercus macrocarpa) sometimes spelled Burr Oak, is a species of Oak in the white oak section Quercus sect The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[4] The regional Native Americans named the settlement Kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's saw mill. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

A view of Ann Arbor toward Liberty and State Streets, showing the Michigan Theater, the Borders bookstore #1, and several buildings of the University of Michigan

Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827, and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Michigan Theater is a Movie palace in Ann Arbor Michigan in the United States of America. Borders Group ( is an international bookseller based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of undeveloped land and offered it to the State of Michigan as the site of the state capital, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan, forever linking Ann Arbor and its history with the university. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research ^[7] The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and in 1851 Ann Arbor was chartered as a city. The Michigan Central Railroad was originally incorporated in 1837 to establish rail service between Detroit Michigan and St

During World War II, Ford Motor Company's nearby Willow Run plant turned out B-24 Liberator bombers. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following The Willow Run manufacturing plant located between Ypsilanti and Belleville Michigan, was constructed during World War II by Ford Motor Company The population of Ann Arbor exploded with an influx of military personnel, war workers, and their families.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy unveiled his Peace Corps proposal in 1960 at the University of Michigan, and President Lyndon B. Johnson first called for a "Great Society" as the university's commencement speaker in 1964. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. The Great Society was also a 1960s band featuring Grace Slick, and a 1914 book by English social theorist Graham Wallas. ^[8] The city also became a locus for left-wing activism, and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Opposition to US involvement in the Vietnam War is significant because domestic protest in the U The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U. Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS) was historically a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. A teach-in is a method of non-violent Protest, first employed against the U The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia ^[9] During the ensuing fifteen years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed strong constituencies within the city. Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a

South University Avenue caters to young people.

These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the local, progressive Human Rights Party (HRP) won city-council seats on the strength of the student vote. The Human Rights Party (HRP was a Left-wing political party that existed in Michigan during the early and mid-1970s During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance;^[10] many of these remain in effect in modified form. During the last thirty years the college town of Ann Arbor Michigan has enacted some of the most lenient laws on Marijuana possession in the United States. Rent control refers to laws or ordinances that set Price controls on the Renting of residential housing

Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement of national scope;^[9] and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999), a leading religious-conservative advocacy group. The Thomas More Law Center is a Conservative Christian, Not-for-profit law center based in Ann Arbor Michigan and active throughout the United States

The economy of Ann Arbor underwent a gradual shift from a manufacturing base to a service and technology base during the 20th century, which accelerated in the 1970s and 1980s. At the same time, the downtown transformed from one dominated by retail establishments dealing in staple goods to one composed mainly of eateries, cafés, bars, clubs, and specialty shops. Over the past several decades, Ann Arbor has increasingly found itself grappling with the effects of sharply rising land values and gentrification, as well as urban sprawl stretching far into the outlying countryside. Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area On November 4, 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government would buy development rights to pieces of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. A green belt or greenbelt is a policy or land use designation used in Land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped wild or agricultural land ^[11] Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on whether, and how, to accommodate and guide development within city limits.

Geography and cityscape

Sunset view and outdoor gardens at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens. The Matthaei Botanical Gardens (300 Acres 121 Hectares are Botanical gardens with a conservatory operated by the University of Michigan

Ann Arbor's many trees are the result of a reforestation campaign in the early 20th century.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 27. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census 7 square miles (71. 7 km²); 27. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 0 square miles (70. 0 km²) is land and 0. 7 square miles (1. 7 km²) or 2. 42% is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. The Huron River is the name of three different rivers in the U Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand Ann Arbor Charter Township is adjacent, on the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor Charter Township is a Charter township of Washtenaw County in the U Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River, in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The Huron River is the name of three different rivers in the U The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to over 1,000 feet (305 m) on the city's west side near I-94. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International ^[12] Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city, and UM's North Campus, are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. The elevation is about 839 feet (256 m) at Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is located south of the city at 42°13.38′N, 83°44.74′W. ^[13]

Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city holds more than 50,000 trees sited along city streets and an equal number in city parks. ^[14] In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis or Agrilus marcopoli) is a shiny green Beetle native to Asia An ash can be any of four different tree genera from four very distinct families; most commonly in a combined form (e The city contains 147 municipal parks, ranging from small neighborhood parks to large recreation areas, with several large city parks and a university park bordering sections of the Huron River. ^[15] The largest are Argo Park, Riverside Park, County Farm Park, and Gallup Park (near the Huron Parkway),^[16] while Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS is the wholly-owned academic medical center of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Segregated cycle facilities are Roads tracks paths or marked lanes designated for use by Cyclists from which motorised traffic is generally excluded Nichols Arboretum, which is operated by the University of Michigan (and known locally as "The Arboretum" or simply "The Arb"), is a 123 acre (50 ha) preserve containing hundreds of plant and tree species on the east side of the city near the university's central campus. Nichols Arboretum (123 Acres 497 Hectares is an Arboretum operated by the University of Michigan, and located on the eastern edge of its Central The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, ^[17]

The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Briarwood Mall is a Shopping mall in Ann Arbor Michigan, United States. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. The downtown contains a mix of 19th and early 20th century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. Farmers' markets, sometimes called greenmarkets, are Markets usually held out-of-doors in public spaces where Farmers can sell produce ^[18] The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two to four-story structures, although the downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.

Washington Street, towards Main Street

Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain a range of architectural styles, from classic 19th and early 20th century designs to ranch-style houses. Ranch-style houses (also American Ranch, California Ranch, Rambler or Rancher) is an American domestic Architectural style (although Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. Tower Plaza is the tallest building in Ann Arbor Michigan. It is located at 555 East William Street ^[19] The 19th century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of ^[20]

Climate

Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental seasonal climate, which is influenced by the Great Lakes. The humid continental climate is a Climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. There are four seasons, with winters being cold with moderate snowfall while summers can be warm and humid. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. The area experiences lake effect, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. Lake-effect snow is produced in the winter when cold Arctic winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water providing energy and picking up Water vapor which freezes ^[21] The highest average temperature is in July at 83 °F (28 °C) while the lowest average temperature is in January at 16 °F (−9 °C). Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. However, summer temperatures can top 90 °F (32 °C), and winter temperatures can drop below 0 °F (−17 °C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from 2 to 4 inches (44 to 92 mm), with the heaviest occurring during the summer months. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April, ranges from 1 to 10 inches (3 to 25 cm) per month. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth ^[22] The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (40. 6 °C) on July 24, 1934, while the lowest recorded temperature was −22. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 0 °F (−30 °C) on January 19, 1994. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) ^[23]

Demographics

As of the 2000 census,^[1] there were 114,024 people, 45,693 households, and 21,704 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,221. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 1 people per square mile (1,629. 9/km²). There were 47,218 housing units at an average density of 1,748. 0 per square mile (675. 0/km²), making it less dense than inner-ring Detroit suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale (and than Detroit proper), but denser than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia. Oak Park is a city in Oakland County of the US state of Michigan. Ferndale is a city in Oakland County of the US state of Michigan. Livonia is a city located in the northwest part of Wayne County in the U The racial makeup of the city was 74. 68% White, 8. 83% Black or African American, 0. 29% Native American, 11. 90% Asian, 0. 04% Pacific Islander, 1. 21% from other races, and 3. 05% from two or more races. 3. 34% of the population were Hispanic American or Latino. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Hispanic or Latino descent, which comprises ancestry or origins in Hispanic America 14. 9% were of German, 8. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as 5% English and 7. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English 9% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate 80. 6% spoke English, 3. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2% Chinese or Mandarin, 3. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan 1% Spanish, 1. 9% Korean, 1. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system 2% German, 1. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. 1% Japanese and 1. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities 0% French as their first language. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Because of the pull of the university, the city has one of the highest foreign-born population percentages in the state sitting at 16. 6%.

Out of the 45,693 households, 23. 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37. 8% were married couples living together, 7. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52. 5% were nonfamilies. 35. 5% of households were made up of individuals and 6. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2. 22 and the average family size was 2. 90.

In the city, the population age was spread out; 16. 8% were under 18, 26. 8% from 18 to 24, 31. 2% from 25 to 44, 17. 3% from 45 to 64, and 7. 9% were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 97. 7 males; while for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96. 4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $46,299, and the median income for a family was $71,293. Males had a median income of $48,880 versus $36,561 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,419. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country About 4. 6% of families and 16. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of Income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate Standard of living in a given country 3% of those under age 18 and 5. 1% of those age 65 or over.

Ann Arbor's crime rate was below the national average in 2000. The violent crime rate was much further below the national average than the property crime rate; they were 48% and 11% less than the national average, respectively. ^[25][26]

Law and government

See also: List of mayors of Ann Arbor, Michigan

The Guy C. This is a list of mayors of Ann Arbor Michigan, beginning with Ann Arbor's incorporation as a city on April 4 1851 Larcom, Jr. Municipal Building houses the city hall and police station

Ann Arbor has a Council-manager form of government. In the council-manager form of government an elected city council (typically between five and 11 people is responsible for making Policy, passing Ordinances voting Appropriations The mayor, who is elected every even-numbered year, is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The mayor of Ann Arbor is John Hieftje (Democrat), who has served in that capacity since the 2000 election. John Hieftje (pronounced "HEEFT-yeh" is the current mayor of Ann Arbor Michigan. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The city council has ten members, two from each of the city's five wards, with the mayor wielding the tie-breaking vote. Council members serve two-year terms; half the council is elected in annual elections. ^[27] City operations are managed by the City Administrator, who is chosen by the city council. In the council-manager form of government an elected city council (typically between five and 11 people is responsible for making Policy, passing Ordinances voting Appropriations

Ann Arbor is in the 15th Congressional district, and is represented by Representative John Dingell (Democrat). John David Dingell Jr (born in Colorado Springs Colorado, July 8, 1926) is a Democratic United States Representative from On the state level, the city is in the 18th district in the Michigan Senate. The Michigan Senate is the upper body of the Michigan Legislature. In the Michigan State House of Representatives, the city of Ann Arbor is in the 53rd district, while northeastern Ann Arbor and Ann Arbor Township are in the 52nd district. The Michigan House of Representatives is the lower body of the Michigan Legislature. ^[28] As the seat of Washtenaw County, the city is the location of the county's trial, civil, and criminal courts. Washtenaw County (ˈwɒʃtɨnɔː is a county in the US state of Michigan. Ann Arbor is the site of a United States district court, whose downtown building also houses a post office. The United States district courts are the general Trial courts of the United States federal court system. A post office is a facility authorized by a Postal system for the posting receipt sorting handling transmission or delivery of Mail.

Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s – an orientation evident in the passage of strong antidiscrimination ordinances. Voters also approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974),^[29] and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). During the last thirty years the college town of Ann Arbor Michigan has enacted some of the most lenient laws on Marijuana possession in the United States. An ^[30] In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In January 1974, Kathy Kozachenko' s successful bid for a seat on the Ann Arbor Michigan city council made her the first openly Gay or Lesbian Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. ^[31] In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U. S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Instant-runoff voting ( IRV) is a Voting system used for single-winner elections in which voters have one vote and rank Candidates in order of Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. The Human Rights Party (HRP was a Left-wing political party that existed in Michigan during the early and mid-1970s ^[32] As of December 2006, Democrats hold the mayorship and all council seats. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.

Sister Cities

Ann Arbor has seven sister cities:

• - Tübingen, Germany, since 1965
• - Belize City, Belize, since 1967
• - Hikone, Japan, since 1969
• - Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, since 1983
• - Juigalpa, Nicaragua, since 1986
• - Dakar, Senegal, since 1997
• - Remedios, Cuba, since 2003

Economy

The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. Tübingen, a traditional University town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, is situated 30 km (19 miles southwest of Stuttgart, on a ridge between Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Belize City is the largest city of the Central American nation Belize. Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America. is a city located in Shiga, Japan. The city was incorporated on February 11, 1937. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Peterborough is a City on the Otonabee River in central-eastern Ontario, Canada, 125 kilometres Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Juigalpa is the capital city of the Chontales Department of Nicaragua. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America For the Dakar Rally see Dakar Rally. For the Israeli submarine see INS Dakar. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Remedios is a city and municipality located 6 miles from the northern coast of Cuba, in the center of the island The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 7,500 in the medical center. ^[5] Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors, Toyota, Subaru, and Ford, also employ residents. The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries Co Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following

Nickels Arcade interior, looking towards the east

Many high-tech companies are located in the city. During the 1980s, Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador. ^[33] Other high-tech companies in the area include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), and ProQuest, which includes UMI. JSTOR (short for Journal Storage) is a United States -based online system for archiving Academic journals founded in 1995 ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor Michigan -based electronic publisher and Microfilm publisher Umi may refer to Umi, "sea" in Japanese language Umi Fukuoka, a town in Japan 'Umi-a-Liloa

Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, Everything2, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. All Media Guide (commonly known as AMG) is the company which owns and maintains Allmusic, Allgame and Allmovie. Everything2, Everything2, or E2 for short is a collaborative Web -based community consisting of a database of interlinked user-submitted written Weather Underground is a commercial weather service that provides real-time weather information via the Internet. Zattoo is a proprietary Peer-to-peer Internet Protocol Television system (" P2PTV " with current focus on European channels licensed content Ann Arbor is also the site of the Michigan Information Technology Center (MITC), whose offices house Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Internet2 or UCAID ( University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development) is a Non-profit Consortium which develops and deploys ^[34] Ann Arbor is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program--the company's primary revenue stream. Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online AdWords is Google 's flagship advertising product and main source of revenue ($16 ^[35]

Pfizer, the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. Pfizer Incorporated ( is a major Pharmaceutical company, which ranks number one in the world in sales On January 22, 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[36] The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). General Dynamics Corporation ( is a defense conglomerate formed by Mergers and Divestitures and as of 2008 it is the fifth largest Defense contractor The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA) is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory^[37] and the Toyota Technical Center. (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. ^[38]

Several major companies are headquartered in Ann Arbor. Borders Books, originally a two-room shop upstairs above 211 South State, was opened in 1969 with a stock of used books by brothers Tom and Louis Borders. Borders Group ( is an international bookseller based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The shop soon moved to a storefront in the Maynard House building on East William, and soon after that, in 1971, returned to State Street and a ground-floor location where the Red Hawk Grill is now. The brothers then switched to selling new books, and moved a few years later to larger quarters across the street. They began operating other outlets around the region in 1985. The Borders chain is still based in the city, as is its flagship store (now in yet another location). Dogs are allowed inside the flagship store, and the cashiers have a stock of treats for such visitors. ^[39] Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271 acre (109 hectare) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Domino's Pizza Inc ( is an international Fast food Pizza delivery corporation headquartered just outside Ann Arbor Michigan, United States Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8 1867 &ndash April 9 1959 was an American (of Welsh descent Architect, Interior designer, Writer, and educator who ^[40] Flint Ink Corp. , another Ann Arbor-based company, was until recently the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer (in October 2005, it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions). ^[41] Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and Jewish foods, and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's is an upscale food retailer headquartered in Ann Arbor Michigan. Zingerman's has grown into a very large family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery) and services (business education).

Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan, a student-housing cooperative founded in 1937. The Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan (ICC is a student owned and operated Housing cooperative serving students and community members in ^[42] The North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO) is an international association of cooperatives headquartered in Ann Arbor. The North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO is an association of Cooperatives in Canada and the U There are also three cohousing communities—Sunward, Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits. A cohousing Community is a kind of Intentional community composed of private Homes with full kitchens supplemented by extensive common facilities Sunward redirects here For the company manufacturing model rockets a trebuchet a catapult and hobby products see Sunward Aerospace Group Limited. ^[43]

Education

Higher education

Rackham School of Graduate Studies, University of Michigan

The University of Michigan is the dominant institution of higher learning in Ann Arbor, providing the city with a distinctly college-town atmosphere. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research A college town or university town is a community (often literally a Town, but possibly a small or medium sized City, or in some cases a Neighborhood ^[44] Much of the campus is adjacent to and intermixed with the city's downtown district. Because the campus and the city expanded side-by-side, there is often no firm divide between the two, with university buildings scattered through much of the city center.

Other local colleges and universities are Cleary University, a private business school; Concordia University, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; and Washtenaw Community College. Cleary University is a business university with campuses in Ann Arbor and Howell, Michigan (Livingston Campus Concordia University is a private liberal arts university in Ann Arbor Michigan. Washtenaw Community College is a Community college located in Ann Arbor Michigan. Ave Maria School of Law, a Catholic institution established by Domino's Pizza cofounder Tom Monaghan, opened near northeastern Ann Arbor in 2000. Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic Law school, is located in Ann Arbor Michigan. Domino's Pizza Inc ( is an international Fast food Pizza delivery corporation headquartered just outside Ann Arbor Michigan, United States Thomas Stephen "Tom" Monaghan (born March 25, 1937 in Ann Arbor Michigan) is an Entrepreneur and Catholic Philanthropist There were plans to establish Ave Maria University on land occupied by Domino's Farms. Ave Maria University is a private university with a Roman Catholic character and liturgical tradition in southwest Florida founded in 2003 by Tom Monaghan However, due to conflicts with local zoning authorities, the new campus is under construction near Naples, Florida. Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, USA. As of 1 July 2006, the U ^[45] In February 2007, it was announced that Ave Maria School of Law will move to southwest Florida in 2009. ^[46]

Primary and secondary schools

The Ann Arbor Public School District handles local public education. The system – which enrolls 16,974 students (2005/2006 September head count) – consists of twenty-one elementary schools, five middle schools, and five high schools (two traditional, Pioneer and Huron, as well as three alternative schools: Community High, Stone School, and Roberto Clemente). See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary Middle school or Junior High School serves as a "bridge" between the Elementary School and the High School High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Huron High School is a public school in Ann Arbor, in the US state Community High School (CHS nicknamed "Commie High" is a public alternative school serving grades 9&ndash12 in Ann Arbor Michigan, USA. ^[47] Due to overcrowding problems at the two traditional high schools, a third traditional high school, Skyline High School, is under construction and is slated to open in September 2008. The district also operates a K-8 open school program,^[48] Ann Arbor Open, out of the former Mack School. This program is open to all families who live within the district. Ann Arbor Public Schools also operates a preschool and family center, with programs starting as early as birth for at-risk infants and other programs for at-risk children before kindergarten. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district. Ann Arbor is home to more than 20 private schools,^[49] including the Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor, Clonlara School and Greenhills School, a prep school near Concordia University. The Clonlara School is an alternative Private school located in Ann Arbor Michigan, USA Greenhills School is a small independent college preparatory school (grades 6-12 in Ann Arbor Michigan, USA

Culture

Mural depicting author Hermann Hesse (and Woody Allen, Edgar Allan Poe, Franz Kafka and Anaïs Nin) on Liberty Street. Hermann Hesse (ˈhɛʀman ˈhɛsə ( 2 July, 1877 — 9 August, 1962) was a German - Swiss poet novelist and painter

Main article: Culture in Ann Arbor, Michigan

Many Ann Arbor cultural attractions and events are sponsored by the University of Michigan. The culture of Ann Arbor Michigan includes various attractions and events many of which are connected with the University of Michigan. Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the university's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences (see Museums at the University of Michigan). Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor is home to a number of museums, with a majority of them on Central Campus Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre; the Arbor Opera Theater; the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra; the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater; the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company^[50]); and Performance Network, which operates a downtown theater frequently offering new or nontraditional plays. The Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra ( A2SO) is Ann Arbor, Michigan 's only professional orchestra

The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum, located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station, contains more than 250 interactive exhibits featuring science and technology. Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is a Science museum located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, specializing in interactive exhibits Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U. S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. ^[51] The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building; in 2008 a new branch building is set to replace the branch located in Plymouth Mall. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. The Gerald R Ford Presidential Library is part of the National Archives and Records Administration's Presidential library system

Sunday Morning by Carl Milles in Ann Arbor

Several annual events – many of them centered on performing and visual arts – draw visitors to Ann Arbor. Carl Milles, born Carl Emil Wilhelm Andersson son of lieutenant Emil "Mille" Andersson and his wife Walborg Tisell, ( June 23 1875 One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets, which began in 1960. The Ann Arbor Art Fairs are a group of four award-winning art fairs taking place annually in Ann Arbor Michigan that attract over 500000 visitors each year Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday in the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. ^[52] One event that is not related to visual and performing arts is Hash Bash, held on the first Saturday of April in support of the reform of marijuana laws. Hash Bash is an annual event held in Ann Arbor Michigan, on the first Saturday of April at high noon on the University of Michigan Diag. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a It has been celebrated since 1971.

E. Liberty St.

Ann Arbor has a major scene for college sports, notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world with a 107,501 seating capacity. Michigan Stadium, nicknamed The Big House, is the football stadium for the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with ^[53] The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House. " Crisler Arena and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball and ice hockey teams, respectively. Crisler Arena, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, is the home arena for the University of Michigan men's and women's basketball teams Yost Ice Arena (formerly the Fielding H Yost Fieldhouse) in Ann Arbor Michigan, is the home of the University of Michigan varsity Ice hockey Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams. Concordia University is a private liberal arts university in Ann Arbor Michigan. The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA) seeks to fully integrate life academics sport and fitness into the higher education environment

A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite," and many long-time residents call themselves "townies. " The city itself is often called A² ("A-squared") or A2 ("A two"), and, less commonly, Tree Town. Recently, some youths have taken to calling Ann Arbor Ace Deuce or simply The Deuce. With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as The People's Republic of Ann Arbor^[54] or 25 square miles surrounded by reality,^[55] the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. Tongue-in-cheek is a term used to refer to humor in which a statement or an entire fictional work is not meant to be taken seriously but its lack of seriousness is subtle Lee Sherman Dreyfus ( June 20, 1926 January 2, 2008) was an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served Madison is the capital of the US state of Wisconsin and the County seat of Dane County. Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. A citation index is an index of Citations between publications allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing ^[56]

Media

One of 39 downtown fire hydrants painted by students. A fire hydrant (also known colloquially as a fire plug in the United States or as a johnny pump in New York City, because the firemen of the This hydrant's artist was in elementary school; others were in high school or college. ^[57]

The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor. The Ann Arbor News is a Newspaper serving Washtenaw and Livingston counties Booth Newspapers or BoothMichigan, based in Grand Rapids Michigan, owns eight Newspapers in the state of Michigan. Other established publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Observer, a monthly magazine with features covering local culture, politics, family life, business and history, as well as a comprehensive calendar of events; Current, an entertainment guide, the "Communicator", a local high school paper, and Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly that has ceased production. The Ann Arbor Observer is a monthly newsprint Magazine delivered free to all permanent residents of the Ann Arbor, Michigan school district and postal service ^[58] The University of Michigan campus area is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily. The Michigan Daily is the daily student newspaper of the University of Michigan. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. The Ann Arbor Business Review is a weekly business journal published in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. Car and Driver is an American automotive enthusiast Magazine. An automobile magazine is a Magazine with news and reports on Automobiles and the Automobile industry.

The three major AM radio stations based in Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a news and talk station; WLBY 1290, an Air America Radio affiliate; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. WAAM is a Radio station in Ann Arbor, Michigan that broadcasts on AM 1600 WLBY, " Ann Arbor 's Liberal Talk Radio" is a Progressive talk radio station brodacasting from Saline Michigan. Air America Radio (commonly abbreviated to AAR) WTKA is a Radio station located in Ann Arbor Michigan, that broadcasts on 1050 AM ^[59] The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91. Michigan Radio is the collective name for the network of Radio stations operated by the Michigan Public Media unit of the University of Michigan. 7; country station WWWW 102. 9; adult-alternative station WQKL 107. WQKL, known on the air as Ann Arbor's 107one, is a radio station broadcasting from Ann Arbor Michigan. 1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88. WCBN-FM is the student-run Radio station of the University of Michigan. 3 is a local community radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research ^[59] The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.

WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WPXD is a Television station licensed to Ann Arbor Michigan. It is the ION Television network (formerly Pax TV and i affiliate for Detroit. Ion Television is a broadcast television network first broadcast on August 31 1998 Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. ^[60] Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area. A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and Video to Television receivers in a particular area

Two major weblogs provide opportunity for public discussion on local news and issues, and frequently revolve around housing, planning, and real estate issues. Ann Arbor is Overrated. was operated by an anonymous graduate student (who revealed herself as Julia Lipman in her goodbye to her readers) , while Arbor Update. is run by a collection of local volunteers.

Health and utilities

The University of Michigan Medical Center, the preeminent health facility in the city, took the #12 slot in the 2006 U.S. News and World Report for hospitals. The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS is the wholly-owned academic medical center of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D ^[61] The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor, and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Superior Township. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA) is a government-run military Veteran benefit system with Cabinet -level status Superior Charter Township is a Charter township of Washtenaw County in the U

The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources. The Huron River is the name of three different rivers in the U There are two water-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four pump stations, and two water towers. Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use Pumping stations are facilities including Pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another A water tower, watershed, or elevated water tower is a large elevated water storage container These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River, two of which provide hydroelectric power. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water ^[62] The city also offers waste management services, with Recycle Ann Arbor's handling recycling service. ^[63] Other utilities are provided by private entities. Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy. Electric power is defined as the rate at which Electrical energy is transferred by an Electric circuit. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, DTE Energy Co ( is a Detroit, Michigan -based utility incorporated in 1995 involved in the development and management of energy-related businesses and services nationwide AT&T, the successor to Michigan Bell, Ameritech, and SBC Communications, is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and Michigan Bell is the subsidiary of AT&T serving the state of Michigan. AT&T Teleholdings Inc, formerly Ameritech Corporation (and before that American Information Technologies Corporation) is a U Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and Phone service is also available from various national wireless companies. Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast. Comcast Corporation ( is the largest Cable television company the second largest Internet service provider and (according to the company the fourth largest telephone

Transportation

Major highways

The city is belted by three highways: I-94, which runs along the southern portion of the city; US 23, which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; and M-14, which runs along the northern edge of the city. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve US Route 23 is a long north-south US highway between Jacksonville Florida, and Mackinaw City Michigan. M-14 is a east-west trunkline in the southeastern portion of the U The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern, though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district like spokes on a wheel to the highways surrounding the city. Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 juncture in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas. The city also has a system of bike routes and paths. Segregated cycle facilities are Roads tracks paths or marked lanes designated for use by Cyclists from which motorised traffic is generally excluded ^[64]

Interstate highways

• I-94 is a major interstate freeway that runs from the Canadian border (at Port Huron) to Billings, Montana. Billings is the largest city in the US state of Montana, located in the south-central portion of the state 94 passes routes through major urban areas including Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee and Minneapolis/St. Paul.

US highways

• US 12
• US 23 is an important Michigan route that runs from Ohio to Mackinaw City. US Route 12, or US 12, is an east-west United States highway running from Grays Harbor on the Pacific Ocean in the state of Washington to downtown US Route 23 is a long north-south US highway between Jacksonville Florida, and Mackinaw City Michigan.
• 
  BUS US 23 serves local business traffic through the city. There are four bannered routes of US Route 23. Standish Michigan Alternate US 23, or ALT US 23, was a 24

Michigan highways

• M-14 is a freeway that connects Ann Arbor with Detroit's suburbs. M-14 is a east-west trunkline in the southeastern portion of the U The western route of M-14 provides an northern bypass of Ann Arbor, before ending at I-94.
• M-17 connects Ann Arbor with nearby Ypsilanti. M-17 is a short long Highway in the US state of Michigan, connecting the cities of Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor in Washtenaw
• M-153 parallels M-14 and also routes to Detroit's western suburbs. M-153 is a state highway route in the US state of Michigan. It is also known as Ford Road for nearly its entire length except for its westernmost

Bus service

An AATA bus, with the blue-roofed Blake Transit Center in the background.

The Ann Arbor Transportation Authority (AATA), which brands itself as "The Ride," operates public bus services throughout Ann Arbor and nearby Ypsilanti. The Ann Arbor Transportation Authority (AATA, which brands itself as "The Ride" is the public transit system serving the Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Ypsilanti (ˌɪpsɨˈlænti Ǐp'-sǐ-lǎn-tē but often /ˌjɪpsɨˈlænti/ by outsiders is a city in Washtenaw County in the U AATA has recently introduced hybrid electric buses to its fleet of 69 and is the first public transit operator in the Midwest to state its intention to convert to all hybrid electric buses. ^[65] A separate zero-fare bus service operates within the University of Michigan campuses. Zero-fare Public transport services are funded in full by means other than collecting a Fare from passengers A downtown bus depot served by Greyhound Lines provides out-of-town bus service, and is the city's only remaining example of the Streamline Moderne architectural style. Greyhound Lines is an intercity Common carrier of passengers by Bus serving over 3700 destinations in the United States. Streamline Moderne, sometimes referred to by either name alone was a late branch of the Art Deco design style ^[66] Megabus has twice daily direct service to Chicago, Illinois, while a bus service provided by Amtrak connects to East Lansing and Toledo, Ohio, though only for rail passengers making connections. Megabus can refer to Megabus (United Kingdom - a low-cost bus service in Great Britain owned by Stagecoach Group and organized as an intercity bus network Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Doing business as Amtrak, is a Government-owned corporation that was organized on May 1, 1971 East Lansing is a city in the US state of Michigan. The city is located directly east of Lansing, Michigan, the state's capital This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article

Airports

Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small general aviation airport located south of I-94. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a General aviation airport located 3 miles (5 km south of the city of Ann Arbor in Washtenaw County, Michigan General aviation (abbr GA) is one of two categories of Civil aviation. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Detroit Metropolitan Airport, the area's large international airport, is about 28 miles (45 km) east of the city, in Romulus. Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, sometimes called Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Detroit Metro Wayne Airport, Metro Airport, or simply An international airport is an Airport typically equipped with Customs and Immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from other Romulus is a city in Wayne County in the US state of Michigan. Willow Run Airport east of the city near Ypsilanti serves freight, corporate, and general aviation clients. Willow Run Airport is an airport located in Van Buren Charter Township near Ypsilanti, Michigan, that serves Freight, corporate and general Ypsilanti (ˌɪpsɨˈlænti Ǐp'-sǐ-lǎn-tē but often /ˌjɪpsɨˈlænti/ by outsiders is a city in Washtenaw County in the U

Railroads

The city was a major rail hub, notably for freight traffic between Toledo and ports north of Chicago, Illinois, from 1878 to 1982; however, the Ann Arbor Railroad also sold 1. This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The Ann Arbor Railroad, historically was an American Railroad that operated between Toledo Ohio, and Elberta and Frankfort Michigan 1 million passenger tickets in 1913. ^[67] The city was also served by the Michigan Central Railroad starting in 1837. The Michigan Central Railroad was originally incorporated in 1837 to establish rail service between Detroit Michigan and St Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Street Railway, Michigan's first interurban, served the city from 1891 to 1929. The Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Street Railway, known informally as the Ypsi-Ann, was an Interurban railroad operating in southeastern Michigan; it was the In Australia "interurban" is a general term for Intercity rail. Amtrak provides service to Ann Arbor, operating its Wolverine three times daily in each direction between Chicago and Pontiac, via Detroit. The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Doing business as Amtrak, is a Government-owned corporation that was organized on May 1, 1971 Pontiac is a city in the US state of Michigan named after the Ottawa Chief Pontiac. Rail service is provided at the Ann Arbor Train Station; the present-day station neighbors the city's old Michigan Central Depot, which was renovated as a restaurant in 1969. Ann Arbor Station is an Amtrak station in Ann Arbor Michigan on the Wolverine. There have been plans to build a commuter rail link between Ann Arbor and Detroit, with the U. SEMCOG Commuter Rail is a proposed Regional rail link between the cities of Ann Arbor and Detroit Michigan, slated to begin operation no earlier than 2008 S. federal government providing $100 million to enable its development. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[68] A more recent plan, called "Wally," to provide passenger rail service between Howell and Ann Arbor starting in the summer of 2007 has been delayed for at least a year. WALLY (the Washtenaw - Livingston Rail Line is a proposed Commuter rail service which would link the Michigan cities of Ann Arbor and Howell is a city in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 9232 while the 2006 estimate placed the ^[69]

See also

• List of people from Ann Arbor
• Metro Detroit

Notes

References

• (1999) Encyclopedia of Michigan. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers.  
• (1991) Michigan Gazetteer. Wilmington, DE: American Historical Publications.  
• Fisher, Dale (1996). Ann Arbor: Visions of the Eagle. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing. ISBN 096156234X.  
• Marwil, Jonathan (1990). A History of Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.  
• Schmittroth, Linda (Ed. ) (1994). Cities of the United States, 4th edition, Detroit: Gale Group.  
• Social Characteristics of Ann Arbor. US Census Bureau (2000).
• Pictorial History of Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor District Library (2003).
• Winling, LaDale C. (2007). Student Housing, City Politics, and the University of Michigan, 1920–1980 (pdf). University of Michigan.

External links

• City's official website
• Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor's Bureau
• ArborUpdate.com—Ann Arbor community news
• ArborWiki—A wiki for Ann Arbor
• UmichCrime—Interactive map of incidents reported to the University of Michigan's Department of Public Safety
• Ann Arbor travel guide from Wikitravel

• Ann Arbor, Michigan is at coordinates 42°16′31″N 83°43′51″W / 42.27535, -83.73084 (Ann Arbor, Michigan)Coordinates: 42°16′31″N 83°43′51″W / 42.27535, -83.73084 (Ann Arbor, Michigan)