Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. It is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways. This article is about visual perception See Optical Illusion (Album for information about the Time Requiem album In Physics, motion means a constant change in the location of a body Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the eye by which even nanoseconds of exposure to an image result in milliseconds of reaction (sight from the retina to the optic nerves The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although several other forms of presenting animation also exist. Video is the technology of electronically capturing, Recording, processing storing transmitting and reconstructing a sequence of Still images

Animation can sometimes refer to a way of activating a community, i. e. 'animating' the users. This means actions which encourages users to interact with a given service and is connected to moderation. Moderation is the process of eliminating or lessening extremes

Contents 1 History 2 Early Examples 3 Techniques 3.1 Traditional animation 3.2 Stop motion 3.3 Computer animation 3.4 Other animation techniques 3.5 Other techniques and approaches 4 See also 5 References 6 Type of animations 7 Further reading 8 External links

History

Further information: History of animation

Early Examples

Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Eadweard J Muybridge ( April 9, 1830 &ndash May 8, 1904) was an English photographer, known primarily for his early use Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times

The phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope, as well as the common flip book, were early popular animation devices invented during the 1800s. The phenakistoscope (also spelled phenakistiscope) was an early Animation device the predecessor of the Zoetrope. A zoetrope is a device that produces an illusion of action from a rapid succession of static pictures The praxinoscope was an Animation device the successor to the Zoetrope. A flip book (sometimes especially in British English, flick book) is a Book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next so These devices produced movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of motion picture film.

There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of the art of film animation, as there were several people doing several projects which could be considered various types of animation all around the same time.

Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. Georges Méliès ( December 8, 1861 &ndash January 21, 1938) full name Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, was a French He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Méliès discovered this technique accidentally when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a horse happened to be passing by just as Méliès restarted rolling the film, his end result was that he had managed to make a bus transform into a horse. This was just one of the great contributors to animation in the early years.

J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American filmmaker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. James Stuart Blackton ( January 5, 1875 - August 13, 1941) usually known as J Introduced to filmmaking by Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blackton's "lightning artist" routine, and utilized modified versions of Méliès' early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves. The Enchanted Drawing is a silent film made in 1900 It was directed by J Humorous Phases of Funny Faces is a silent cartoon by J Stuart Blackton in the year 1906 'Humorous Phases of Funny Faces' is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blackton is considered the first true animator. An animator is an Artist who creates multiple images called frames and Key frames that form an illusion of movement called Animation when rapidly displayed

Another French artist, Émile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strips and created a film in 1908 called Fantasmagorie. Émile Cohl ( January 4, 1857 – January 20, 1938) born Émile Eugène Jean Louis Courtet, was a French Caricaturist The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. A stick figure is a very simple type of drawing made of sticks and circles generally of the Human form although stick figures of other types of Animals are possible There were also sections of live action where the animator’s hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look. In photography a negative may refer to three different things although they are all related This makes Fantasmagorie the first animated film created using what came to be known as traditional (hand-drawn) animation. Traditional animation, also referred to as classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation, is the oldest and historically the most popular

Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Winsor McCay ( September 26 1867 (? – July 26 1934) was an American Cartoonist and Animator. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCay's most noted films are Little Nemo (1911), Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918). Little Nemo is the main Fictional character in a series of weekly Comic strips by Winsor McCay (1871-1934 that appeared in the New York Herald Gertie the Dinosaur is a 1914 short animated film by Winsor McCay that inspired many generations of animators to bring their cartoons to The Sinking of the Lusitania, released in 1918, is an animated short film by American artist Winsor McCay.

The production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in movie theaters. Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue The most successful early animation producer was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade. John Randolph Bray ( 25 August 1879, Detroit - 10 October 1978, Bridgeport Connecticut) produced the first Animation An animator is an Artist who creates multiple images called frames and Key frames that form an illusion of movement called Animation when rapidly displayed Earl Hurd ( September 14 1880 &ndash September 28 1940) was a pioneering American Animator and Film director Traditional animation, also referred to as classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation, is the oldest and historically the most popular

Techniques

Traditional animation

Main article: Traditional animation

(Also called cel animation) Traditional animation was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. Traditional animation, also referred to as classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation, is the oldest and historically the most popular Traditional animation, also referred to as classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation, is the oldest and historically the most popular The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. A cel, short for Celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional hand-drawn animation. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a rostrum camera. A rostrum camera is a specially adapted camera used in Television and Film to animate a still picture or object

The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery mediums, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media such as digital video. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its Digital video is a type of Video recording system that works by using a Digital rather than an analog video signal The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years. Character animation is a specialized area of the Animation process concerning the animation of one or more characters featured in an animated work Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technology.

Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), and Akira (Japan, 1988). Pinocchio is the second Animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Animal Farm is a 1954 British animated feature based on the popular book by George Orwell. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located is a 1988 Japanese animated Film co-written and directed by Katsuhiro Otomo based on his manga of the same name For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Traditional animated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994) Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (Spirited Away) (Japan, 2001), and Les Triplettes de Belleville (2003). The Lion King is a 1994 American animated feature film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, released in theaters on June 15 1994 is a 2001 film by the Japanese Anime studio Studio Ghibli, written and directed by famed animator Hayao Miyazaki. Les Triplettes de Belleville is a 2003 animated Feature film written and directed by Sylvain Chomet.

• Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films, which regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement. Fully animated films can be done in a variety of styles, from realistically designed works such as those produced by the Walt Disney studio, to the more "cartoony" styles of those produced by the Warner Bros. animation studio. Walt Disney Animation Studios (as Walt Disney Feature Animation is a key element of The Walt Disney Company, and the oldest existing Animation studio in the world Warner Bros Cartoons Inc was the Animation division of Warner Bros Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works such as An American Tail (US, 1986) and The Iron Giant (US, 1999)

• Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more stylized drawings and methods of movement. An American Tail is a 1986 animated Film produced by Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment, and directed by Don The Iron Giant is a 1999 Animated Science fiction film produced by Warner Bros Limited animation is a process of making Animated cartoons that do not follow a "realistic" approach Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and much of the anime produced in Japan. United Productions of America, better known as UPA, was an American Animation studio of the 1940s through present day beginning with industrial films Gerald McBoing-Boing is an animated short film produced by United Productions of America (UPA and given wide release by Columbia Pictures on January 25 Yellow Submarine is a 1968 animated Feature film based on the music of The Beatles. (anime in Japanese, Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons). Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic For the unrelated isometric graphics engine used by Ultimate Play the Game in their 8-bit computer games see Filmation engine. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an animated Film which is created using Adobe Flash animation software and often distributed in the

• Rotoscoping is a technique, patented by Max Fleischer in 1917, where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. Rotoscoping is an Animation technique in which Animators trace over live-action film movement frame by frame for use in Animated films Originally Max Fleischer ( July 19, 1883 – September 11, 1972) was an important Austrian American pioneer in the development of the A film frame, or just frame, is one of the many single photographic images in a motion picture. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), used as a basis and inspiration for character animation, as in most Disney films, or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006). JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated Fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. Waking Life is a digitally enhanced live action rotoscoped film directed by Richard Linklater and made in 2001. A Scanner Darkly is a 2006 film directed by Richard Linklater based on the novel of the same name by Philip K

Stop motion

• Stop-motion animation, used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. Stop motion (or frame-by-frame) animation is an Animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the type of media used to create the animation.

• Clay animation, often abbreviated as claymation, uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. Clay animation is one of many forms of Stop motion animation Each animated piece either character or background is "deformable"&mdashmade of a malleable substance The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside of them, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated in order to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, such as in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. For the American long-distance runner with the same name see Bruce Bickford (athlete Bruce Bickford (born 1947) is an expert Clay Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957-1967) Morph shorts (UK, 1977-2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, 1989-1995 and 2000 - ?), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Amazing Mr. Bickford (US, 1987), and The Trap Door (UK, 1984). Gumby is a dark green Clay humanoid figure who was the subject of a 233-episode series of American Television which spanned over a 35-year period For other uses see Morph. Morph is an animated Plasticine Stop-motion characterthat appeared with Tony Hart starting Jan Švankmajer (born 4 September 1934 in Prague) is a Czech surrealist artist Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Amazing Mr Bickford is a video released by Frank Zappa in 1987, containing orchestral pieces by Zappa set to the Clay animation of The Trap Door is a children's Claymation -style Animated television series, shown in the United Kingdom in 1984.

• Cutout animation is a type of stop-motion animation produced by moving 2-dimensional pieces of material such as paper or cloth. Cutout animation is a unique technique for producing Animations using flat characters props and backgrounds cut from Examples include Terry Gilliam's animated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus (UK, 1969-1974); La Planète sauvage (Fantastic Planet) (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973) ; Skazka skazok (Tale of Tales) (Russia, 1979), and the pilot episode of the TV series South Park (US, 1997). Terrence Vance Gilliam (born 22 November 1940) is an American -born British Writer, Filmmaker, Animator and member Monty Python’s Flying Circus (also known as Flying Circus or during the final series just Monty Python) is a BBC Sketch comedy This article is about the 1973 film See Fantastic Planet (album for the album by Failure Tale of Tales (Ска́зка ска́зок Skazka skazok) is a 1979 Soviet Animated film directed by Yuriy Norshteyn Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending South Park is an animated American television comedy series created and written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central
  • Silhouette animation is a monochrome variant of cutout animation in which the characters are only visible as black silhouettes. Silhouette animation is Animation in which the characters are only visible as black silhouettes Examples include The Adventures of Prince Achmed (Weimar Republic, 1926) and Princes et princesses (France, 2000). The Adventures of Prince Achmed (Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed (مغامرات الامير احمد is a 1926 feature-length animated film by the The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933

• Graphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc. Graphic animation was also used as a History of Playboy Magazine piece used on Saturday Night Live when the magazine's founder Hugh Hefner, appeared on that show ) which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.

• Model animation refers to stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world. Model animation is a form of Stop motion animation designed to merge with live action footage to create the Illusion of a real-world fantasy sequence Intercutting, matte effects, and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films such Jason and the Argonauts (1961), and the work of Willis O'Brien on films such as King Kong (1933 film). Ray Harryhausen (born Raymond Frederick Harryhausen on June 29, 1920 in Los Angeles California) is an Academy Award -winning Jason and the Argonauts ( 1963) is a Columbia Pictures fantasy Feature film starring Todd Armstrong as the titular Willis H "O'Bie" O'Brien ( March 2, 1886 - November 8, 1962) was a pioneering King Kong is a landmark Black-and-white Adventure film about a gigantic Gorilla named " Kong " and how he is captured from
  • Go motion is a variant of model animation which uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop-motion. Go motion is a variation of Stop motion Animation, and was co-developed by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippett for the 1980 Motion blur is the apparent streaking of rapidly moving objects in a still image or a sequence of images such as a movie or Animation. The technique was invented by Industrial Light and Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effects scenes for the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980). Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM) is a motion picture Visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas and is owned Phil Tippett (born 1951) is a movie director and an award-winning Visual effects Supervisor and Producer who specializes in creature The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Star Wars Episode V The Empire Strikes Back is a 1980 Space opera Film directed by Irvin Kershner.

• Object animation refers to the use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items. Object animation is a form of Stop motion Animation that involves the animated movements of any non-drawn objects such as toys blocks Dolls etc One example of object animation is the brickfilm, which incorporates the use of plastic toy construction blocks such as LEGOs. A brickfilm is any Film made using LEGO, Mega Bloks, or other similar plastic construction block toys Lego, officially trademarked LEGO, is a line of construction Toys manufactured by the Lego Group, a privately

• Pixilation involves the use of live humans as stop motion characters. Pixilation (from pixilated) is a Stop motion technique where live actors are used as a frame-by-frame subject in an animated film by repeatedly posing This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other such effects. Examples of pixilation include Norman McLaren's Neighbours (Canada, 1952). Norman McLaren, C C, C Q (b April 11 1914 - d January 27 1987) was a Scottish-born Canadian Animator Neighbours (French title Voisins) is a 1952 short film by Scottish-Canadian filmmaker Norman McLaren. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

• Puppet animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting with each other in a constructed environment, in contrast to the real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady as well as constraining them to move at particular joints. Examples include Le Roman de Renard (The Tale of the Fox) (France, 1937), the films of Jiří Trnka, The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), and the TV series Robot Chicken (US, 2005-present). For the French folktales also referred to as "tales of the Fox" see Reynard. Jiří Trnka (ˈjɪr̝iː ˈtr̩ŋka ( 24 February 1912, Plzeň - 30 December 1969, Prague) was a Czech The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 stop-motion Fantasy Robot Chicken is an Emmy -Award Winning American Stop motion animated television series created by Seth Green and Matthew
  • Puppetoon, created using techniques developed by George Pál, are puppet-animated films which typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than simply manipulating one existing puppet. Puppetoon animation is a type of replacement animation which is itself a type of Stop-motion animation George Pal ( February 1, 1908 &ndash May 2, 1980) born György Pál Marczincsák,

Computer animation

Main article: Computer animation

Like stop motion, computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying idea being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. Computer-generated imagery Computer animation is the art of creating moving images with the use of Computers It is a subfield of Computer graphics

2D animation

Figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points lines, Curves and shapes or Polygon (s which are all based This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of tweening, morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping. Tweening, short for in-betweening is the process of generating intermediate frames between two images to give the appearance that Morphing is a Special effect in motion pictures and Animations that changes (or morphs one Image into another through a seamless transition Onion skinning is a 2D computer graphics term for a technique used in creating animated cartoons and editing movies to see several frames at once In the mathematical subfield of Numerical analysis, interpolation is a method of constructing new data points within the range of a Discrete set of

Examples: Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Jib Jab, Mickey the Squirrel

• Analog computer animation
• Flash animation
• PowerPoint animation

3D animation

Digital models manipulated by an animator. Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends is an Emmy Award winning American Animated television series created and produced at Cartoon Network Studios JibJab is a digital entertainment studio based in Los Angeles California. A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an animated Film which is created using Adobe Flash animation software and often distributed in the PowerPoint animation is a form of Animation which uses Microsoft PowerPoint and similar programs to create a game or movie Computer-generated imagery Computer animation is the art of creating moving images with the use of Computers It is a subfield of Computer graphics In order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital armature (sculpture). In Sculpture, an armature is a framework around which the sculpture is built This process is called rigging. Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions (ex. gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of Motion capture to name but a few. Motion capture, motion tracking, or mocap are terms used to describe the process of recording movement and translating the movement onto a digital model Many 3D animations are very believable and are commonly used as special effects for recent movies. 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called

Examples: The Incredibles, Shrek, Finding Nemo, Flatland

3D animation terms

• Cel-shaded animation
• Morph target animation
• Skeletal animation
• Motion capture
• Crowd simulation

Other animation techniques

• Drawn on film animation: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by Norman McLaren and Len Lye. The Incredibles is a 2004 Computer-animated feature Film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures, Shrek is a 2001 computer-animated American Comedy film, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson, and Finding Nemo is a 2003 computer-animated American Family film. For other uses see Flatland (disambiguation Flatland A Romance of Many Dimensions is an 1884 Science fiction Cel-shaded animation (also called cel-shading or toon shading) is a type of Non-photorealistic rendering designed to make Computer graphics appear Morph target animation (or per-vertex animation) is a method of 3D computer animation that is sometimes used as an alternative to Skeletal animation Skeletal animation, sometimes referred to as rigging is a technique in Computer animation, particularly in the animation of Vertebrates, in which a character is represented Motion capture, motion tracking, or mocap are terms used to describe the process of recording movement and translating the movement onto a digital model Crowd simulation is the process of simulating the movement of a large number of objects or characters now often appearing in 3D computer graphics for Film. Drawn on film animation (also known as "direct animation" or "animation without camera" is an Animation technique where footage is produced by creating This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film. Norman McLaren, C C, C Q (b April 11 1914 - d January 27 1987) was a Scottish-born Canadian Animator Len Lye, born Leonard Charles Huia Lye ( 5 July 1901, Christchurch New Zealand - 15 May 1980, Warwick New York
• Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass. Paint-on-glass animation is a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow-drying Oil paints on sheets of Glass. Oil paint is a type of slow-drying Paint consisting of small Pigment particles suspended in a Drying oil. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many
• Pinscreen animation: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. Pinscreen animation makes use of a screen filled with movable pins which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.
• Sand animation: sand is moved around on a backlighted or frontlighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. Sand animation is a term which has two meanings It is the name given to a style of live Performance art, and also to a type of Animation. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light contrast. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 About CONTRAST CONTRAST is a Multidisciplinary alliance bringing together key skills and expertise to generate new knowledge on biological environmental

Other techniques and approaches

• Character animation
• Chuckimation
• Multi-sketching
• Special effects animation

See also

• Animation software
• Art
• Avar (animation variable)
• Computer generated imagery
• List of movie genres
• International Tournée of Animation
• List of animation studios
• List of motion picture topics
• Motion graphic design
• Slideshow animation
• Stick figure
• Wire frame model
• Anime

References

• Ball, R. Character animation is a specialized area of the Animation process concerning the animation of one or more characters featured in an animated work Chuckimation is a type of Animation created by the makers of the cartoon Action League Now! in which characters/props are thrown or chucked from off camera Multi-sketch is an animation method of story-telling where a sequence of hand-drawn sketches are created simultaneously while narrating it with voice The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Computer-generated imagery Computer animation is the art of creating moving images with the use of Computers It is a subfield of Computer graphics Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual An avar or animation variable (or hinge is a variable controlling the position of part of an animated object, such as a character Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics In Film theory, genre refers to the primary method of film categorization based on similarities in the narrative elements from which films are constructed The International Tournée of Animation was an annual touring program of animated films selected and assembled from films from many countries around the world and The following list of animation studios presents past and present organizations similar to artists studios but principally dedicated to the production and distribution of This is a list of Film -related topics National cinemas | glossary | Lists Motion Design is the art of Graphic design within the context of Motion graphics such as Film, Video or Computer animation. Slideshow animation is a type of Animation using images synchronized to music A stick figure is a very simple type of drawing made of sticks and circles generally of the Human form although stick figures of other types of Animals are possible (anime in Japanese, , Beck, J. , DeMott R. , Deneroff, H. , Gerstein, D. , Gladstone, F. , Knott, T. , Leal, A. , Maestri, G. , Mallory, M. , Mayerson, M. , McCracken, H. , McGuire, D. , Nagel, J. , Pattern, F. , Pointer, R. , Webb, P. , Robinson, C. , Ryan, W. , Scott, K. , Snyder, A. & Webb, G. (2004) Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime & CGI. Fulhamm London. : Flame Tree Publishing. ISBN 1-84451-140-5
• Crafton, Donald (1982). Before Mickey. Cambridge, Massachusetts. : The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-03083-7
• Solomon, Charles (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New York. : Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-394-54684-9

Type of animations

There are at least three distinctive types of animation:

- process animation: is the type of animation used to present a process of defined work method in stages. This includes the types of training animation, instruction animation and the likes.

- effect animation: are the type of animation used to stress or emphasize. powerpoint presentations are a typical usage of effect animations where the animation serves to emphasize the message or process.

- story animation: are the type of typical cartoon animations where stories are told using simple animation that are less expensive to produce, are simpler and more direct in delivering the message and due to the simplistic factor, are usable and last for a long time unlike videos that are more age and era specific.

Further reading

• Anderson, Joseph and Barbara, "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited", Journal of Film and Video, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring 1993): 3-12
• Culhane, Shamus, Animation Script to Screen
• Laybourne, Kit, The Animation Book
• Ledoux, Trish, Ranney, Doug, & Patten, Fred (Ed. ), Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide, Tiger Mountain Press 1997
• Masson, Terrence, CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference Unique and personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. ISBN 0-9778710-0-2
• Thomas, Frank and Johnston, Ollie, Disney Animation: The Illusion Of Life, Abbeville 1981
• Walters, Faber and Helen (Ed. Franklin "Frank" Thomas ( September 5, 1912 &ndash September 8, 2004) was an American Animator. Oliver Martin Johnston Jr ( October 31 1912 &ndash April 14 2008) was an American motion picture animator. ), Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940, HarperCollins Publishers, 2004
• Williams, Richard, The Animator's Survival Kit ISBN 0-5712-0228-4
• Bob Godfrey and Anna Jackson, 'The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book' BBC Publications 1974 ISBN 0-563-10829-0 Now out of print but available s/hand through a range of sources such as Amazon Uk. Richard Williams (born on March 19, 1933 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian Animator, Animation director The Animator's Survival Kit A Manual of Methods Principles and Formulas for Classical Computer Games Stop Motion and Internet Animators (ISBN 0-5712-0228-4 is a book

External links

• Animation at the Open Directory Project
• Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal
• Experimental Animation Techniques
• Chronology of Animation
• How An Animated Cartoon is Made
• 28 Principles of Animation
• Focus on Animation - A National Film Board of Canada Web site that explains animation techniques discussed in this article and presents viewable animation classics as examples. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
• "Animando", a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them).
• Aniboom animation online animation festival.
• Flash Animatin Flash animation Caterpillart.
• Advanced Digital Animation Sequence Managing System.
• Animation Research Centre

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