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An animal model is a non-human animal that has a disease or injury that is similar to a human condition. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly These test conditions are often termed as animal models of disease. The use of animal models allows researchers to investigate disease states in ways which would be inaccessible in a human patient, performing procedures on the non-human animal that imply a level of harm that would not be considered ethical to inflict on a human.

In order to serve as a useful model, a modeled disease must be similar in etiology (mechanism of cause) and function to the human equivalent. Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. Animal models are used to learn more about a disease, its diagnosis and its treatment. Diagnosis is the identification by Process of elimination, of the nature of anything For instance, behavioral analogues of anxiety or pain in laboratory animals can be used to screen and test new drugs for the treatment of these conditions in humans. Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease

Animal models of disease can be spontaneous (naturally occurring in animals), or be induced by physical, chemical or biological means. For example,

The increase in knowledge of the genomes of non-human primates and other mammals that are genetically close to humans is allowing the production of genetically engineered animal tissues, organs and even animal species which express human diseases, providing a more robust model of human diseases in an animal model. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ is the International Nonproprietary Name of Metrazol and also known as pentetrazol or pentamethylenetetrazol. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's Immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, sometimes Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis ( EAE) is an animal model of Brain Inflammation. The middle cerebral artery (MCA is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies Blood to the Brain. Animal models of ischemic stroke are procedures inducing Cerebral ischemia. The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are a group of nuclei in the Brain interconnected with the Cerebral cortex, Thalamus and The House Mouse ( Mus musculus) is one of the most numerous species of the genus Mus commonly termed a Mouse. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic Image talkNew_radiation_symbol_ISO_21482svg for details --> Ionizing radiation See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic Artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits or combinations of traits over others and is synonymous with " Selective breeding " Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc The House Mouse ( Mus musculus) is one of the most numerous species of the genus Mus commonly termed a Mouse. Non-obese diabetic or NOD mice, like the Biobreeding rat are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. Glaucoma is a group of diseases of the Optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy. Currently there is no single Animal model that identically represents the stages of Osteoporosis in humans as a whole (Thompson 1995 although there are ones available that Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. Plasmodium achiotense is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia. In classical genetics the genome of a Diploid Organism including Eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a Gamete, thereby A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct

Animal models observed in the sciences of psychology and sociology are often termed animal models of behavior. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge"

In quantitative genetics, the term animal model is used to refer to statistical models in which phenotypic variance is compartmentalised into environmental, genetic and sometimes maternal effects. Quantitative genetics is the study of continuous traits (such as height or weight and its underlying mechanisms Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. A maternal effect, in genetics is the phenomenon where the Genotype of a mother is expressed in the Phenotype of its offspring unaltered by paternal genetic Such animal models are also known as "mixed models".

References

  1. ^ White HS (1997). "Clinical significance of animal seizure models and mechanism of action studies of potential antiepileptic drugs". Epilepsia 38 Suppl 1: S9-17. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb04523.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 9092952.  
  2. ^ Bolton C (2007). "The translation of drug efficacy from in vivo models to human disease with special reference to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis". Inflammopharmacology 15 (5): 183-7. doi:10.1007/s10787-007-1607-z. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17943249.  
  3. ^ Leker RR, Constantini S (2002). "Experimental models in focal cerebral ischemia: are we there yet?". Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 83: 55-9. PMID 12442622.  
  4. ^ Rynkowski MA, Kim GH, Komotar RJ, et al (2008). "A mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage using autologous blood infusion". Nat Protoc 3 (1): 122-8. doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.513. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18193028.  
  5. ^ Homo-Delarche F, Drexhage HA (2004). "Immune cells, pancreas development, regeneration and type 1 diabetes". Trends Immunol. 25 (5): 222-9. doi:10.1016/j.it.2004.02.012. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15099561.  
  6. ^ Hisaeda H, Maekawa Y, Iwakawa D, et al (2004). "Escape of malaria parasites from host immunity requires CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells". Nat. Med. 10 (1): 29-30. doi:10.1038/nm975. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 14702631.  
  7. ^ Coppi A, Cabinian M, Mirelman D, Sinnis P (2006). "Antimalarial activity of allicin, a biologically active compound from garlic cloves". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50 (5): 1731-7. doi:10.1128/AAC.50.5.1731-1737.2006. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16641443.  
  8. ^ Frischknecht F, Martin B, Thiery I, Bourgouin C, Menard R (2006). "Using green fluorescent malaria parasites to screen for permissive vector mosquitoes". Malar. J. 5: 23. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-23. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16569221.  

See also

External links

Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. Ensembl is a joint scientific project between the European Bioinformatics Institute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, which was launched in 1999 in response to the imminent In vivo ( Latin: within the living means that which takes place inside an organism. A model organism is a Species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological Phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made See also Animal testing Most animal testing involves Invertebrates, especially Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit Fly, and See also Animal testing Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly guinea pigs hamsters gerbils rats and mice The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Greeks in the third and fourth centuries BCE with Aristotle (384-322 BCE and Erasistratus
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