| Aniline | |
|---|---|
 |
 |
| Other names | Phenylamine Aminobenzene Benzenamine |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [62-53-3] |
| SMILES | NC1=CC=CC=C1 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C6H7N |
| Molar mass | 93. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 126 g/mol |
| Appearance | colorless liquid |
| Density | 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 0217 g/ml, liquid |
| Melting point |
−6. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 3 °C |
| Boiling point |
184. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 13 °C |
| Solubility in water | 3. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 6 g/100 mL at 20°C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 27 (conjugate acid pKa = 4. 87) |
| Basicity (pKb) | 9. 40 |
| Viscosity | 3. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. 71 cP (3. The poise (symbol P pwɑːz is the unit of dynamic Viscosity in the Centimetre gram second system of units. 71 mPa·s at 25 °C |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of combustion ΔcH |
-3394 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| EU classification | Toxic (T) Carc. Cat. 3 Muta. Cat. 3 Dangerous for the environment (N) |
| NFPA 704 |
 2
3
0
|
| R-phrases | R23/24/25, R40, R41, R43, R48/23/24/25, R68, R50 |
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S26, S27, S36/37/39, S45, S46, S61, S63 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related aromatic amines | 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine |
| Related compounds | Phenylhydrazine Nitrosobenzene Nitrobenzene |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties |
n, εr, etc. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. The standard enthalpy of combustion is the Enthalpy change when one mole of a substance completely reacts with oxygen under standard thermodynamic conditions (although A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance This page provides supplementary chemical data on Aniline Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. An aromatic amine is an Amine with an Aromatic Substituent - that is - N[[hydrogen H]]2 - N[[hydrogen H]]- or Nitrogen 2-Naphthylamine is an Aromatic Amine. It is used to make Azo dyes. Phenylhydrazine is the Chemical compound with the formula C6H5NHNH2 Nitrosobenzene is the Organic compound with the formula C6H5NO Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula C 6 This page provides supplementary chemical data on Aniline This page provides supplementary chemical data on Aniline The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test |
| Thermodynamic data |
Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
|
Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H7N. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Aniline This page provides supplementary chemical data on Aniline Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes It is the simplest and one of the most important aromatic amines, being used as a precursor to more complex chemicals. Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Its main application is in the manufacture of polyurethane. A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links Like most volatile amines, it possesses the somewhat unpleasant odour of rotten fish and also has a burning aromatic taste; it is a highly-acrid poison. It ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame.
Contents |
Structure and synthesis
Consisting of a phenyl group attached to an amino group, aniline is usually produced in industry in two steps from benzene:
First, benzene is nitrated using a concentrated mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid at 50 to 60 °C, which gives nitrobenzene. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Nitration is a general Chemical process for the introduction of a nitro group into a Chemical compound. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula C 6 In the second step, the nitrobenzene is hydrogenated, typically at 600 °C in presence of a nickel catalyst to give aniline. Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2 Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst As an alternative, aniline is also prepared from phenol and ammonia, the phenol being derived from cumene. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" Cumene is the common name for isopropylbenzene, an Organic compound that is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon. [1]
Derivatives
Many derivatives of aniline can be prepared in similar fashion. In commerce, three brands of aniline are distinguished--aniline oil for blue, which is pure aniline; aniline oil for red, a mixture of equimolecular quantities of aniline and ortho- and para-toluidines; and aniline oil for safranine, which contains aniline and ortho-toluidine, and is obtained from the distillate (échappés) of the fuchsine fusion. There are three Isomers of toluidine, which are Organic compounds These isomers are o -toluidine, m -toluidine, and Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in Histology and Cytology. There are three Isomers of toluidine, which are Organic compounds These isomers are o -toluidine, m -toluidine, and Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Fuchsine or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta Dye with Chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl
Properties
Oxidation
Aniline is colourless, it slowly oxidizes and resinifies in air, giving a red-brown tint to aged samples. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state The oxidation of aniline has been carefully investigated. In alkaline solution, azobenzene results, whereas arsenic acid produces the violet-colouring matter violaniline. Azobenzene is a Chemical compound composed of two Phenyl rings linked by a N=N Double bond. Arsenic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H3AsO4 Chromic acid converts it into quinone, whereas chlorates, in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium), give aniline black. Chromic acid generally refers to a collection of compounds generated by the acidification of solutions containing Chromate and Dichromate anions or the "DDQ" redirects here DDQ is also the former callsign of a TV station in Toowoomba Queensland Australia The chlorate anion has the formula ClO3− In this case the Chlorine atom is in the +5 Oxidation state. Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil. Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes it to nitrobenzene, in alkaline solution to azobenzene, ammonia and oxalic acid, in acid solution to aniline black. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula C 6 Azobenzene is a Chemical compound composed of two Phenyl rings linked by a N=N Double bond. Oxalic acid is the Chemical compound with the formula H2C2O4 This Dicarboxylic acid is better described with the Hypochlorous acid gives 4-aminophenol and para-amino diphenylamine. Hypochlorous acid ( IUPAC name chloric(I acid) is a weak Acid with the Chemical formula HOCl 4-Aminophenol is a white powder It is a Breakdown product of Paracetamol (acetaminophen U Diphenylamine is the Organic compound with the formula (C6H52NH
Basicity
Aniline is a weak base. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Aromatic amines such as aniline are, in general, much weaker bases than aliphatic amines. An aromatic amine is an Amine with an Aromatic Substituent - that is - N[[hydrogen H]]2 - N[[hydrogen H]]- or Nitrogen In Organic chemistry, compounds composed of Carbon and Hydrogen are divided into two classes Aromatic compounds which contain Benzene rings Aniline reacts with strong acids to form anilinium (or phenylammonium) ion (C6H5-NH3+). The sulfate forms beautiful white plates. Although aniline is weakly basic, it precipitates zinc, aluminium, and ferric salts, and, on warming, expels ammonia from its salts. Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 WikipediaNaming Ferric is a term that means containing or having to do with Iron, derived from the Latin word ferrum, meaning "iron" Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor
Acylation
Aniline reacts with carboxylic acids[2] or more readily with acyl chlorides such as acetyl chloride to give amides. In Organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an Organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a Carboxylic acid. Acetyl chloride, also known as ethanoyl chloride, is an Acid chloride (also known as an Acyl chloride) derived from Acetic acid ( Ethanoic In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized The amides formed from aniline are sometimes called anilides, for example CH3-CO-NH-C6H5 is acetanilide. Acetanilide is an odourless Solid chemical of leaf or flake-like appearance Antifebrin (acetanilide), an anti-pyretic and analgesic, is obtained by the reaction of acetic acid and aniline. Acetanilide is an odourless Solid chemical of leaf or flake-like appearance Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste
N-alkyl derivatives
Aniline combines directly with alkyl iodides to form secondary and tertiary amines. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Monomethyl and dimethyl aniline are colourless liquids prepared by heating aniline, aniline hydro-chloride and methyl alcohol in an autoclave at 220 °C. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound An autoclave is a pressurized device designed to heat aqueous solutions above their Boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure to achieve sterilization They are of great importance in the colour industry. Monomethyl aniline boils at 193-195 °C, dimethyl aniline at 192 °C.
Sulfur derivatives
Boiled with carbon disulfide, it gives sulfocarbanilide (diphenyl thiourea), CS(NHC6H5)2, which may be decomposed into phenyl isothiocyanate, C6H5CNS, and triphenyl guanidine, C6H5N=C(NHC6H5)2. Thiourea is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur and Hydrogen, with the formula C[[Sulfur S]] Isothiocyanate is the Chemical group - N = C = S, formed by substituting Sulfur for Oxygen in the Isocyanate Guanidine is a Crystalline compound of strong Alkalinity formed by the Oxidation of Guanine.
Like phenols, aniline derivatives are highly susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions. In Organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of Chemical compounds consisting of a Hydroxyl group (- Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an Electrophile displaces another group typically but not always Hydrogen. For example, sulfonation of aniline produces sulfanilic acid, which can be converted to sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide is a molecule containing the sulfonamide functional group attached to an Aniline. Sulfanilamide is one of the sulfa drugs that were widely used as antibacterials in the early 20th century. There are several sulfonamide-based groups of drugs The original antibacterial sulfonamides (sometimes called simply sulfa drugs are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Reaction with sulfuric acid at 180°C produces sulfanilic acid, NH2C6H4SO3H. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Sulfanilic acid ( 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) is a colourless crystalline solid produced from sulfonation of Aniline.
Diazotization
Aniline and its ring-substituted derivatives react with nitrous acid to form diazonium salts. Nitrous acid (molecular formula H[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is a weak and monobasic Acid known only in Solution and in the form of Nitrite Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of Organic compounds sharing a common Functional group with the characteristic structure of R-N2+ Through these, the -NH2 group of aniline can be conveniently converted to -OH, -CN, or a halide via Sandmeyer reactions. Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions The Sandmeyer reaction is a Chemical reaction used to synthesize Aryl Halides from aryl Diazonium salts It is named after the Swiss chemist
Other reactions
It reacts with nitrobenzene to produce phenazine in the Wohl-Aue reaction. Phenazine (C12H8N2 or C6H4N2C6H4 also called azophenylene, dibenzo-p-diazine
Uses
The great commercial value of aniline was due to the readiness with which it yields, directly or indirectly, dyestuffs. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied The discovery of mauve in 1856 by William Henry Perkin was the first of a series of dyestuffs that are now to be numbered by hundreds. Mauve (French form of Malva, " Mallow " məʊv rhymes with "grove" is a pale lavender - lilac Color, Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS ( March 12, 1838 July 14, 1907) was an English Chemist best known for his Reference should be made to the articles dyeing, fuchsine, safranine, indulines, for more details on this subject. Dyeing is the process of imparting Colours to a textile material in loose fibre Yarn, Cloth or garment form by treatment with a Dye. Fuchsine or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta Dye with Chemical formula C20H19N3·HCl Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in Histology and Cytology. Indulines are a series of Dyestuffs of blue bluish-red or black shades formed by the interaction of para- Amino Azo compounds with primary monoamines in In addition to its use as a precursor to dyestuffs, it is a starting-product for the manufacture of many drugs, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen, Tylenol). Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication Tylenol is a North American Brand of Drugs for relieving pain, reducing Fever, and relieving the symptoms of allergies, cold
It is used to stain neural RNA blue in the Nissl stain. Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Franz Nissl ( September 9, 1860 &ndash August 11, 1919) was a German Neuropathologist.
At the present time, the largest market for aniline is preparation of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), some 85% of aniline serving this market. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, most often abbreviated as MDI, is an aromatic diisocyanate. Other uses include rubber processing chemicals (9%), herbicides (2%), and dyes and pigments (2%). A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed [3]
History
Aniline was first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo in 1826 by Otto Unverdorben[4] , who named it crystalline. Indigo dye is Dye with a distinctive blue color (see Indigo) The chemical compound that constitutes the indigo dye is called indigotin For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Otto Unverdorben ( October 13, 1806 - November 28, 1873) was a German Chemist and merchant who was born in Dahme/Marke. In 1834, Friedrich Runge (Pogg. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Friedrich (or Friedlieb/Friedlob Ferdinand Runge (born near Hamburg on 8 February 1795, died in Oranienburg on 25 March Ann. , 1834, 31, p. 65; 32, p. 331) isolated from coal tar a substance that produced a beautiful blue colour on treatment with chloride of lime, which he named kyanol or cyanol. Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high Viscosity, which smells of Naphthalene and Aromatic hydrocarbons Coal tar is among the by-products when coal In 1841, C. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link J. Fritzsche showed that, by treating indigo with caustic potash, it yielded an oil, which he named aniline, from the specific name of one of the indigo-yielding plants, Indigofera anil, anil being derived from the Sanskrit nīla, dark-blue, and nīlā, the indigo plant. About the same time N. N. Zinin found that, on reducing nitrobenzene, a base was formed, which he named benzidam. Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin (Николай Николаевич Зинин ( 25 August 1812, Shusha – 18 February 1880, Saint August Wilhelm von Hofmann investigated these variously-prepared substances, and proved them to be identical (1855), and thenceforth they took their place as one body, under the name aniline or phenylamine. August Wilhelm von Hofmann ( April 8, 1818 &ndash May 5, 1892) was a German Chemist. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year
Its first industrial-scale use was in the manufacture of mauveine, a purple dye discovered in 1856 by Hofmann's student William Henry Perkin. Mauveine, also known as Aniline Purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic Dye. Purple is a general term for the range of shades of Color occurring between Red and Blue. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS ( March 12, 1838 July 14, 1907) was an English Chemist best known for his At the time of mauveine's discovery, aniline was an expensive laboratory compound, but it was soon prepared "by the ton" using a process previously discovered by Antoine Béchamp. Pierre Jacques Antoine Béchamp was a French biologist. He studied silkworm parasites and was the first to synthesise Atoxyl. [5] The synthetic dye industry grew rapidly as new aniline-based dyes were discovered in the late 1850s and 1860s.
p-Toluidine, an aniline derivative, can be used in qualitative analysis to prepare carboxylic acid derivatives. There are three Isomers of toluidine, which are Organic compounds These isomers are o -toluidine, m -toluidine, and
Toxicology
Aniline is toxic by inhalation of the vapour, absorption through the skin or swallowing. It causes headache, drowsiness, cyanosis, and mental confusion, and, in severe cases, can cause convulsions. Cyanosis is a blue coloration of the Skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of deoxygenated Hemoglobin in Blood vessels near the skin surface An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting Prolonged exposure to the vapour or slight skin exposure over a period of time affects the nervous system and the blood, causing tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, and dizziness. [6]
Oil mixtures containing rapeseed oil denatured with aniline have been clearly linked by epidemiological and analytic chemical studies to the toxic oil syndrome that hit Spain in the spring and summer of 1981, in which 20,000 became acutely ill, 12,000 were hospitalized, and more than 350 died in the first year of the epidemic. Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and (in the case of one particular group of Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the Health and Illness of populations and serves as the foundation and Logic of interventions made in the Toxic Oil Syndrome or simply Toxic Syndrome was the name given to an unusual Disease outbreak in Spain in 1981. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The precise etiology though remains unknown. Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation.
Some authorities class aniline as a carcinogen, although the IARC lists it in Group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans) due to the limited and contradictory data available. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC, or CIRC in its French Acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Substances mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the IARC as Group 3: The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance is not classifiable
References
- ^ Thomas Kahl, Kai-Wilfrid Schröder, "Aniline" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007; John Wiley & Sons: New York.
- ^ Carl N. Webb (1941). "Benzanilide". Org. Synth.; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 1: 82.
- ^ "Aniline", The Chemical Market Reporter. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
- ^ Otto Unverdorben (1826). "Ueber das Verhalten der organischen Körper in höheren Temperaturen". Annalen der Physik 84 (11): 397-410. Annalen der Physik is one of the best-known and oldest (since 1790 Physics journals worldwide doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Perkin, William Henry. 1861-06-08. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable "Proceedings of Checmical Societies: Chemical Society, Thursday, May 16, 1861." The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
- ^ Muir, GD (ed. ) 1971, Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, The Royal Institute of Chemistry, London.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0011
- Computational Chemistry Wiki entry
- Aniline electropolymerisation
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
Dictionary
aniline
-noun
- (organic chemistry) A colourless oily basic poisonous liquid used in the manufacture of dyes and pharmaceuticals.
- (organic chemistry) The simplest aromatic amine, C6H5NH2, synthesized by the reduction of nitrobenzene.
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