"Ahriman" redirects here. For other uses, see Ahriman (disambiguation).

Angra Mainyu (alt: Aŋra Mainiuu) is the Avestan-language name of Zoroastrianism's hypostasis of the "destructive spirit". Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Ahura Mazda ( ae Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت Asha ( aša) or arta is the Avestan language term for a concept of cardinal importance to Zoroastrian theology and doctrine Yazata is the Avestan language word for a Zoroastrian concept ae Amesha Spenta ( ae Aməša Spənta) is an Avestan language term for a class of divinity/divine concepts in Zoroastrianism, and literally means "Bounteous Yazata is the Avestan language word for a Zoroastrian concept For the fictional character in the Marvel Universe series see Ahura (comics; for the river see Akhurian River. Daeva ( daēuua, daāua, daēva) is the Avestan language term for a particular sort of supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics The Avesta is the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language. The word "Gātha" means a "hymn of praise" in the earliest Indo-Iranian poetry The Vendidad or Videvdat is a collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta. Ahuna Vairya is the Avestan language name of the most sacred of the Gathic hymns of the Avesta, the revered texts of Zoroastrianism. A Zoroastrian Fire Temple is a place of worship for Zoroastrians. The Dēnkard or Dēnkart ( Middle Persian: "Acts of Religion" is a 10th century compendium of the Mazdaen Zoroastrian beliefs and customs The Bundahishn, meaning "Primal Creation" is an account of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology and reflects ancient Zoroastrian and even pre-Zoroastrian beliefs The Book of Arda Viraf is a Zoroastrian religious text that describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the 'Viraf' of the story through the next world The Jamasp Nameh (var Jāmāsp Nāmag, Jāmāsp Nāmeh, "Story of Jamasp" is a Middle Persian book of revelations The Story of Sanjan (also Qissa-i Sanjan or Kisse-i Sanjan) is an account of the early years of Zoroastrian settlers on the Indian subcontinent Zurvanism is a now-extinct branch of Zoroastrianism that had the divinity Zurvan as its First The Zoroastrian calendar is a religious Calendar used by members of the Zoroastrian faith and it is an approximation of the (tropical Solar calendar. Zoroastrianism has numerous festivals and holy days all of which are bound to the Zoroastrian calendar. In the Zoroastrian faith marriage is encouraged an institution greatly favoured by the religious texts. Zoroastrianism eschatology is the oldest Eschatology in recorded history Zoroastrians in Iran have had a long history being the oldest religious community of that nation to survive to the present-day The Iranis are an ethno-religious community of the Indian subcontinent; descendants of Zoroastrians who emigrated from Greater Iran (in the main from Zoroastrians have faced much religious discrimination including forced conversions harassments as well as being identified as Najis "ritually impure" Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings In Linguistics, a hypostasis, from the Greek word ὑπόστασιςmeaning foundation, base or that which stands behind is The Middle Persian equivalent is Ahriman. Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect

Contents 1 In the Avesta 1.1 In Zoroaster's revelation 1.2 In the Younger Avesta 2 In Zurvanite Zoroastrianism 3 In Zoroastrian tradition 4 In present-day Zoroastrianism 5 In modern spiritual systems 6 In popular culture 7 Notes 8 Bibliography

In the Avesta

In Zoroaster's revelation

Avestan 'angra mainyu' "seems to have been an original conception of Zoroaster's. Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت "^[1] In the Gathas, which are the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism and are attributed to the prophet himself, 'angra mainyu' is not yet a proper name. The word "Gātha" means a "hymn of praise" in the earliest Indo-Iranian poetry ^[a] In the one instance in these hymns where the two words appear together, the concept spoken of is that of a mainyu ("mind", "mentality", "spirit" etc) that is angra ("destructive", "inhibitive", "malign" etc). In this single instance - in Yasna 45. Yasna ( Avestan: 'oblation' or 'worship' is the name of the primary liturgical collection of texts of the Avesta as well as the name of the 2 - the "more bounteous of the spirits twain" declares 'angra mainyu' to be its "absolute antithesis. "^[1]

A similar statement occurs in Yasna 30. 3, where the antithesis is however 'aka mainyu', aka being the Avestan language word for "evil. " Hence, 'aka mainyu' is the "evil spirit" or "evil mind" or "evil thought," as contrasted with 'spenta mainyu', the "bounteous spirit" with which Ahura Mazda conceived of creation, which then "was. Ahura Mazda ( ae Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator "

The 'aka mainyu' epithet recurs in Yasna 32. 5, when the principle is identified with the daevas that deceive humankind and themselves. Daeva ( daēuua, daāua, daēva) is the Avestan language term for a particular sort of supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics While in later Zoroastrianism, the daevas are demons, this is not yet evident in the Gathas: In Zoroaster's view the daevas are "wrong gods" or "false gods" that are to be rejected, but they are not yet demons. ^[2]

In Yasna 32. 3, these daevas are identified as the offspring, not of Angra Mainyu, but of akem manah, "evil thinking. Akem Manah ( Akәm Manah) is the Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demon of the "evil mind" or "evil purpose" or "evil thinking" " A few verses earlier it is however the daebaaman, "deceiver" - not otherwise identified but "probably Angra Mainyu"^[1] - who induces the daevas to choose achistem manah - "worst thinking. " In Yasna 32. 13, the abode of the wicked is not the abode of Angra Mainyu, but the abode of the same "worst thinking. " "One would have expected [Angra Mainyu] to reign in hell, since he had created 'death and how, at the end, the worst existence shall be for the deceitful' (Y. 30. 4). "^[1]

In the Younger Avesta

Yasna 19. 15 recalls that Ahura Mazda's recital of the Ahuna Vairya invocation puts Angra Mainyu in a stupor. Ahuna Vairya is the Avestan language name of the most sacred of the Gathic hymns of the Avesta, the revered texts of Zoroastrianism. In Yasna 9. 8, Angra Mainyu creates Aži Dahaka, but the serpent recoils at the sight of Mithra's mace (Yasht 10. Zahhāk or Zohhāk (in ضحاک is a figure of Persian mythology, evident in ancient Iranian Folklore as Aži Dahāka, the name by which he This article is about the Zoroastrian Yazata Mithra (Miθra For other divinities with related names see the general article Mitra. 97, 10. 134). In Yasht 13, the Fravashis defuse Angra Mainyu's plans to dry up the earth, and in Yasht 8. In Zoroastrian doctrine a fravashi ( Avestan fravaši; Middle Persian fraward, frawahr, frohar, frawash 44 Angra Mainyu battles but cannot defeat Tishtrya and so prevent the rains. Tishtrya (Tištrya is the Avestan language name of an Zoroastrian benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility In Vendidad 19, Angra Mainyu urges Zoroaster to turn from the good religion by promising him sovereignty of the world. On being rejected, Angra Mainyu assails the prophet with legions of demons, but Zoroaster deflects them all. In Yasht 19. 96, a verse that reflects a Gathic injunction, Angra Mainyu will be vanquished and Ahura Mazda will ultimately prevail.

In Yasht 19. 46ff, Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu battle for possession of khvaraenah, "divine glory" or "fortune". In some verses of the Yasna (eg Yasna 57. 17), the two principles are said to have created the world, which contradicts the Gathic principle that declares Ahura Mazda to be the sole creator and which is reiterated in the cosmogony of Vendidad 1. The Vendidad or Videvdat is a collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta. In that first chapter, which is the basis for the 9th-12th century Bundahishn, the creation of sixteen lands by Ahura Mazda is countered by the Angra Mainyu's creation of sixteen scourges such as winter, sickness and vice. The Bundahishn, meaning "Primal Creation" is an account of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology and reflects ancient Zoroastrian and even pre-Zoroastrian beliefs "This shift in the position of Ahura Mazda, his total assimilation to this Bounteous Spirit [Mazda's instrument of creation], must have taken place in the 4th century B. C. at the latest; for it is reflected in Aristotle's testimony, which confronts Ariemanios with Oromazdes (apud Diogenes Laertius, 1. 2. 6). "^[1]

Yasht 15. 43 assigns Angra Mainyu to the nether world, a world of darkness. So also Vendidad 19. 47, but other passages in the same chapter (19. 1 and 19. 44) have him dwelling in the region of the daevas, which the Vendidad asserts is in the north. There (19. 1, 19. 43-44), Angra Mainyu is the daevanam daevo, "daeva of daevas" or chief of the daevas. The superlative daevo. taema is however assigned to the demon Paitisha ("opponent"). In an enumeration of the daevas in Vendidad 1. 43, Angra Mainyu appears first and Paitisha appears last. "Nowhere is Angra Mainyu said to be the creator of the daevas or their father. "^[1]

In Zurvanite Zoroastrianism

Main article: Zurvanism

Zurvanism was a branch of Zoroastrianism that sought to resolve the dilemma of the "twin spirits" of Yasna 30. Zurvanism is a now-extinct branch of Zoroastrianism that had the divinity Zurvan as its First Zurvanism is a now-extinct branch of Zoroastrianism that had the divinity Zurvan as its First 3. The resolution, which probably developed out of the contact with Chaldea, was to have both Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu as twin sons of the First Principle "Time" (Avestan: Zurvan). Chaldea (from Greek grc Χαλδαία Chaldaia; Akkadian akk māt Kaldu Hebrew כשדים Kaśdim, "the Chaldees" of the Zurvanism was strongly criticized as a heresy during the Sassanid period (225-651) of Iranian history, an era in which it probably also had its largest following. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Events By Place Roman Empire Roman Emperor Alexander Severus marries Sallustia Orbiana, and possibly raises her father Events Europe Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy, marries the future Saint Bathilde. Although the monist doctrine is not attested after the 10th century, some Zurvanite features are nonetheless still evident in present-day Zoroastrianism. Monism is the metaphysical and Theological view that all is one that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence

Zurvanism's principle feature is then the notion that both Ahura Mazda (MP: Ohrmuzd) and Angra Mainyu (Ahriman) were twin brothers, with the former being the epitome of good and the latter being the epitome of evil. Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE became a Prestige dialect Further, this dichotomy was by choice, that is, Angra Mainyu chose to be evil: "It is not that I cannot create anything good, but that I will not. " And to prove this, he created the peacock.

The mythology of the twins is only attested in the post-Sassanid Syriac and Armenian polemic such as that of Eznik of Kolb. Eznik, or Yeznik Koghbatsi, was an Armenian Christian writer of the fifth century According to these sources the genesis saw Zurvan as existing alone but desiring offspring who would create "heaven and hell and everything in between. " Zurvan then sacrificed for a thousand years. Towards the end of this period, androgyne Zurvan began to doubt the efficacy of sacrifice and in the moment of this doubt Ohrmuzd and Ahriman were conceived: Ohrmuzd for the sacrifice and Ahriman for the doubt. Upon realizing that twins were to be born, Zurvan resolved to grant the first-born sovereignty over creation. Ohrmuzd perceived Zurvan's decision, which He then communicated to His brother. Ahriman then preempted Ohrmuzd by ripping open the womb to emerge first. Reminded of the resolution to grant Ahriman sovereignty, Zurvan conceded, but limited kingship to a period of 9000 years, after which Ohrmuzd would rule for all eternity. ^[3]

In Zoroastrian tradition

In the Pahlavi texts of the 9th-12th century, Ahriman (written ˀhl(y)mn) is frequently written upside down "as a sign of contempt and disgust. "^[1]

In the Book of Arda Viraf 5. The Book of Arda Viraf is a Zoroastrian religious text that describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the 'Viraf' of the story through the next world 10, the narrator - the 'righteous Viraf' - is taken by Sarosh and Adar to see the "the reality of God and the archangels, and the non-reality of Ahriman and the demons. Sraosha is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrian divinity of "Obedience" or "Observance" which Atar ( ātar, Avestan) is the Zoroastrian concept for "burning and unburning fire" and "visible and invisible fire" (Mirza 1987389 " ^[4] This idea of "non-reality" is also expressed in other texts, such as the Denkard, a 9th century "encyclopedia of Mazdaism",^[5] which states Ahriman "has never been and never will be. The Dēnkard or Dēnkart ( Middle Persian: "Acts of Religion" is a 10th century compendium of the Mazdaen Zoroastrian beliefs and customs "^[1] In chapter 100 of Book of the Arda Viraf, which is titled 'Ahriman', the narrator sees the "Evil spirit, . . . whose religion is evil [and] who ever ridiculed and mocked the wicked in hell. "

In the Zurvanite Ulema-i Islam (a Zoroastrian text, despite the title), "Ahriman also is called by some name by some people and they ascribe evil unto him but nothing can also be done by him without Time. " A few chapters later, the Ulema notes that "it is clear that Ahriman is a non-entity" but "at the resurrection Ahriman will be destroyed and thereafter all will be good; and [change?] will proceed through the will of God. " In the Sad Dar, the world is described as having been created by Ohrmuzd and become pure through His truth. But Ahriman, "being devoid of anything good, does not issue from that which is owing to truth. " (62. 2)

Book of Jamaspi 2. The Jamasp Nameh (var Jāmāsp Nāmag, Jāmāsp Nāmeh, "Story of Jamasp" is a Middle Persian book of revelations 3 notes that "Ahriman, like a worm, is so much associated with darkness and old age, that he perishes in the end. "^[6] Chapter 4. 3 recalls the grotesque legend of Tahmurasp (Avestan: Taxma Urupi) riding Angra Mainyu for thirty years (cf. Yasht 15. 12, 19. 29) and so preventing him from doing evil. In Chapter 7, Jamasp explains that the Indians declare Ahriman will die, but "those, who are not of good religion, go to hell. "

The Bundahishn, a Zoroastrian account of creation completed in the 12th century has much to say about Ahriman and his role in the cosmogony. The Bundahishn, meaning "Primal Creation" is an account of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology and reflects ancient Zoroastrian and even pre-Zoroastrian beliefs In chapter 1. 23, following the recitation of the Ahuna Vairya, Ohrmuzd takes advantage of Ahriman's incapacity to create life without intervention. Ahuna Vairya is the Avestan language name of the most sacred of the Gathic hymns of the Avesta, the revered texts of Zoroastrianism. When Ahriman recovers, he creates Jeh, the primal whore who afflicts women with their menstrual cycles. In Bundahishn 4. 12, Ahriman perceives that Ohrmuzd is superior to himself, and so flees to fashion his many demons with which to meet Creation in battle. The entire universe is finally divided between the Ohrmuzd and the yazads on one side and Ahriman with his devs on the other. Yazata is the Avestan language word for a Zoroastrian concept Daeva ( daēuua, daāua, daēva) is the Avestan language term for a particular sort of supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics Ahriman slays the primal bull, but the moon rescues the seed of the dying creature, and from it springs all animal creation. But the battle goes on, with mankind caught in the middle, whose duty it remains to withstand the forces of evil through good thoughts, words and deeds. Other texts see the world created by Ohrmuzd as a trap for Ahriman, who is then distracted by creation and expends his force in a battle he cannot win. (The epistles of Zatspram 3. 23; Shkand Gumanig Vichar 4. 63-4. 79). The Dadistan denig explains that God, being omniscient, knew of Ahriman's intent, but it would have been against His "justice and goodness to punish Ahriman before he wrought evil [and] this is why the world is created. "^[1]

Ahriman has no such omniscience, a fact that Ohrmuzd reminds him of (Bundahishn 1. 16). In contrast, in Manichean scripture, Mani ascribes foresight to Ahriman. Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating ^[7]

In present-day Zoroastrianism

In 1878, Martin Haug proposed ^[8] a new interpretation of Yasna 30. Martin Haug ( January 30, 1827 - June 3, 1876) German Orientalist, was born at Ostdorf today belonging to the Balingen Yasna ( Avestan: 'oblation' or 'worship' is the name of the primary liturgical collection of texts of the Avesta as well as the name of the 3 that provided an escape from the dualism implicit in the Gathas. The word "Gātha" means a "hymn of praise" in the earliest Indo-Iranian poetry According to Haug, the "twins" of 30. 3 were Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu, which Zoroaster (so Haug) viewed as the respective 'destructive' and 'creative' emanations of Ahura Mazda. Haug's theory effectively identifies Angra Mainyu as a product of the Creator, and further, that – as also in Zurvanism - Angra Mainyu was evil by choice.

While Haug's identification of the twins as Angra Mainyu and Spenta Mainyu is not contested,^[9] the details of his conclusions on the "twins" passage remain controversial. Nonetheless, Haug's interpretation was gratefully received by the Parsis of Bombay, who at the time were under considerable pressure from Christian missionaries (most notable amongst them John Wilson^[10]) who sought converts among the Zoroastrian community. ^[11]

Although Haug's interpretation was not substantiated by Zoroastrian tradition,^[12] the ideas were subsequently disseminated as a Parsi interpretation, which eventually reached the west and so in turn corroborating Haug's theories. Among the Parsis of the cities, who were accustomed to English language literature, Haug's ideas were more often repeated than those of the Gujarati language objections of the priests, with the result that Haug's ideas became well entrenched and are today almost universally accepted as doctrine. Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? ^[11]

In modern spiritual systems

Rudolf Steiner, the initiator of the Anthroposophical movement, published detailed and elaborate studies on Ahriman, a spiritual entity whom the author associates with materialism. Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright Anthroposophy is a spiritual philosophy based on the teachings of Rudolf Steiner (25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925 which postulates the existence of an objective intellectually Ahriman fulfills the role of influencing and undermining events which occur in contemporary society. Steiner writes that Ahriman can be considered to be the same spiritual being as the Satan of the Bible; he differentiated both of these from Lucifer, the tempter, and the demon Mephistopheles. Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Lucifer is a name frequently given to Satan in Christian belief Mephistopheles (also Mephistophilus Mephistophilis Mephostopheles Mephisto and variants is a name often given to one representation of The devil or Satan According to Steiner, the biblical demons Mammon and Beelzebub are Ahriman's associates. Mammon is a term derived from the Christian Bible, used to describe material Wealth or Greed, most often personified as a Deity Ba‘al Zebûb, Ba‘al Zəbûb or Ba‘al Zəvûv ( Hebrew בעל זבוב, with numerous variants appears as the

Ahriman's assignment, according to Steiner, is to alienate the human being from his spiritual roots and to inspire materialism and heartless technical control of human activity. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. His positive contribution is to bring intellectual development and a focus on the sensory world. As such, his influence is highly relevant to present-day Western culture. His great opponent is the archangel Michael, who Steiner equates with Babylonian Marduk. Michael (מִיכָאֵל Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Μιχαήλ Mikhaíl; Michael or Míchaël; ميخائيل Mikhā'īl) is an Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMARUTU 𒀫 𒌓 "solar calf" perhaps from MERI Ahura Mazda and the Vedic Vishva Karman represent Christ's spiritual aura around the Elohim, the spirits of the Sun sphere. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Elohim ( אֱלוֹהִים, אלהים) is a Hebrew word which expresses concepts of Divinity.

In popular culture

• In The Warhammer 40,000 fantasy game, Ahriman is a chaos sorcerer in command of the Thousand Sons Traitor Legion who is second in power only to Magnus the Red. Warhammer 40000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K or just 40K) is a tabletop miniature wargame in a Science
• In the Final Fantasy video game series, Ahriman is a frequent enemy, depicted as a flying eyeball with wings. In Final Fantasy XII, Ahriman is a "boss" character, but appears as a ghostly figure instead of an eyeball. is a Console role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix for Sony 's PlayStation 2, and the twelfth installment in the Final Fantasy A boss is a computer-controlled opponent which is found in Video games Their purpose is to test the skills that the player has accumulated over the course of a game In Final Fantasy X-2, Angra Mainyu is an optional "boss". is a Console role-playing game developed and published by Square (now Square Enix) for Sony 's PlayStation 2. A boss is a computer-controlled opponent which is found in Video games Their purpose is to test the skills that the player has accumulated over the course of a game In Final Fantasy XI, Angra Mainyu is the chief of the area "Dynamis - Beaucedine", where he appears as a black-colored monster with wings and one large red eye. also known as Final Fantasy XI Online, is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG developed and published by Square (later Square
• In the Type-Moon visual novel Fate/Stay Night, a figure named 'Angra Mainyu' is called forth as a servant in the Third Holy Grail War to corrupt the Grail itself. is a prominent Japanese game company best known for their Visual novels It is also known under the name. is a Japanese Eroge Visual novel game created by Type-Moon, which was originally released on January 30 2004 for the PC. The figure's role is further expanded in the sequel Fate/hollow ataraxia, where it acts as the servant Avenger. is a Japanese Visual novel game created by TYPE-MOON in 2005 which is the Sequel to its earlier visual novel Fate/stay night Avenger is a Fictional character from the Japanese Visual novel Fate/hollow ataraxia by TYPE-MOON
• In the DC Comics book Wonder Woman Ahura Mazda is married to the Amazon Nu'Bia. DC Comics is an American comic book and related media company The Amazons (in Greek, grc Ἀμαζόνες are a nation of all-female warriors in Classical and Greek mythology, who were possibly historical Nu'Bia is a DC Comics character from the Wonder Woman family of books who was originally known as Nubia In the comic the demon Ahriman murders Ahura Mazda, and carves his heart from his body. Nu'Bia returns to earth in search of Ahriman, hoping that she can retrieve the heart and revive her lover.
• In Jacqueline Carey's 2003 novel Kushiel's Avatar, the protagonist Phèdre nó Delaunay finds herself in the middle of a parallel universe where Zoroastrianism has been inverted and the worship of Angra Mainyu replaces that of Ahura Mazda. Jacqueline Carey is the name of two authors For the author of The Crossley Baby, see Jacqueline Carey (II. Kushiel's Avatar is the third novel in Jacqueline Carey 's Kushiel's Legacy series The main character of Jacqueline Carey 's Kushiel's Legacy series Phèdre nó Delaunay is an Anguissette, pricked by Kushiel's Dart, who works The protagonist becomes the bed-mate and plaything of the 'Conqueror of Death' who promotes "ill thoughts, ill words, ill deeds", which eventually kills him and allows the worship of Ahura Mazda to be reinstated.
• In Ben Bova's novel Orion, Ahriman is the main antagonist, seeking to destroy the continuum in what is later revealed to be a revenge plot for the destruction of his species. Benjamin William Bova (born November 8, 1932) is an American Science fiction author and editor
• In the role-playing game Arcturus, Angra Mainyu is the final boss at Eden of distant, apocalyptic future. |- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"| note (category variability || H and K emission vary
• In Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land, Jubal Harshaw warns Gillian Boardman not to inadvertently brainwash Michael Valentine Smith, the man who had been raised on Mars, in the process of teaching him terrestrial etiquette, imploring her "by the myriad deceptive aspects of Ahriman" (Ch. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Stranger in a Strange Land is a best-selling 1961 Hugo Award -winning Science fiction Novel by Robert A 12).
• In the B indi-movie Dark Gate a box that contains within it a portal to hell is known as the tool of Angra Mainyu, describes the entity as an evil spirit born in the blackest pit of hell.
• Noise musician and avant-garde musician Leila Bela released an album named after Angra Mainyu titled Angra Manyu. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Leila Bela (بلا ليلى) (born in Tehran Iran) is an Iranian born American Avant-garde Musician, Writer, Angra Manyu is the debut concept album from Avant-garde musician Leila Bela.
• In the game God Hand, the English voice calls the final boss (Satan) Angra. God Hand (ゴッドハンド is a Video game developed by Clover Studio and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2 Video game
• In the fifth season finale of Highlander: The Series, Ahriman is a demon who - in attempting to dominate mankind - reappears every thousand years. Highlander The Series is an English language Fantasy / Sci-fi Television series featuring Duncan MacLeod ( Adrian Paul
• In the fictional Roleplaying Game Dark Ages: Vampire, the Ahriman is the primordial essence of the Abyss, an evil, unholy realm from which the members of the Lasombra clan summon their power to manifest and handle shadows. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Vampire The Dark Ages is a Role-playing game originally published by White Wolf Game Studio in 1996. The Lasombra is a Fictional Clan of Vampires associated with the Sabbat, from White Wolf Game Studio 's Vampire The Masquerade
• In Dean Koontz' False Memory, the antagonist is brilliant psychiatrist, Dr. Dean Ray Koontz (born July 9 1945 is an American Author. Best known for his Novels that could broadly be described as Suspense thrillers Koontz Mark Ahriman. Dr. Ahriman makes the conscious choice to be evil, treating his patients like toys, to be dominated, controlled, played with, debased and, ultimately, discarded.
• In Philip K. Dick's The Cosmic Puppets, the protagonist's hometown has come under the control of Angra Mainyu (named Ahriman in the novel) and Ahura Mazda, called Ohrmazd. Philip Kindred Dick (December 16 – March 2) was an American Science fiction Novelist and Short story Writer. The Cosmic Puppets a 1957 novel by Science fiction author Philip K Ahura Mazda ( ae Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator
• In David Zindell's Lightstone series, Angra Mainyu is a fallen member of the angelic Galadin, and is the master of the main villain of the series, Morjin. David Zindell is an American author known for science fiction and fantasy epics
• Ahriman is an antagonist in the Prince of Persia: Prodigy video game.
• The figure of Ahriman is a literary topos in Karl May's Im Reiche des silbernen Löwen (1898). Topos (literally "a place" pl topoi) referred in the context of classical Greek Rhetoric to a standardised method of constructing Karl Friedrich May ( February 25, 1842 &ndash March 30, 1912) was one of the best selling German Writers of all time noted

Notes

Bibliography

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