República de Angola Republic of Angola
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Virtus Unita Fortior"  (Latin) "Unity Provides Strength"
Anthem: Angola Avante!  (Portuguese) Forward Angola!
Capital (and largest city)		Luanda 8°50′S, 13°20′E
Official languages		Portuguese
Recognised regional languages		Kongo, Chokwe, South Mbundu, Mbundu
Demonym		Angolan
Government		Presidential republic
-	President	José E. dos Santos
-	Prime Minister	Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
Independence		from Portugal
-	Date	November 11, 1975
Area
-	Total	1,246,700 km² (23rd) 481,354 sq mi
-	Water (%)	negligible
Population
-	2005 estimate	15,941,000 (61st)
-	1970 census	5,646,177
-	Density	13/km² (199th) 34/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2005 estimate
-	Total	$43. 2003 proposal In 2003 a new more "optimistic" flag was proposed which so far has not been formally adopted The Coat of arms of Angola reflects the recent past of the new nation A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Angola Avante! (Forward Angola! is the National anthem of Angola. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The demographics of Angola consist of three main ethnic groups each speaking a Bantu language: Ovimbundu 37% Mbundu 25% and Bakongo For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Kikongo or Kongo is the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo and Bandundu people living in the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic Umbundu, or South Mbundu (autonym úmbúndú) is a language spoken by the Ovimbundu people in the central highlands of Angola. Kimbundu is one of the most widely spoken languages in Angola, especially in the north-west of the country notably in the Luanda province A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The President is both Head of state and Head of government in Angola. José Eduardo dos Santos (born August 28, 1942) is the current President of Angola, having served in that position since 1979 The Prime Minister is a high government official in Angola, but is not the head of government Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, known as Nandó (born March 5, 1950) is an Angolan politician currently serving as President of the Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different surface Areas here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 362 billion (82nd)
-	Per capita	$2,813 (126th)
HDI (2007)		▲0. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 446 (low) (162nd)
Currency		Kwanza (AOA)
Time zone		WAT (UTC+1)
-	Summer (DST)	not observed (UTC+1)
Internet TLD		.ao
Calling code		+244

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (Portuguese: República de Angola, pronounced IPA: [ʁɛ'publikɐ dɨ ɐ̃'gɔlɐ] Kongo: Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in south-central Africa bordering Namibia to the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, and Zambia to the east, and with a west coast along the Atlantic Ocean. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The kwanza ( ISO currency code: AOA, abbreviation also Kz) is the currency of Angola. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established West Africa Time, or WAT, is a time zone used in western and west-central Africa (though not in countries west of Benin, which instead use GMT Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Kikongo or Kongo is the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo and Bandundu people living in the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. The exclave province Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to Angola is a former Portuguese colony and has considerable natural resources, most notably petroleum and diamonds. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in

Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial era 1.2 Independence 1.3 Civil war 1.4 Ceasefire with UNITA 2 Politics 3 Administrative divisions 3.1 Exclave of Cabinda 4 Military 5 Police 6 Geography 7 Economy 8 Demographics 9 Culture 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Government 13.1.1 Portuguese 13.2 News 13.3 Politics 13.4 Overviews 13.5 Directories 13.6 Tourism 13.7 Other

History

Main article: History of Angola

Khoisan hunter-gatherers are some of the earliest known modern human inhabitants of the area. Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major Ethnic groups of Southern Africa. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting They were largely replaced by Bantu tribes during Bantu migrations, though small numbers of Khoisan remain in parts of southern Angola to the present day. Bantu may refer to Bantu expansion, a series of migrations of Bantu speakers Bantu languages Bantu people The Bantu expansion was a millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of the original proto- Bantu language group The geographical areas now designated as Angola first became the subject to incursions by Europeans in the late 15th century. In 1483 Portugal established a base at the river Congo, where the Kongo State, Ndongo and Lunda existed. The Congo River (for a time known as the Zaire River) is the largest River in Western Central Africa. The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 – 1914 ( Kongo: Kongo dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo) was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what The Kingdom of Ndongo (or Kingdom of Ngola) is the name of a pre-colonial African state in modern day Angola built by the Mbundu a Bantu -speaking people inhabiting The Kongo State stretched from modern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic The Cuanza River (also spelled Coanza Kwanza Quanza or Kuanza is a River in Angola. In 1575 Portugal established a colony at Cabinda based on slave trade. Before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade, slavery was practiced in Africa by many indigenous peoples. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The African slave trade provided a large number of black slaves to Europeans and their African agents. This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa For example, in what is now Angola, the Imbangala had economies which were heavily focused on the slave trade. The Imbangala or Mbangala were 17th century groups of Angolan warriors and marauders whom founded the kingdom of Kasanje. ^[1][2] Within the Portuguese Empire, most black African slaves were traded to Brazilian merchants arrived to Portugal's African ports from other Portuguese colony - Brazil (South America) - seeking cheap workforce for use on Brazilian agricultural plantations. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500 with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815 when Brazil was elevated This trade would last until the first half of the 1800s. The Portuguese gradually took control of the coastal strip throughout the sixteenth century by a series of treaties and wars forming the Portuguese colony of Angola. Taking advantage of the Portuguese Restoration War, the Dutch occupied Luanda from 1641 to 1648, where they allied with local peoples to consolidate their colonial rule against the remaining Portuguese resistance. Portuguese Restoration War (Guerra da Restauração was the name given after the 19th century by romantic historians to the war between Portugal and Castile The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Colonial era

Main article: Colonial history of Angola

In 1648, Portugal retook Luanda and initiated a conquest of the lost territories, which restored the pre-occupation possessions of Portugal by 1650. During the colonial history of Angola the country was a part of Portuguese West Africa from the annexation of several territories in the region as a colony in 1655 until its Treaties regulated relations with Congo in 1649 and Njinga's Kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo in 1656. The conquest of Pungo Andongo in 1671 was the last great Portuguese expansion, as attempts to invade Congo in 1670 and Matamba in 1681 failed. Portugal expanded its territory behind the colony of Benguela in the eighteenth century, and began the attempt to occupy other regions in the mid-nineteenth century. The process resulted in few gains until the 1880s. Full Portuguese administrative control of the interior didn't occur until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1951, the colony was designated as an overseas province, called Portuguese West Africa. Portugal had a presence in Angola for nearly five hundred years, and the population's initial reaction to calls for independence was mixed.

Independence

Main articles: Carnation Revolution and Alvor Accords

Leftist military officers overthrew the Caetano government in Portugal in the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon The Alvor Agreement, signed on January 15, 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for Marcelo José das Neves Alves Caetano, GCTE, GCC, also spelled Marcello Caetano (mɐɾˈsɛlu kɐiˈtɐnu Lisbon, August 17 The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The transitional government opened negotiations with the three main independentist guerrilla groups: MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA, concluding separate peace agreements with each organization. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho is an Angolan political party The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola is a militant organization that fought for Angolan independence from Portugal The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) is the second-largest Political party in Angola. With Portugal out of the picture, the nationalist movements turned on each other, fighting for control of Luanda and international recognition. For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the Holden Roberto, Agostinho Neto, and Jonas Savimbi met in Bukavu, Zaire in July and agreed to negotiate with the Portuguese as one political entity. Holden Álvaro Roberto ( January 12, 1923 &ndash August 2, 2007) founded and led the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA António Agostinho Neto (September 17 1922 &ndash September 10 1979 served as the first President of Angola (1975&ndash1979 leading the Popular Movement for the Liberation Jonas Malheiro Savimbi ( August 3, 1934 &ndash February 22, 2002) led UNITA, an anti-Communist rebel group that fought against Bukavu is a city in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC lying at the extreme south-eastern extent of Lake Kivu, west of Cyangugu in The Republic of Zaire (pronunciation; République du Zaïre was the name of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo between October 27, 1971 They met again in Mombasa, Kenya on January 5, 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other, further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese. Mombasa is the second largest City in Kenya, lying on the Indian Ocean. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. They met for a third time in Alvor, Portugal from January 10-15. The Algarve ( pron aɫ'gaɾv(ɨ is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[3]

Roberto, Neto, Savimbi, and the Portuguese government signed the Alvor Agreement on January 15, setting November 11 as the date for independence. The Alvor Agreement, signed on January 15, 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Alvor marked Angola’s transition from the war for independence to the war for Luanda. Portuguese authorities deliberately excluded the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) and Eastern Revolt from participating in the negotiations to ensure Angola’s territorial integrity, in direct opposition to the de Spínola’s plans for Angola. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda FLEC is a Separatist Guerrilla and political movement in The Eastern Revolt ( Portuguese: Revolta do Leste; RDL) is an Angolan nationalist organization that fought in the war for independence Ancestors ^[4] The coalition government the Alvor Agreement established soon fell as nationalist factions, doubting one another's commitment to the peace process, tried to take control of the colony by force. ^[3][5]

Civil war

Main article: Angolan Civil War

When it was known that Portuguese authorities and military forces would leave the territory and hand over power to the nationalist groups, a mass exodus of civilian Portuguese citizens ensued. The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975 The Angolan Civil War (1975 - 2002), one of the largest and deadliest Cold War conflicts, erupted shortly after and lasted 27 years, ravaging the economy, disturbing social order and disrupting social stability in the newly independent country. The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Over 500,000 people lost their lives,^[6] mostly in the 1990s, as the three main factions and several smaller ones struggled for supremacy. Thousands of Angolan refugees suffered with the conflict and left the country or simply fled to other regions of Angola. Today, all parties to conflict are active politically, but the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola's (MPLA) victory in the war prevents any opposition candidate or ethnic group from challenging dos Santos and the Kimbundu’s "de facto " control of the country. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Party of Labour (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola - Partido do Trabalho is an Angolan political party José Eduardo dos Santos (born August 28, 1942) is the current President of Angola, having served in that position since 1979 The MPLA’s base is among the Kimbundu people and the multiracial intelligentsia of Luanda. Kimbundu is one of the most widely spoken languages in Angola, especially in the north-west of the country notably in the Luanda province For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the The National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), based in the Bakongo region of the north, allied with the United States, the People's Republic of China and the Mobutu government in Zaïre. The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola is a militant organization that fought for Angolan independence from Portugal The Bakongo or the Kongo people (meaning "hunter" also sometimes referred to as Congolese, live along the Atlantic coast of Africa The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga ( October 14, 1930 September 7, 1997) known commonly as Mobutu, or Mobutu The Republic of Zaire (pronunciation; République du Zaïre was the name of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo between October 27, 1971 The United States, South Africa, and several other African nations also supported Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), whose ethnic and regional base lies in the Ovimbundu heartland of central Angola. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Jonas Malheiro Savimbi ( August 3, 1934 &ndash February 22, 2002) led UNITA, an anti-Communist rebel group that fought against The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) is the second-largest Political party in Angola. The Ovimbundu are an ethnic group consisting of traders farmers and herders who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola. ^[2][7][8]

Ceasefire with UNITA

Main article: 2000s in Angola

On February 22, 2002, Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA, was killed in combat with government troops, and a cease-fire was reached by the two factions. The 2000s in Angola saw the end of a 27-year-long civil war (1975-2002 and economic growth as foreign nation's began to invest in Angola's untapped Petroleum reserves Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi ( August 3, 1934 &ndash February 22, 2002) led UNITA, an anti-Communist rebel group that fought against UNITA gave up its armed wing and assumed the role of major opposition party. Although the political situation of the country began to stabilize, President dos Santos has so far refused to institute regular democratic processes. Among Angola's major problems are a serious humanitarian crisis (a result of the prolonged war), the abundance of minefields, and the actions of guerrilla movements fighting for the independence of the northern exclave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda). A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda FLEC is a Separatist Guerrilla and political movement in While most of the internally displaced have now returned home, the general situation for most Angolans remains desperate, and the development facing the government challenging as a consequence. ^[9]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Angola

See also: List of political parties in Angola

Angola's motto is Virtus Unita Fortior, a Latin phrase meaning "Virtue is stronger when united. Politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential Republic, whereby the President of Angola is both Head of state and Head The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA has ruled Angola under a Dominant-party system since independence in 1975 Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. " The executive branch of the government is composed of the President, the Prime Minister (currently Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos) and Council of Ministers. Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, known as Nandó (born March 5, 1950) is an Angolan politician currently serving as President of the Currently, political power is concentrated in the Presidency. The Council of Ministers, composed of all government ministers and vice ministers, meets regularly to discuss policy issues. Governors of the 18 provinces are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the president. The Constitutional Law of 1992 establishes the broad outlines of government structure and delineates the rights and duties of citizens. The legal system is based on Portuguese and customary law but is weak and fragmented, and courts operate in only twelve of more than 140 municipalities. A Supreme Court serves as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review has never been constituted despite statutory authorization. Critics have drawn an ironic comparison between Angola's current one-party rule and the authoritarian government of António de Oliveira Salazar of Portugal, under whose rule Angolans began their revolt for independence. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ

The current government has announced an intention to hold elections in 2009. These elections would be the first since 1992 and would serve to elect both a new president and a new National Assembly.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Provinces of Angola and Municipalities of Angola

Angola is divided into eighteen provinces (províncias) and 163 municipalities. See also ISO 3166-2AO, the ISO codes for Angola The Provinces of Angola are divided into 157 municipalities (municípios See also ISO 3166-2AO, the ISO codes for Angola The Provinces of Angola are divided into 157 municipalities (municípios ^[10] The provinces are:

Bengo Benguela Bié Cabinda Cuando Cubango Cuanza Norte Cuanza Sul Cunene Huambo

Huila Luanda Lunda Norte Lunda Sul Malanje Moxico Namibe Uíge Zaire

Exclave of Cabinda

Main articles: Cabinda and Republic of Cabinda

With an area of approximately 7,283 km² (2,800 square miles), the Northern Angolan province of Cabinda is unique in being separated from the rest of the country by a strip, some 60 km wide, of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) along the lower Congo river. One of the 18 provinces of Angola. It occupies 40130 square kilometres in the north west of the country and has a population of approximately 600000 The Republic of Cabinda is the name adopted by the currently unrecognized secessionist government of Cabinda, presently an exclave of Angola. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The Congo River (for a time known as the Zaire River) is the largest River in Western Central Africa. Cabinda borders the Congo Republic to the north and north-northeast and the DRC to the east and south. The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville The town of Cabinda is the chief population centre. According to a 1995 census, Cabinda had an estimated population of 600,000, approximately 400,000 of whom live in neighbouring countries. Population estimates are, however, highly unreliable. Consisting largely of tropical forest, Cabinda produces hardwoods, coffee, cocoa, crude rubber and palm oil. The product for which it is best known, however, is its oil, which has given it the nickname, "the Kuwait of Africa". Cabinda's petroleum production from its considerable offshore reserves now accounts for more than half of Angola's output. Most of the oil along its coast was discovered under Portuguese rule by the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company (CABCOG) from 1968 onwards. See also CPLP Geographic distribution of Portuguese Portuguese language Since Portugal handed over sovereignty of its former overseas province of Angola to the local independentist groups (MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA), the territory of Cabinda has been a theatre of separatist guerrilla actions opposing the Government of Angola (which has employed its military forces, the FAA – Forças Armadas Angolanas) and Cabindan separatists. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential Republic, whereby the President of Angola is both Head of state and Head The Cabindan separatists, FLEC-FAC, created a virtual Federal Republic of Cabinda under the Presidency of N'Zita Henriques Tiago. In its website, it claimed to be committed to building a Republic of Cabinda in which "freedom, opportunity, prosperity and civil society flourish". The Republic of Cabinda is the name adopted by the currently unrecognized secessionist government of Cabinda, presently an exclave of Angola. This Federal Republic, with Tchiowa (Cabinda) as its capital city, would be administratively made up of seven districts, with a system of government which the website simply describes as a "true democracy" and a legal system based on traditional N'Goyo law. Cabinda or Tchiowa, as it is called by the Cabindans is a city that is located in the Cabinda province, an Exclave of Angola. One of the characteristics of the Cabindan independence movement is its constant fragmentation, into smaller and smaller factions, in a process which the Angolan government, although not totally fomented by it, undoubtedly encourages and duly exploits it.

Military

Main article: Military of Angola

The Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) is headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the Minister of Defense. The Angolan Armed Forces ( FAA) is headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the Minister of Defense There are three divisions--the Army, (Exército), Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MGA), and Air and Air Defense Forces (Força Aérea Nacional, FAN). The People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola or Força Aérea Popular de Angola/Defesa Aérea e Antiaérea (FAPA/DAA was established on 21 January 1976 and initially made Total manpower is about 110,000. The army is by far the largest of the services with about 100,000 men and women. The Navy numbers about 3,000 and operates several small patrol craft and barges. Air force personnel total about 7,000; its equipment includes Russian-manufactured fighters, bombers, and transport planes. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending There are also, Brazilian made EMB-312 Tucano for Training role, Czech made L-39 for training and bombing role, Czech Zlin for training role and a variety of western made aircraft such as C-212\Aviocar, Sud Aviation Aloutte III, etc. A small number of FAA personnel are stationed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) and the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville). The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville

Police

The National Police departments are: Public Order, Criminal Investigation, Traffic and Transport, Investigation and Inspection of Economic Activities, Taxation and Frontier Supervision, Riot Police and the Rapid Intervention Police. The National Police are in the process of standing up an air wing, which will provide helicopter support for police operations. The National Police are also developing their criminal investigation and forensic capabilities. The National Police has an estimated 6,000 patrol officers, 2,500 Taxation and Frontier Supervision officers, 182 criminal investigators and 100 financial crimes detectives and 90 Economic Activity Inspectors.

The National Police have implemented a modernization and development plan to increase the capabilities and efficiency of the total force. In addition to administrative reorganization; modernization projects include procurement of new vehicles, aircraft and equipment, construction of new police stations and forensic laboratories, restructured training programs and the replacement of AKM rifles with 9 mm UZIs for police officers in urban areas.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Angola

At 481,321 square miles (1,246,700 km²), [1] Angola is the world's twenty-third largest country (after Niger). In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels The Map Library should not be confused with the Map Library of The British Museum. Angola is located on the South Atlantic Coast of West Africa between Namibia and the Republic of the Congo. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It is comparable in size to Mali and is nearly twice the size of the US state of Texas, or five times the area of the United Kingdom. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Angola is bordered by Namibia to the south, Zambia to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north-east, and the South Atlantic Ocean to the west. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The exclave of Cabinda also borders the Republic of the Congo to the north. The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville Angola's capital, Luanda, lies on the Atlantic coast in the north-west of the country. For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the Angola's average temperature on the coast is 60 degrees Fahrenheit (16 °C) in the winter and 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 °C) in the summer.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Angola

Angola's economy has undergone a period of transformation in recent years, moving from the disarray caused by a quarter century of war to being the second fastest growing economy in Africa and one of the fastest in the world. In 2004, China's Eximbank approved a $2 billion line of credit to Angola. The loan is being used to rebuild Angola's infrastructure, and has also limited the influence of the International Monetary Fund in the country. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic ^[11]

Growth is almost entirely driven by rising oil production which surpassed 1. 4 million barrels (220,000 m³) per day in late-2005 and which is expected to grow to 2 million barrels (320,000 m³) per day by 2007. Control of the oil industry is consolidated in Sonangol Group, a conglomerate which is owned by the Angolan government. SONANGOL is a Parastatal (a partially state-owned corporation or government agency that oversees petroleum and Natural gas production in Angola. In December 2006, Angola was admitted as a member of OPEC. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador ^[12] The economy grew 18% in 2005, 26% in 2006 and 17. 6% in 2007 and it's expected to stay above 10% for the rest of the decade. The security brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has led to the resettlement of 4 million displaced persons, thus resulting in large-scale increases in agriculture production.

The country has developed its economy since political stability arose in 2002. However, it faces huge social and economic problems as a result of an almost continual state of conflict since 1961, although the highest level of destruction and socio-economic damage was reached after the 1975 independence, during the long years of civil war. The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975 Rapidly rising production and revenues from the oil sector have been the main driving forces behind the improvements in overall economic activity – nevertheless, poverty remains widespread. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International rated Angola one of the 10 most corrupt countries in the world in 2005. Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain The capital city is the most developed and the only large economic center worth mentioning in the country, however, slums called musseques, stretch for miles beyond Luanda's former city limits. A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security For the mystic of the Han Dynasty see Luan Da. Luanda (formerly called Loanda) is the

According to an American think tank, oil from Angola has increased so significantly that Angola now is the Chinese Communist Party's biggest supplier of oil. A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization institute corporation or group that conducts Research and engages in advocacy in areas such ^[13]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Angola

Angola is composed of Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestiços (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, and 22% 'other' ethnic groups. The demographics of Angola consist of three main ethnic groups each speaking a Bantu language: Ovimbundu 37% Mbundu 25% and Bakongo The Ovimbundu are an ethnic group consisting of traders farmers and herders who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola. Kimbundu is one of the most widely spoken languages in Angola, especially in the north-west of the country notably in the Luanda province The Bakongo or the Kongo people (meaning "hunter" also sometimes referred to as Congolese, live along the Atlantic coast of Africa ^[14]

Angola is a majority Christian country, with 53% of citizens professing the religion. Most Angolan Christians are Roman Catholic, 38%, or Protestant, 15%. 46. 8% of Angolans practice indigenous beliefs.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Angola

Portugal ruled over Angola for 400 years and both countries share cultural aspects: language (Portuguese) and main religion (Roman Catholic Christianity). Ethnic groups and languages Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Angolan culture is mostly native Bantu which was mixed with Portuguese culture. The culture of Portugal is rooted in the Latin culture of Ancient Rome, with a Celtiberian background (a mixture of pre-Roman Celts and In the Moxico province more than 10,000 persons are Spanish-speaking (ca. 4. 34% of the population of this province) due to the presence of Cuban troops during the civil war.

See also

• Angolan Civil War
• Angolan musicians
• Angola national football team
• Angola national basketball team
• Associação de Escuteiros de Angola
• Communications in Angola
• Contemporary Dance Company of Angola
• Demographics of Angola
• Foreign relations of Angola
• Islam in Angola
• List of Angolan companies
• List of Angola-related topics
• List of writers from Angola
• Military of Angola
• Sonangol Group
• Transport in Angola
• List of cities and towns in Angola
• Capoeira

Further reading

• Le Billon, P. The Angolan Civil War began in Angola after the end of the war for independence from Portugal in 1975 Folk bands África Ritmos África Show Águias Reais Cabinda Ritmos Duo The Angola national football team, nicknamed Palancas Negras, (" The Black Antelopes " is the national team of Angola and is controlled by the The Angola national basketball team represents Angola in international basketball matches and is controlled by the Federação Angolana de Basquetebol. This article is about Communications in Angola: Telephone Telephone service is limited mostly to government and business use The Contemporary Dance Company of Angola (CDC which was founded in 1991 is a professional Angolan dance group The demographics of Angola consist of three main ethnic groups each speaking a Bantu language: Ovimbundu 37% Mbundu 25% and Bakongo The foreign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support of U Islam in Angola is a minority religion with 80000-90000 adherents composed largely of migrants from West Africa and families of Lebanese origin This is a List of Angolan Companies. A A & A Consultants Incorporated Africare African NGO Articles (arranged alphabetically related to Angola include A Agostinho Neto - Albino Carlos - Alves Reis - Angola Avante - This is a list of prominent and notable writers from Africa, including Poets Novelists Children's writers Essayists and Scholars listed The Angolan Armed Forces ( FAA) is headed by a Chief of Staff who reports to the Minister of Defense SONANGOL is a Parastatal (a partially state-owned corporation or government agency that oversees petroleum and Natural gas production in Angola. Transport in Angola comprises Railways total 2761 km narrow gauge mainly 2638 km of Cape gauge, 1067 This is a list of cities and towns in Angola. Ambriz Bibala Benguela Caála Capoeira (kapuˈejɾɐ is a brazilian art form that ritualizes movement from Martial arts, Games, and Dance. (2005). "Aid in the Midst of Plenty: Oil Wealth, Misery and Advocacy in Angola. " Disasters 29(1): 1-25.
• Cilliers, Jackie and Christian Dietrich, Eds. (2000). Angola's War Economy: The Role of Oil and Diamonds. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies.
• Global Witness (1999). A Crude Awakening, The Role of Oil and Banking Industries in Angola's Civil War and the Plundering of State Assets. London, UK, Global Witness. http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/93/en/a_crude_awakening
• Hodges, T. (2004). Angola: The Anatomy of an Oil State. Oxford, UK and Indianapolis, US, The Fridtjol Nansen Institute & The International African Institute in association with James Currey and Indiana University Press.
• Human Rights Watch (2004). Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenues in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights. New York, Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/angola0104/
• Human Rights Watch (2005). Coming Home, Return and Reintegration in Angola. New York, Human Rights Watch. http://hrw.org/reports/2005/angola0305/
• Kapuściński, Ryszard. Another Day of Life, Penguin, 1975. ISBN 014118678X. A Polish journalist's account of Portuguese withdrawal from Angola and the beginning of the civil war.
• Kevlihan, R. (2003). "Sanctions and humanitarian concerns: Ireland and Angola, 2001-2. " Irish Studies in International Affairs 14: 95-106.
• Lari, A. (2004). Returning home to a normal life? The plight of displaced Angolans. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies. http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/85/Paper85.pdf
• Lari, A. and R. Kevlihan (2004). "International Human Rights Protection in Situations of Conflict and Post-Conflict, A Case Study of Angola. " African Security Review 13(4): 29-41. http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/13No4/FLari.pdf
• Le Billon, P. (2001). "Angola’s Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds. " African Affairs(100): 55-80.
• Médecins Sans Frontières (2002). Angola: Sacrifice of a People. Luanda, Angola, MSF. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2002/angola1_10-2002.pdf
• Pinto Escoval [2004): "Staatszerfall im südlichen Afrika. Das Beispiel Angola". Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin
• Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the S. Department of State website.
• Le Billon, P. (2006). Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts. Routledge. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0415379709.  
• Pearce, J. (2004). "War, Peace and Diamonds in Angola: Popular perceptions of the diamond industry in the Lundas. " 2005. African Security Review 13 (2), 2004, pp 51-64. http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/13No2/AW.pdf
• Porto, J. G. (2003). Cabinda: Notes on a soon to be forgotten war. Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Security Studies. http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/77/Paper77.html
• Tvedten, I. (1997). Angola, Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.
• Vines, A. (1999). Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. New York and London, UK, Human Rights Watch.
• Godfrey Mwakikagile, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, Third Edition, Pretoria, South Africa, 2006, on Angola in Chapter Eleven, "American Involvement in Angola and Southern Africa: Nyerere's Response," pp. 324 – 346, ISBN 978-0980253412.

References

External links

Government

• Embassy of Angola in Washington DC
• Embassy of Angola in Ottawa, Canada

Portuguese

• Republic of Angola (official government portal)
• National Assembly of Angola

News

• Mwangole News about music from Angola and events, Videos, Mp3
• children of Angola – a web documentary on the forgotten children of Angola.
• - Newspapers from Angola – The most important online newspapers from Angola.
• Mwangole Amizades Angola Dating, relationship, and more
• allAfrica - Angola – News headline links
• Angola Press – Government-controlled news agency (in Portuguese, French and English)
• Angola Xyami - Angola Minha Terra (in Portuguese) – Reflections end News on new Angola in peace
• Angonoticias (in Portuguese) – A popular news source in Angola
• Mangole (in Portuguese) – A full news source in Angola and web directory of Angolan sites online
• Televisão Pública de Angola (in Portuguese) – Angola's state-owned national TV station
• Rádio Nacional de Angola (in Portuguese) – Angola's state-owned national radio station
• Jornal de Angola (in Portuguese) – A popular newspaper in Angola
• 400 Years Ago – Washington Post news story on the possible fate of the first African slaves taken to US. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D
• [2] – "Amputee Beauty Pageant Crowns Miss Landmine 2008" news story about new beauty pagent in Angola for women who lost limbs in landmines admist the nation's civil war.

Politics

• Official webpage of MPLA
• Official webpage of UNITA
• Official webpage of JMPLA

Overviews

• BBC - Country profile: Angola
• Angola entry at The World Factbook
• US State Department - Angola includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
• OECD DEV/AfDB - Country Study: Angola
• Rural poverty in Angola (IFAD)
• World Bank Country Brief: Angola

Directories

• Columbia University Libraries - Angola directory category of the WWW-VL
• Open Directory Project - Angola directory category
• Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Angola directory category
• www.angolinks.com - webdirectory of Angolan sites online
• Encyclopedia of the Nations: Angola
• World Intellectual Property Handbook: Angola

Tourism

• Angola travel guide from Wikitravel

Other

• Can Corporate Power Transform Equatorial Guinea and Angola?
• Angola Conflict Briefing
• www.luandamap.com - streetsearch in Luanda and other maps related to Angola
• www.cidadeluanda.com - Portal and Directory of Luanda
• Angola Paper Money

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

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