Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the peoples living in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Spangenhelm was a popular European war Combat helmet design of the Early Middle Ages. Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala" is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. [1] Benedictine monk Bede identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes: the Angles, Jutes and the Saxons, who originated from the Jutland peninsula and Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony). Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutae were a Germanic people who according to Bede were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second The Angles may have come from Angeln, and Bede wrote their nation came to Britain, leaving their land empty. Modern Angeln, also known as Anglia ( German: Angeln, Danish: Angel, Latin: Anglia, English: may follow [2] They spoke closely related Germanic dialects. Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages that would fork into Old Frisian, Old English The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The Anglo-Saxons knew themselves as the "Englisc," from which the word "English" derives.
Place names seem to show that smaller numbers of some other German peoples came over: Frisians at Fresham, Freston, and Friston; Flemings at Flempton and Flimby; Swabians at Swaffham; perhaps Franks at Frankton and Frankley. The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. Friston is a village in Suffolk, England. It is located 3 miles southeast of Saxmundham, its post town and 4 miles northwest of Aldeburgh. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or Flempton is a village in the St Edmundsbury district of Suffolk, England. Flimby is a village in Cumbria, near Maryport. Flimby railway station is on the Cumbrian Coast Line. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Swaffham is a Market town and Civil parish in the English County of Norfolk. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Frankley is an area near the Birmingham / Worcestershire border in England, near Bartley Reservoir.
It was perhaps under Offa of Mercia (reigned 755-759), or under Alfred the Great (reigned 871–899) and his successors, that the several kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons existed. Offa was the King of Mercia from 757 until his death in July 796 Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfrēd ˈælfreːd (c Under the reign of Athelstan (reigned 924–937) the Anglo-Saxon kingdom took shape into England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
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Etymology
The term "Anglo-Saxon" is from Latin writings going back to the time of King Alfred the Great, who seems to have frequently used the title rex Anglorum Saxonum or rex Angul-Saxonum. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
The Old English terms ænglisc and Angelcynn ("Angle-kin", gens Anglorum) when they are first attested had already lost their original sense of referring to the Angles to the exclusion of the Saxons, and in their earliest recorded sense refers collectively to the Germanic peoples who settled England in and after the 5th century. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland
Bede, writing in the early 8th century in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, (I. The Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (in English: Ecclesiastical History of the English People) is a work in Latin by the 15) suggests that:
The people of the contrasts with the other kingdoms. West Saxon their own nation as a part of the Angelcyn and of their language as Englisc, and the West Saxon royal family claimed to be of the same stock as the royal family of Bernicia in the north; but Bede may have based this distinction solely on names such as Essex (East Saxons) and East Anglia (East Angles). A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Bernicia was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now the South-East of Scotland and the North-East of That Bede could envisage one English people (gentis Anglorum and Anglorum populi) at least demonstrates that the Anglo-Saxons could be thought of in such terms in the 8th century.
The term Angli Saxones seems to have first been used in continental writing nearly a century before Alfred's time by Paul the Deacon, historian of the Lombards, probably to distinguish the English Saxons from the continental Saxons. Paul the Deacon (c 720 &ndash 13 April probably 799 also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefred and Cassinensis (i The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from
There is a theory that the name of the Angles came from the Germanic and Indo-European root ang- = "narrow", i. The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents e. "the people who live by the Narrow Water (i. e. the Schlei inlet)". The Schlei (Slien is a narrow Inlet of the Baltic Sea in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.
Anglo-Saxon history
The history of Anglo-Saxon England broadly covers early medieval England from the end of Roman rule and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066. The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of Early medieval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France.
Origins (AD 400–600)
- Further information: Anglo-Saxon migration
Migration of Germanic peoples to Britain from what is now northern Germany and southern Scandinavia is attested from the 5th century (e. Sub-Roman Britain is a term derived from an Archaeologists ' label for the material culture of Britain in Late Antiquity. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well g. Undley bracteate). The Undley bracteate, a 5th century Bracteate found in Undley Common near Lakenheath, Suffolk ( [3] Based on Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, the intruding population is traditionally divided into Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, but their composition was likely less clear-cut and may also have included Frisians and Franks. The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Parker Library holds the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which contains text that may be the first recorded indications of the movement of these Germanic Tribes to Britain. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Angles and Saxons and Jutes were noted to be a confederation in the Greek Geographia written by Ptolemy in around AD 150. A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution The Geographia or Geography is Ptolemy 's main work besides the Almagest. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca
Heptarchy (600–800)
Christianization of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom began around 600 and was essentially complete in the mid 8th century. The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity Throughout the 7th and 8th centuries, power fluctuated between the larger kingdoms. Bede records Aethelbert of Kent as being dominant at the close of the 6th century, but power seems to have shifted northwards to the kingdom of Northumbria. Æthelberht (also Æthelbert, Aethelberht, Aethelbert, or Ethelbert) (c The so-called 'Mercian Supremacy' dominated the 8th century, though again it was not constant. Aethelbald and Offa, the two most powerful kings, achieved high status. Offa was the King of Mercia from 757 until his death in July 796 This period has been described as the Heptarchy, though this term has now fallen out of academic use. Heptarchy ( Greek: seven + realm) is a collective name applied to the Anglo-Saxon ancient kingdoms of south east and central The word arose on the basis that the seven kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain. Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. The Kingdom of Kent was a kingdom of Jutes in southeast England and was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common The Kingdom of Sussex, ( Suth Seaxe, ie the South Saxons was one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms the boundaries of which coincided in general with those of the earlier kingdom West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. More recent scholarship has shown that several other kingdoms were politically important across this period: Hwicce, Magonsaete, Lindsey and Middle Anglia. The Hwicce (also spelt Hwicca or Wiccia) were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon England. Magonsæte was a minor sub- kingdom of the greater Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, thought to be coterminous with the Diocese of Hereford Lindsey or Linnuis is the name of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom that lay between the Humber and The Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the course
Viking Age (800–1066)
In the 9th century, the Viking challenge grew to serious proportions. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Alfred the Great's victory at Edington in 878 brought intermittent peace, but the Norsemen with the foundation of Jorvik gained a permanent foothold in Britain. Edington is a small Village in Wiltshire, England, about five miles east of Westbury.
An important development of the 9th century was the rise of the Kingdom of Wessex, and by the end of his reign Alfred was recognized as overlord by several southern kingdoms. West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. Æthelstan was the first king to achieve direct rulership of what is considered "England. "
Near the end of the 10th century, there was renewed Scandinavian interest in England, with the conquests of Sweyn of Denmark and his son Canute. Sweyn I Forkbeard, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in English Sven the Dane, also known as Swegen and Tuck, ( Old Norse Knut or Kanute is a Scandinavian first name of which the anglicized form is Canute. After various fluctuations, by 1066, there were several people with a claim to the English throne, resulting in two invasions and the battles of Stamford Bridge and Hastings, giving rise to the High Medieval Anglo-Norman rule of Britain
Culture
Architecture
Early Anglo-Saxon buildings in Britain were generally simple, constructed mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066 shortly after an invading The Battle of Hastings was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the History of architecture in England, and parts of Wales, from the mid- 5th century until the Generally preferring not to settle in the old Roman cities, the Anglo-Saxons built small towns near their centres of agriculture. In each town, a main hall was in the centre.
There are few remains of Anglo-Saxon architecture, with no secular work remaining above ground. At least fifty churches are of Anglo-Saxon origin, with many more claiming to be, although in some cases the Anglo-Saxon part is small and much-altered. All surviving churches, except one timber church, are built of stone or brick and in some cases show evidence of re-used Roman work. The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new
The architectural character of Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical buildings range from Coptic influenced architecture in the early period; basilica influenced Romanesque architecture; and in the later Anglo-Saxon period, an architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. A Copt ( Coptic: ouRemenkīmi enEkhristianos, literally Egyptian Christian) is a native Egyptian Christian. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which
Art
Anglo-Saxon art covers the period from the time of King Alfred (871–899), with the revival of English culture after the end of the Viking raids, to the early 12th century, when Romanesque art became the new movement. Anglo-Saxon art covers art produced within the Anglo-Saxon period of English history particularly from the time of King Alfred (871-899 when there Romanesque art refers to the art of Western Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century or later depending on region Prior to Alfred there had been the Hiberno-Saxon culture (the fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and motifs) which ceased with the Vikings. Insular art, also known as the Hiberno-Saxon style is the style of art produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles and the term is also used in
Anglo-Saxon art is mainly known today through illuminated manuscripts. An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and It includes the Benedictional of St. Æthelwold manuscript, which drew on Hiberno-Saxon art, Carolingian art and Byzantine art for style and iconography. The Benedictional of St Æthelwold (London British Library, Additional MS 49598 is a 10th century illuminated Benedictional. Insular art, also known as the Hiberno-Saxon style is the style of art produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles and the term is also used in See also Carolingian architecture Carolingian art is the roughly 120-year period from about AD 780 to 900 &mdash during the reign of Byzantine art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about the 4th century until the Fall of Constantinople Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images A "Winchester style" developed that combined both northern ornamental traditions with Mediterranean figural traditions and can be seen in the Leofric Missal (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodl, 579). The Harley Psalter was a knockoff of the Carolingian Utrecht Psalter —all of which underscore the larger trend of an Anglo-Saxon culture coming into increasing contact with, and under the influence of, a wider Latin Mediæval Europe. The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the
Manuscripts were not the only Anglo-Saxon art form, although they are the most well known to have survived. Perhaps the best known piece of Anglo-Saxon art is the Bayeux Tapestry which was commissioned by a Norman patron from English artists working in the traditional Anglo-Saxon style. The Bayeux Tapestry (Tapisserie de Bayeux is a 50 cm by 70 m (20 in by 230 ft long embroidered cloth which explains the events leading up to the 1066 Norman invasion of The most common example of Anglo-Saxon art is coins, with thousands of examples extant. Anglo-Saxon artists also worked in fresco, ivory, stone carving, metalwork (see Fuller brooch for example) and enamel, but few of these pieces have survived. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures The Fuller brooch is a piece of late 9th century Anglo-Saxon Jewelry. In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U
Language
Old English, sometimes called Anglo-Saxon, was the language spoken under Alfred the Great and continued to be the common language of England (non-Danelaw) until after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when, under the influence of the Anglo-Norman language spoken by the Norman ruling class, it changed into Middle English roughly between 1150–1500. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; Danish: The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of
Old English is far closer to early Germanic than Middle English. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. It is less Latinized and retains many morphological features (nominal and verbal inflection) that were lost during the 12th to 14th centuries. The languages today which are closest to Old English are the Frisian languages, which are spoken by a few hundred thousand people in the northern part of the Netherlands and Germany. The Frisian languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500000 members of Frisian Ethnic groups who live on the southern
Before literacy in the vernacular Old English or Latin became widespread, the Runic alphabet, called the futhorc (also known as futhark) was used for inscriptions. When literacy became more prevalent, a form of Latin script was used with a few letters derived from the futhork: 'Eth,' 'Wynn,' and 'Thorn. Eth ( Ð, ð; also spelled edh or eð) is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese (in Wynn ( (also spelled wen, ƿynn, or ƿen) was a letter of the Old English alphabet. Thorn, or þorn (Þ þ is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic Alphabets It was also used in Medieval Scandinavia '
The letters regularly used in printed and edited texts of Old English are the following:
- a æ b c d ð e f g h i l m n o p r s t þ u w x y
with only rare occurrences of j, k, q, v, and z.
Law
Very few law codes exist from the Anglo-Saxon period, giving insight into legal culture beyond the influence of Roman law. While there is virtually no evidence of Anglo-Saxon Law per se (i Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting How this legal culture developed over the course of time. The Anglo-Saxon period is important for the understanding of contemporary developments, except how law developed following the Norman Conquest.
Literature
Old English literary works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles, and others. Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between Anglo-Saxon literature (or Old English literature) encompasses Literature written in Anglo-Saxon (Old English during the 600-year Anglo-Saxon An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, a significant corpus of both popular interest and specialist research. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way
The most famous works from this period include the poem Beowulf, which has achieved national epic status in Britain. Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between A national epic is an epic poem or similar work which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular Nation; not necessarily a The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of important early English history. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is the earliest attested literary text in English. Cædmon (ˈkædmɒn is the earliest English poet whose name is known
Religion
- See also: Anglo-Saxon paganism
- See also: Anglo-Saxon Christianity
The indigenous pre-Christian belief system of the Anglo-Saxons was a form of Germanic paganism and therefore closely related to the Old Norse religion, as well as other Germanic pre-Christian cultures. Anglo-Saxon paganism refers to the Migration Period religion practiced by the English in 5th to 7th century England. The history of Christianity in England from the Roman departure to the Norman Conquest is often told as one of conflict between the Celtic Christianity Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Germanic paganism refers to the religious beliefs of the Germanic peoples preceding Christianization. Norse paganism is a term used to describe the religious traditions which were common amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries prior to and
Christianity (particularly the Roman Catholic Church) gradually replaced the indigenous religion of the Saxons in England around the 7th and 8th centuries. Christianity was introduced into Northumbria and Mercia by monks from Ireland, but the Synod of Whitby settled the choice for Roman Christianity. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Synod of Whitby was a seventh century Northumbrian Synod where King Oswiu of Northumbria ruled that his kingdom would calculate Easter and As the new clerics became the chroniclers, the old religion was partially lost before it was recorded, and today historians' knowledge of it is largely based on surviving customs and lore, texts, etymological links and archaeological finds.
One of the few recorded references is that a Kentish King would only meet the missionary St. Augustine in the open air, where he would be under the protection of the sky god, Woden. Augustine of Canterbury OSB (born c first third of the 6th century - died 26 May 604 was a Benedictine Monk who became the first Archbishop Written Christian prohibitions on acts of paganism are one of historians' main sources of information on pre-Christian beliefs.
Despite these prohibitions, numerous elements of the pre-Christian culture of the Anglo-Saxon people survived the Christianisation process. Examples include the English language names for days of the week:
- Tiw, the Anglo-Saxon equivalent of Tyr: Tuesday
- Woden, the Anglo-Saxon equivalent of Odin: Wednesday
- Þunor, the Anglo-Saxon equivalent of Thor: Thursday
- *Fríge, the Anglo-Saxon equivalent of Frigg: Friday
Contemporary meanings
"Anglo-Saxon" is still used as a term for the original West Germanic component of the English language, which was later expanded and developed through the influence of the concept of Old Norse and Norman French, though linguists now more often refer to it as Old English. Wōden is a god in Anglo-Saxon paganism, together with Norse Odin representing a development of a Proto-Germanic god * Wōdanaz Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism Frigg (or Frigga) is a major goddess in Norse paganism, a subset of Germanic paganism. The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the In the 19th century the term "Anglo-Saxon" was broadly used in philology, and sometimes used at present. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology"
In popular usage in Canada and the United States, the term "Anglo-Saxon" (as in "White Anglo-Saxon Protestant" or "WASP") has evolved into a politicised term with little connection to its academic definition. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, commonly abbreviated to the Acronym WASP, is a sociological and cultural Ethnonym Until about 1960 it described a person of European origin fitting a certain socio-economic and/or ethnic profile.
For over a hundred years, the French have used "Anglo-Saxon" to refer to the Anglophone societies of Britain and the United States, and sometimes (rarely) including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. It is a wide-ranging term, taking in the English-speaking world's language, culture, technology, wealth, influence, markets and economy.
See also
- Angles
- Anglo-Saxon architecture
- Anglo-Saxon dress
- Anglophile
- English people
- Jutes
- Saxons
- States in Medieval Britain
- Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain
- Anglo-Saxon Military
Notes
References
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the History of architecture in England, and parts of Wales, from the mid- 5th century until the Anglo-Saxon dress refers to the variety of Early medieval European dress, or clothing worn by the Anglo-Saxons from the time of their migration to Great Britain An Anglophile is a person who is fond of English culture and England in general The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutae were a Germanic people who according to Bede were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Great Britain during the Middle Ages (from the 5th century withdrawal of Roman forces from the province of Britannia Constructing a chronology of the early Anglo-Saxon period is highly complex and the limitations of our source material place restrictions on just how accurate any chronology can be Anglo-Saxon military organization is difficult to analyze This is because there are many contrasting records as well as many debates by modern historians as to the precise occurrences The Origins of the British (2006). Constable and Robinson, London. ISBN 1-84529-158-1
Further reading
- D. Whitelock, English Historical Documents c. 500–1042, (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1955)
- Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. L. Sherly-Price, (London: Penguin, 1990)
- F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd edition, (Oxford: University Press, 1971)
- J. Campbell et al, The Anglo-Saxons, (London: Penguin, 1991)
- E. James, Britain in the First Millennium, (London: Arnold, 2001)
- M. Lapidge et al, The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999)
- Donald Henson, The Origins of the Anglo-Saxons, (Anglo-Saxon Books, 2006)
External links
- Fides Angliarum Regum: the faith of the English kings
- Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth by Malcolm Todd
- An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
- Simon Keynes' bibliography of Anglo-Saxon topics
Malcolm Todd is a British historian and Archaeologist with an interest in the interaction between the Roman Empire and Western Europe