An anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from English into another language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Speakers of the recipient language usually consider an anglicism to be substandard or undesirable (as a form of language contamination). "Anglicism" also describes English syntax, grammar, meaning and structure used in another language with varying degrees of corruption.
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Anglicisms in Chinese
Note: Chinglish refers to poor or broken English used by native Chinese speakers, while Anglicisms in Chinese refers to appropriation of English terms, expressions, or concepts into Chinese language. Chinglish is a Portmanteau of the words Chinese and English and refers to spoken or written English which is influenced by These two concepts should not be confused.
- Example of Anglicism by phonetic borrowing: use of expression "
巴士 " (instead of "公共汽車") for "bus" because of similarity in pronunciations. - Syntactic Anglicism: occurs when a sentence is rendered following the English word order instead of Chinese word order.
- Semantic Anglicism: example, "網絡" or "網路"(network) , "網" used to translate "net".
Anglicisms in Dutch
See Dunglish
Anglicisms in Afrikaans
See Anglisaans (content in Afrikaans)
Anglicisms in French
A distinction is made between well-established English borrowings into French, and other words and structures regarded as incorrect. Dunglish is a Portmanteau of Dutch and English, a name for Dutch English. Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in
Occasionally governments of both Quebec and France have undertaken strenuous efforts to eradicate anglicisms, with some success, although in modern times there has been a more relaxed attitude. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sometimes a new word is coined in French that succeeds in replacing the anglicism — for instance, logiciel ("software"). French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people French efforts against anglicisms are admired by many other countries suffering from overuse of anglicisms.
However, the French Academy's directives are not always considered very appropriate; for instance, it has decreed that "online chat" be replaced by causette or parlotte, but these are terms for "chat" that are not commonly used. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. (In Quebec a different solution has been found to translate "online chat. " The word clavardage is increasingly gaining acceptance. This neologism is a portmanteau word coined from the words clavier (English keyboard) and bavardage (English chat). A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been )
Quebec French and European French tend to have entirely different anglicisms for historical reasons. Quebec French ( le français québécois, le français du Québec) or less often Québécois French, is the predominant varieties Quebec French acquired its anglicisms in a gradual process of linguistic borrowing resulting from living among and alongside English speakers for two and a half centuries since the Battle of the Plains of Abraham of 1759. The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, was a pivotal battle in the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the European French, on the other hand, mostly adopted its anglicisms in recent decades due to the post–Second World War international dominance of English. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Furthermore, the use of English words is more socially deprecated and less a mark of "coolness" in Quebec than in France. Thus, the people of Quebec and France often consider each other's anglicisms as barbarous, while considering their own perfectly normal.
An example of a European French anglicism not used in Quebec:
- sweat: short for sweatshirt, but pronounced like the English word "sweet"
An example of a Quebec French anglicism not used in France;
- frencher: to French kiss
As can be seen above, sometimes an anglicism will have a different meaning from the original English word, due to abbreviation or other reasons. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A French kiss is a Kiss, usually romantic or sexual in nature in which one participant's Tongue touches the other's tongue and usually enters his or her
Another type of anglicism is a phrase or structure that is literally translated or calqued from the English. In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word For example, the valediction Sincèrement vôtre is regarded as an anglicism, a direct translation of the English Sincerely yours, when a native French valediction would be more appropriate. A valediction is an expression used to say farewell (goodbye especially at the end of a letter
Because English itself borrowed a great amount of French vocabulary after the Norman Conquest, some anglicisms are actually Old French words that dropped from usage over the centuries in French itself but were preserved in English, and have now come full circle back into French. Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium For instance one attested origin of the verb to flirt cites influence from old French conter fleurette, which means "to (try to) seduce" (Most authorities cite other possible origins for the word including alt. of Eng. flit, E. Frisian flirt - a flick or light stroke, and E. Frisian flirtje - a giddy girl for the English noun flirt). This expression is no longer used in French, but the English "gallicism" to flirt has made its way back over the Channel and has now become an anglicism in French.
Sometimes an expression incorrectly translated from the English becomes more successful than the original one. For instance, a tax heaven comes from an incorrect translation of tax haven by French speakers who mixed up haven and heaven. A tax haven is a place where certain Taxes are levied at a low rate or not at all So they spoke about a paradis fiscal, an expression that inspired the English-speaking people who retranslated it into tax heaven.
Note, some words were borrowed from English into French centuries ago, such as clown (pronounced "kloon") or spleen (in French the latter means "melancholy", and not the "spleen" organ). The spleen is an organ found in all Vertebrate animals In humans the spleen is located in the abdomen of the body where it functions in the destruction of redundant Red These are not anglicisms, but rather are considered perfectly good French words fully accepted by the Académie française. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language.
Perhaps the only difference between an anglicism and a full-fledged French word is the test of time.
Anglicisms in German
See Denglisch
Anglicisms in Italian
Under Benito Mussolini efforts were made to "purify" Italian of anglicisms and other foreign "contaminants". Denglisch, sometimes spelled Denglish, (also Gerglish or Angleutsch) is a Portmanteau of the words Deutsch and English Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Today, Italy is the country in Europe where anglicism are most used, without alterations.
Anglicisms in Spanish
The hispanisation of English words is infrequent.
In Spain, the adoption of English words is extremely common in the spheres of business and information technology, although it is usually frowned upon by purists
Anglicisms in Finnish
See also (American) Finglish
The anglicisms can be divided to four types: direct phonetic imitation, lexical and grammatical calques, and contamination of orthography. Finglish or Fingliska is form of Finnish spoken by immigrants to the USA and Canada that has been relexified with English In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word Official language (as given by the Language Planning Office) deprecates anglicisms, and for the most part, native constructions are sufficient even in spoken language. Spoken Finnish ( suomen puhekieli) is the colloquial variant of the Finnish language often used in spoken language Nevertheless, some anglicisms creep in.
Computer jargon is generally full of direct imitation, e. g. svappi "swap". Other jargons with abundant anglicisms are pop music, scifi, gaming, fashion, automobile and to some extent scientific jargon. This is regarded a sign of overspecialization, if used outside the context of the jargon. Generally, direct imitation is not as common, but there are examples. For example, the word sexy [seksy], pronounced with an Y unlike in English [seksi], might be used as an adjective. This is teenager-specific.
Lexical calques take an English expression, like killer application, and produce tappajasovellus, which does mean "an application that kills" just as in English. You will need to know the equivalent English term to understand this.
Some speakers, especially those in frequent contact with the English language have created a grammatical calque of the English you-impersonal. The English impersonal utilizes the second person pronoun you, e. g. You can't live if you don't eat. Here, the word you does not refer explicitly to the listener, but signifies a general statement. The same example is rendered in Finnish as Syömättä ei elä, where a separate grammatical impersonal (also known as passiivi) is used. When translated word-by-word, Sä et elä jos sä et syö, it will refer directly to the listener. Here the contraction sä of spoken language is used instead of the sinä of spoken language. Then, you will need to understand that it is an anglicism, or you can be offended by the commanding "You there!" tone produced. (There are also native examples of the same construction, so the origin of this piece of grammar may not always be English. )
An English orthographical convention is that compound words are written separately, whereas in Finnish, compound words are written together, using a hyphen with acronyms and numbers. In Finnish, prosessitekniikka and Intel 80286 -prosessori would be correct, but process engineering or Intel 80286 processor would not. Failure to join the words or omitting the hyphen can be either an honest mistake, or contamination from English.
Another orthographical convention is that English words tend to be written as the originals. For example, the computer jargon term from to chat is written as chattailla (chat + frequentative), even if it is pronounced sättäillä. In Grammar, a frequentative form of a word is one which indicates repeated action The forms chattäillä or chättäillä are used, too. Sometimes, it is even standard language, e. g. sherry [ʃerry], instead of according to English pronunciation šeri [ʃeri].
Other definitions
In the context of Interlingua, an anglicism is a uniquely English expression used when speaking or writing Interlingua. Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA Many English expressions have penetrated into a wide variety of languages, making them good Interlingua expressions. Words can be included in Interlingua in either of two ways through regular derivation using roots and affixes or by establishing their eligibility as international words Novice speakers sometimes assume that an English expression is correct Interlingua when in fact it is not sufficiently international. For example, a novice may use Lassa nos considerar le optiones to mean 'Let's consider the options', as in English. In Interlingua, however, this expression means 'Permit us to consider the options'. A more international expression is Que nos considera le optiones, literally 'That we consider the options'.
Briticisms, Americanisms and other -isms
A Briticism is an expression peculiar to British English, from an outsider's point-of-view. This is a list of words and phrases having differing meanings in British and American English. The term "Briticism" is an Americanism.
An Americanism is an expression peculiar to American or North American English, from an outsider's point of view. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in North America, namely in the United States
There is an article discussing American and British English differences, and for English worldwide look at the English Language entry. This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
The influence of Australian television has also introduced some Australianisms to English speech elsewhere. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Australian English ( AuE, AusE, en-AU) is the form of the English language used in Australia.
See also
- Pseudo-Anglicism
- Calque
- Loanword
- Barbarism (grammar)
- Franglais
- Engrish
- Béarlachas (False Irish)
Dictionary
anglicism
-noun
- A part of speech of English language origin that has been borrowed by another language.
- Briticism
- A cultural aspect typical of the English people.
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