Anglicisation or Anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English for an English speaker. American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland ^[1]

The term most often refers to the process of altering the pronunciation or spelling of a foreign word when it is borrowed into English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Personal names may also be Anglicised – the name of an immigrant to England becomes Anglicised as he or she integrates into the society. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions

Contents 1 Loanwords 2 Proper names 2.1 Place names 2.2 Family and personal names 3 Anglicisation of other languages 4 Anglicisation of minority language groups 5 References 6 See also

Loanwords

Non-English words may be Anglicised by changing their form and pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. For example, the Latin word obscenus /obskeːnus/ has been imported into English in the modified form obscene /əbˈsiːn/. Changing endings in this manner is especially common, and can be frequently seen when foreign words are imported into any language. For example, the English word damsel is an Anglicisation of the Old French damoisele (modern demoiselle), meaning "young lady". Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium Another form of Anglicising is the inclusion of a foreign article as part of a noun (such as alkali from the Arabic al-qili).

Proper names

Place names

Place names are commonly Anglicised in English. Examples include the Italian city of Napoli, known in English as Naples, the German city of München (Munich), the Danish city of København (Copenhagen), and the Dutch city of Den Haag (The Hague). Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Such Anglicisation was once universal: nearly all cities and people discussed in English literature up to the mid-20th century had their names Anglicised. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In the late 20th century, however, use of non-English names in English began to become more common. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on When dealing with languages that use the same Latin alphabet as English, names are now more usually written in English as they exist in their local language, sometimes even with diacritical marks that do not normally exist in English. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation With languages that use non-Latin alphabets, such as the Arabic, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabets, a direct transliteration is typically used, which is then often pronounced according to English rules. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice

De-Anglicisation has become a matter of national pride in some places and especially in regions that were once under colonial rule, where vestiges of colonial domination are a sensitive subject. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism ^[2] As a consequence, Anglicised names have been officially discouraged in many places: Ireland's Kingstown has reverted back to its original Gaelic name of Dún Laoghaire, and India's Bombay is now Mumbai (although Bombay is still commonly used by locals when speaking English). Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Dún Laoghaire (in Irish d̪ˠuːn̪ˠ ˈɫeːrʲə sometimes spelled Dún Laoire; Anglicised as Dunleary, dʌn ˈlɪəri is a suburban India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial

In other cases, established Anglicised names have remained in common use where there is no national pride at stake: this is the case with Munich (München), Naples (Napoli), Rome (Roma), Athens (Αθήνα/Athina), Moscow (Москва/Moskva), Warsaw (Warszawa), Prague (Praha), Bucharest (Bucureşti) and other European cities whose names have been familiar in their Anglicised forms for centuries. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. However, the de-Anglicised names now often appear as an alternative on maps, in airports, etc.

Sometimes a place name can appear Anglicised, but is not, such as when the form being used in English is an older name that has now been changed. For example, Turin in the Piedmont province of Italy was named Turin in the original Piedmontese language, but is now officially known as Torino in Italian. Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest English-language media can sometimes overcompensate for this in the mistaken belief that the Anglicised name was imposed by English speakers and is cultural domination. ^[3] The International Olympic Committee made the choice to officially regard the city as "Torino" throughout the 2006 Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were a Winter Multi-sport event which was celebrated in

Family and personal names

During the time in which there were large influxes of immigrants from Europe to the United States and Great Britain during the 19th and 20th centuries, the names of many immigrants were changed. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Many times this happened right at arrival, with the immigration officials mishearing and writing down whatever they heard, or was done by the immigrants to give themselves a more "American" or "British" sounding name.

French immigrants to the United States (both those of Huguenot and French Canadian background) often accommodated those unfamiliar with French pronunciations and spellings by altering their surnames in either of two ways: spellings were changed to fit the traditional pronunciation (Pariseau became Parizo, Boucher became Bushey, Mailloux became Mayhew), or pronunciations were changed to fit the spelling (Benoit, pronounced BEN-wah, became Ben-OYT). Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In some cases, it could go either way (Gagne, pronounced gon-YAY, become GAG-nee or Gonyea), or something only slightly similar (Bourassa became Bersaw).

Surnames often changed within the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A good example of this can be seen in the surnames of many Irish families – for example, Ó Briain has often become O'Brien, Ó Rothláin became Rowland, and Ó Néill became O'Neill. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Ó Rothláin ( Irish name meaning "descendant of Rothlan" is the pre- Anglicisation Irish form of the names Rowlan, Rowland Rowlands Similarly, native Scottish names were altered such as Somhairle to Sorley, Mac Gill-Eain to MacLean, and Mac Aoidh to MacKay. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

The Anglicisation of a personal name now usually depends on the preferences of the bearer. Name changes are less common today for Europeans emigrating to the United States than they are for people originating in East Asian countries except Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. For instance, Xiangyun might be Anglicised to Sean as the pronunciation is similar (though Sean - or Seán - is Irish and is a Gaelicisation of the Norman French Jean, which itself has been Anglicised to John). Shi Xiangyun ( Chinese: 史湘雲 Pinyin: Shǐ Xiāngyún literally "History Xiang Cloud" is a major character in Dream of the Red Chamber Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Gaelicization or Gaelicisation is the act or process of making something Gaelic, or gaining characteristics of the Gaels. Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and

Anglicisation of other languages

A more recent linguistic development is Anglicisation of other languages, in which words are borrowed from English, making the other language more similar to English; such a word is known as an Anglicism. An anglicism, as most often defined is a word borrowed from English into another language With the rise in Anglophone media and global spread of British and American cultures in the 20th and 21st centuries, many English terms have entered popular usage in other tongues. An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. Technology-related English words like internet and computer are particularly common across the globe, as there are no pre-existing words for them. English words are sometimes imported verbatim, and sometimes adapted to the importing language in a process similar to Anglicisation. In languages with non-Latin alphabets, these borrowed words can be written in the Latin alphabet anyway, resulting in a text made up of a mixture of scripts; other times they are transliterated. Transliteration of English and other foreign words into Japanese requires the special katakana script. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities is a Japanese Syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with Hiragana, Kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet

In some countries such Anglicisation is seen as relatively benign, and the use of English words may even take on a chic aspect. See also List of chics. Chic is an element of fashion and the counterpart of posh. In Japan marketing products for the domestic market often involves using English or pseudo-English brand names and slogans. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Engrish refers to non-standard variations of English often found in East Asian countries A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a A slogan is a memorable Motto or Phrase used in a Political, commercial, Religious and other context as a repetitive expression of In other countries, Anglicisation is seen much more negatively, and there are efforts by public-interest groups and governments to reverse the trend; for example, the Académie Française in France promotes the use of French neologisms to describe technological inventions in place of imported English terms. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been

Anglicisation of minority language groups

The adoption of English as a personal, preferred language is another form of Anglicisation. Calvin Veltman, following the methods of analysis developed in Québec, Canada for establishing rates of language shift, uses the term to refer to the practice of individuals in minority language groups who cease using their mother tongue as their usual, preferred language and adopt English instead. Calvin Veltman is an American Sociologist, Demographer and Sociolinguist at the Université du Québec à Montréal. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer or language replacement or assimilation, is the progressive process whereby a speech community When such individuals continue to speak their mother tongue, they are referred to as "English-dominant bilinguals" and when they cease to do so, they are referred to as "English monolinguals". Rates of Anglicisation may be calculated by comparing the number of people who usually speak English to the total number of people in any given minority language group.

References

See also

• Anglicism
• English words with diacritics
• Loanword

An anglicism, as most often defined is a word borrowed from English into another language Some English language Words have letters with Diacritical marks A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation

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