The Anger of Achilles, by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. See also Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (or Giandomenico Tiepolo) or Lorenzo Baldissera Tiepolo, both sons of Giovanni Battista In this scene from Homer's Iliad, the angry Achilles (a Greek hero in Iliad) is about to draw his sword to attack Agamemnon. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient "Achilleus" redirects here For the emperor with this name see Achilleus (emperor. In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (very resolute / ( ancient Greek:) is a hero, the son of King Atreus of Mycenae The goddess Athena however suddenly appears to stop Achilles by gripping him by the hair and telling him to restrain his anger. ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN.

Anger (also called choler) is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage. The physical effects of anger include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Norepinephrine ( INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) or noradrenaline ( BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) is a ^[1] Some view Anger as part of the fight or flight brain response to the perceived threat of pain. ^[2] Anger becomes the predominant feeling behaviorally, cognitively and physiologically when a person makes the conscious choice to take action to immediately stop the threatening behavior of another outside force. ^[3]

The external expression of anger can be found in facial expressions, body language, physiological responses, and at times in public acts of aggression. A facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the Muscles of the Face. Body language is a term for Communication using Body movements or Gestures instead of or in addition to sounds verbal language or other communication ^[4] Animals and humans for example make loud sounds, attempt to look physically larger, bare their teeth, and stare. ^[5] Anger is a behavioral pattern designed to warn aggressors to stop their threatening behavior. Rarely does a physical altercation occur without the prior expression of anger by at least one of the participants. ^[5] While most of those who experience anger explain its arousal as a result of "what has happened to them," psychologists point out that an angry person can be very well mistaken because anger causes a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability. ^[6]

In the world of humans, the unique use of codified symbols and sounds -written and spoken language, pain or the threat of pain can be perceived from written and verbal sources. Humans may not perceive an immediate physical threat, but pain can be felt psychologically. Due to humans' capacity to imagine the distant future, the threat of pain can also arise purely from the imagination, and not be based on anything happening in the immediate present. In humans, anger often arises when another human being is perceived to violate expected behavioral norms related to social survival. These violations break social or interpersonal boundaries, or may be ethical or legal violations. ^[7]

Modern psychologists view anger as a primary, natural, and mature emotion experienced by all humans at times, and as something that has functional value for survival. Anger can mobilize psychological resources for corrective action. Uncontrolled anger can however negatively affect personal or social well-being. Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people ^[8][6]

While many philosophers and writers have warned against the spontaneous and uncontrolled fits of anger, there has been disagreement over the intrinsic value of anger. ^[9] Dealing with anger has been addressed in the writings of earliest philosophers up to modern times. Modern psychologists, in contrast to the earlier writers, have also pointed out the possible harmful effects of suppression of anger. ^[9]

It has been also shown that the displays of anger can be used as an effective manipulation strategy for social influence. See also Emotion In Psychology, affect display or affective display is a subject's externally displayed affect. Social influence is when the actions or thoughts of individuals are changed by other individuals ^[10][11]

Etymology and Conception

The English term "anger" originally comes from the term angr of Old Norse language; a language that was spoken by the inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. ^[12]

According to the linguist Anna Wierzbicka, the exact conception of anger can vary from culture to culture. Anna Wierzbicka (born 1938 was born in Poland and is a linguist at the Australian National University. For example, the Ilongot language of Philippines does not have a term exactly corresponding to the English term "anger. The Ilongots are a tribe who inhabit the southern Sierra Madre and Caraballo Mountains, on the east side of Luzon Island in the Philippines. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP " In this language, the closest term expressing the concept of "anger" is liget (glossed as ‘energy, anger, passion’). This term plays a crucial role in the culture and life of Ilongots and has a competitive character related to envy and ambition. ^[13] Wierzbicka explains the distinction between the English anger and the Ilongot liget more explicitly as follows:

X feels anger—
(a) X thinks: R did something bad
(b) I don’t want such things to happen
(c) X feels something bad toward R because of that
(d) X wants to do something bad to R because of that
X feels liget—
(a) X thinks: I don’t want people to think that they can do things that I cannot do
(b) I want to do something because of that
(c) I don’t want to think:

“Someone will feel something bad because of that”

“I don’t want to do it because of that”

(d) X feels something because of that
(e) X can do things because of that that other people can’t. ^[13]

Modern Psychology

Anger is viewed as a natural and healthy response that has evolved to enable us to deal with threats. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 ^[4] Three types of anger are recognized by psychologists: The first form of anger, named "hasty and sudden anger" by Joseph Butler, an 18th century English bishop, is connected to the impulse for self-preservation. You might also be looking for Joseph G Butler Jr, a philanthropist and historian or Joseph Campbell Butler, founding member of The Lovin' Spoonful It is shared between humans and animals and occurs when tormented or trapped. The second type of anger is named "settled and deliberate" anger is a reaction to perceived deliberate harm doing or unfair treatment by others. These two forms anger are episodic. The third type of anger is however dispositional and is related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions. Irritability, sullenness and churlishness postures are examples of the last form of anger. ^[14]

Anger can potentially mobilize psychological resources and boost determination toward correction of wrong behaviors, promotion of social justice, communication of negative sentiment and redress of grievances. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than It can also facilitate patience. On the other hand, anger can be destructive when it does not find its appropriate outlet in expression. Anger, in its strong form, impairs one's ability to process information and to exert cognitive control over his behavior. The executive system is a theorized Cognitive system in Psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes An angry person may lose his objectivity, empathy, prudence or thoughtfulness and may cause harm to others. ^[6]

There is a sharp distinction between anger and aggression (verbal or physical, direct or indirect) even though they mutually influence each other. While anger can activate aggression or increase its probability or intensity, it is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for aggression. ^[6]

Expression of anger and its physiology

Two people arguing during a political protest. Both protesters became angry and aggressive, as evidenced by their body language and facial expressions. To hear the angry exchange, listen to the audio below.

Audio file of an angry exchange at a protest.

The external expression of anger can be found in facial expressions, body language, physiological responses, and at times in public acts of aggression. A facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the Muscles of the Face. Body language is a term for Communication using Body movements or Gestures instead of or in addition to sounds verbal language or other communication ^[4] The facial expression and body language are as follows:^[6]

The facial and skeletal musculature are strongly affected by anger. The face becomes flushed, and the brow muscles move inward and downward, fixing a hard stare on the target. The nostrils flare, and the jaw tends toward clenching. This is an innate pattern of facial expression that can be observed in toddlers. Tension in the skeletal musculature, including raising of the arms and adopting a squared-off stance, are preparatory actions for attack and defense. The muscle tension provides a sense of strength and self-assurance. An impulse to strike out accompanies this subjective feeling of potency.

The Fury of Athamas by John Flaxman (1755-1826). Athamas is also a genus of Jumping spiders. The king of Orchomenus in Greek mythology, Athamas ( Greek John Flaxman ( 6 July 1755 - 7 December 1826) was an English sculptor and draughtsman.

Physiological responses to anger include an increase in the heart rate, preparing the person to move, and increase of the blood flow to the hands, preparing them to strike. Blood flow is the flow of Blood in the Cardiovascular system. Perspiration increases (particularly when the anger is intense). ^[15] A common metaphor for the physiological aspect of anger is that of a hot fluid in a container. ^[6] According to Novaco, "Autonomic arousal is primarily engaged through adrenomedullary and adrenocortical hormonal activity. The secretion by the andrenal medulla of the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and by the andrenal cortex of glucocorticoids provides a sympathetic system effect that mobilizes the body for immediate action (e. The Sympathetic Nervous System ( SNS) is a branch of the Autonomic nervous system along with the Enteric nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous g. the release of glucose, stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen). In anger, the catecholamine activation is more strongly norepinephrine than epinephrine (the reverse being the case for fear). The adrenocortical effects, which have longer duration than the adrenomedullary ones, are modiated by secretions of the pituitary gland, which also influences testosterone levels. The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an Endocrine gland about the size of a Pea. The pituitary-adrenocortical and pituitary-gonadal systems are thought to affect readiness or potentiation for anger responding. "^[6]

Neuroscience has shown that emotions are generated by multiple structures in the brain. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The rapid, minimal, and evaluative processing of the emotional significance of the sensory data is done when the data passes through the amygdala in its travel from the sensory organs along certain neural pathways towards the limbic forebrain. The la amygdalae ( Latin, also la corpus amygdaloideum, singular la amygdala, from Greek el αμυγδαλή grc-Latn amygdalē, 'almond' Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields A neural pathway is a Neural tract connecting one part of the Nervous system with another usually consisting of bundles of elongated Myelin -insulated Emotion caused by discrimination of stimulus features, thoughts, or memories however occurs when its information is relayed from the thalamus to the neocortex. ^[16]

Based on some statistical analysis, some scholars have suggested that the tendency for anger may be genetic. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. Distinguishing between genetic and environmental factors however requires further research and actual measurement of specific genes and environments. In Epidemiology, environmental factors are those determinants of disease that are not transmitted genetically. ^[17][18]

Causes of anger

Most commonly, those who experience anger explain its arousal as a result of "what has happened to them" and in most cases the described provocations occur immediately before the anger experience. Such explanations confirm the illusion that anger has a discrete external cause. The angry person usually finds the cause of his anger in an intentional, personal, and controllable aspect of another person's behavior. This explanation is however based on the intuitions of the angry person who experiences a loss in self-monitoring capacity and objective observability as a result of their emotion. Anger can be of multicausal origin, some of which may be remote events, but people rarely find more than one cause for their anger. ^[6] According to Novaco, "anger experiences are embedded or nested within an environmental-temporal context. Disturbances that may not have involved anger at the outset leave residues that are not readily recognized but that operate as a lingering backdrop for focal provocations. "^[6] According to Britannica Encyclopedia, an internal infection can cause pain which in turn can activate anger. ^[16]

Philosophical perspectives on anger

Ancient times

"When I was still a young man. . . , I watched a man eagerly trying to open a door. When things did not work out as he would have them, I saw him bite the key, kick the door, blaspheme, glare wildly like a madman, and all but foam at the mouth like a wild boar. When I saw this, I conceived such a hatred for anger that I was never thereafter seen behaving in an unseemly manner because of it," remarked Galen. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or ^[19][9]

Ancient philosophers argued that anger can be only experienced by humans: animals cannot become angry because they lack reason. ^[9] Ancient Greek philosophers, describing and commenting on the uncontrolled anger, particularly toward slaves, in their society generally showed a hostile attitude towards anger. Galen and Seneca regarded anger as a kind of madness. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c They all rejected the spontaneous, uncontrolled fits of anger and agreed on both the possibility and value of controlling anger. There were however disagreements regarding the value of anger. For Seneca, anger was "worthless even for war. "^[9] Seneca believed that:

The disciplined Roman army regularly defeats the fury of the Germans. . . . In sporting contests, it is a mistake to become angry . . . , and in response to personal injury, the only relief for great misfortunes is to bear them and submit to their coercion. A personal injury occurs when a Person has suffered some form of Injury, either physical or psychological as the result of an Accident or Medical . . If the misfortune is unbearable, then suicide should be preferred to rage. ^[9]

Aristotle on the other hand, ascribed some value to anger that has arisen from perceived injustice because it is useful for preventing injustice. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ^[9][20] Furthermore, the opposite of anger is a kind of insensibility, Aristotle stated. ^[9]

The difference in people's temperaments was generally viewed as a result the different mix of qualities or humors people contained. Seneca held that "red-haired and red-faced people are hot-tempered because of excessive hot and dry humors. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c "^[9] Ancient philosophers rarely refer to women’s anger at all, according to Simon Kemp and K. T. Strongman perhaps because their works were not intended for women. Some of them that discuss it, such as Seneca, considered women to be more prone to anger than men. ^[9]

Medieval times

During the period of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages, philosophers elaborated on the existing conception of anger, many of whom did not make major contributions to the concept. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial For example, many medieval philosophers such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Roger Bacon and Thomas Aquinas agreed with ancient philosophers that animals cannot become angry. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O ^[9] On the other hand, al-Ghazali (also known as "Algazel" in Europe), who often disagreed with Aristotle and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) on many issues, argued that animals do possess anger as one of the three "powers" in their Qalb ("heart"), the other two being appetite and impulse. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died قلب is an Arabic word meaning " Heart " It is the second among the six purities or Lataif-e-sitta in Sufi philosophy An impulse is a wish or urge particularly a sudden one It can be considered as a normal and fundamental part of Human Thought processes but also one that can become He also argued that animal will is "conditioned by anger and appetite" in contrast to human will which is "conditioned by the intellect. Will, or willpower is a philosophical concept that is defined in several different ways Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities "^[21]

Related to Seneca's belief that "red-haired and red-faced people are hot-tempered because of excessive hot and dry humors," a common medieval belief was that those prone to anger had an excess of yellow bile or choler. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c ^[9]

Modern times

The modern understanding of anger is not much more advanced than that of Aristotle. ^[9] Immanuel Kant rejected vengeance as vicious because it goes beyond defense of one's dignity, and at the same time rejected insensitiveness to social injustice as a sign for lack "manhood. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Social Injustice is a concept relating to the perceived unfairness or injustice of a Society in its divisions of rewards and burdens " Regarding the latter, David Hume had argued that since "anger and hatred are passions inherent in our very frame and constitution, the lack of them is sometimes evidence of weakness and imbecility. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy "^[14]

Two main differences between the modern understanding and ancient understanding of anger can be detected, Kemp and Strongman state: One is that early philosophers were not concerned with possible harmful effects of the suppression of anger. Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage The other is that recent studies of anger takes the issue of gender differences into account. A Gender difference is a distinction of biological and/or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general This does not seem to have been of much concern for the earlier philosophers. ^[9]

Religious perspectives on anger

• Anger in Buddhism is defined here as: "being unable to bear the object, or the intention to cause harm to the object. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices " Anger is seen as aversion with a stronger exaggeration, and is listed as one of the five hindrances. In Buddhism, the five hindrances ( Pali: pañca nīvaraṇāni) are negative mental states that impede success with meditation ( The Buddhist spiritual saints, such as Dalai Lama, the spiritual Guru of Tibetan monks, sometimes get angry. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others ^[22] However, there is a difference; most often a spiritual person is aware of the emotion and the way it can be handled. Thus, in response to the question: "Is any anger acceptable in Buddhism?' the Dalai Lama answered:

  "Buddhism in general teaches that anger is a destructive emotion and although anger might have some positive effects in terms of survival or moral outrage, I do not accept that anger of any kind as a virtuous emotion nor aggression as constructive behavior. The Gautama Buddha has taught that there are three basic kleshas at the root of samsara (bondage, illusion) and the vicious cycle of rebirth. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder These are greed, hatred, and delusion--also translatable as attachment, anger, and ignorance. They bring us confusion and misery rather than peace, happiness, and fulfillment. It is in our own self-interest to purify and transform them. "^[22]

The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things, by Hieronymus Bosch (1485). The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things is a Painting by Hieronymus Bosch, completed in 1485. Hieronymus Bosch ( Dutch, born Jeroen Anthonissen van Aken c 1450 &ndash August 9, 1516) was an Early Netherlandish "Anger" is depicted at the bottom in a series of circular images. Below the image is the Latin inscription Cave Cave Deus Videt ("Beware, Beware, God is Watching")

• Medieval Christianity vigorously rejected anger as one of the seven cardinal, or deadly sins although some Christian writers at times regarded the anger caused from injustice as having some value. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, are a classification of Vices that were originally used in early Christian ^[8][9] Saint Basil viewed anger as a "reprehensible temporary madness. Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great (c 330 – January 1, 379) (Άγιος Βασίλειος ο Μέγας Latin "^[8] Joseph F. Delany in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1914) defines anger as "the desire of vengeance" and states that a reasonable vengeance and passion is ethical and praiseworthy. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia Vengeance is sinful when it exceeds its limits in which case it becomes opposed to justice and charity. For example, "vengeance upon one who has not deserved it, or to a greater extent than it has been deserved, or in conflict with the dispositions of law, or from an improper motive" are all sinful. An unduly vehement vengeance is considered a venial sin unless it seriously goes counter to the love of God or of one's neighbor. According to Roman Catholicism, a venial sin (meaning "forgivable" Sin) is a lesser sin that does not result in a complete separation from God ^[23]
• In Hinduism, anger is equated with sorrow as a form of unrequited desire. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The objects of anger are perceived as a hindrance to the gratification of the desires of the angry person. ^[24] Alternatively if one thinks one is superior, the result is grief. Anger is considered to be packed with more evil power than desire. ^[25]
• The Qur'an, the central religious text of Islam, attributes anger to Prophets and believers and Muhammad's enemies. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. It mentions the anger of Moses against his people for worshiping a golden calf; the anger of Jonah at God in a moment and his eventual realization of his error and his repentance; God's removal of anger from the hearts of believers and making them merciful after the fighting against Muhammad's enemies is over. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ The golden calf (עגל הזהב was an idol (a Cult image) made for the Israelites during Moses ' absence as he went up to Mount Sinai According to the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh / Old Testament) and Qur'an, Jonah (; Arabic: يونس, Yunus or ^[26][27] In general suppression of anger is deemed a praiseworthy quality and Muhammad is attributed to have said, "power resides not in being able to strike another, but in being able to keep the self under control when anger arises. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics "^[28][27][29]
• In Judaism, anger at the sight of wrong done is holy. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut If the anger kindles into passion, it will become however conducive to strife. According to the Hebrew Bible: "He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding, but he that is hasty of temper[A. V. "spirit"] exalteth folly. . . A wrathful man stirrers up strife: he that is slow to anger appeases strife. . . He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty. . . Be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry; for anger rests in the bosom of fools. " In the Book of Genesis, Jacob condemned the anger that had arisen in his sons Simon and Levi: "Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath, for it was cruel"^[30]

Anger of God or gods

The Great Day of His Wrath, by John Martin (1789-1854). Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; The End of the World, later to be commonly known as The Great Day of His Wrath, is an 1851-1853 Oil painting on Canvas by the English John Martin ( 19 July 1789 &ndash 17 February, 1854) was an important and influential English painter of the nineteenth

In many religions, anger is frequently attributed to God or gods. Primitive people held that gods were subject to anger and revenge in naive anthropomorphic fashion. The Hebrew Bible says that opposition to God's Will results in God's anger. The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic ^[31] The Hebrew Bible explains that:

God is not an intellectual abstraction, nor is He conceived as a being indifferent to the doings of man; and His pure and lofty nature resents most energetically anything wrong and impure in the moral world: "O Lord, my God, mine Holy One. . . Thou art of eyes too pure to behold evil, and canst not look on iniquity. "^[30]

Christians also subscribe to the God's holiness and his anger in the sight of evil. This anger, they hold is not inconsistent with God's love. They also believe that the wrath of God comes to those who reject Jesus. ^[31] In Islam, God's mercy outweighs his wrath or takes precedence of it. ^[32] The characteristics of those upon whom God's wrath will fall is as follows: Those who reject God; deny his signs; doubt the resurrection and the reality of the day of judgment; call Muhammad a sorcerer, a madman or a poet; do mischief, are impudent, do not look after the poor (notably the orphans); live in luxury or heap up fortunes; persecute the believers or prevent them from praying;. In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah "the Day of Resurrection" (يوم القيامة or Yawm ad-Din "the Day of Faith" (يوم الدين is God's final . . ^[33]

Dealing with anger

The Inferno, Canto 7, lines 8-9: “Cursed wolf! thy fury inward on thyself/ Prey, and consume thee!”, by Gustave Doré (1832-1883).

According to Leland R. Beaumont, each instance of anger demands making a choice:^[34]

• Respond with hostile action, including overt violence
• Respond with hostile inaction, such as withdrawing or stonewalling
• Initiate a dominance contest
• Harbor resentment
• Work to better understand and constructively resolve the issue

Views of ancient philosophers

Seneca addresses the question of mastering anger in three parts: 1. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Resentment (also called rancour, or ranklement) is an Emotion of Anger or bitterness felt repeatedly as a result of a real or imagined wrong Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c how to avoid becoming angry in the first place 2. how to cease being angry and 3. how to deal with anger in others. ^[9] Seneca suggests:

1. In order to avoid becoming angry in the first place, Seneca suggests that the many faults of anger should be repeatedly remembered. One should avoid being too busy or deal with anger-provoking people. Unnecessary hunger or thirst should be avoided and soothing music be listened to. ^[9]
2. In order to cease being angry, Seneca suggests "one to check speech and impulses and be aware of particular sources of personal irritation. In dealing with other people, one should not be too inquisitive: It is not always soothing to hear and see everything. When someone appears to slight you, you should be at first reluctant to believe this, and should wait to hear the full story. You should also put yourself in the place of the other person, trying to understand his motives and any extenuating factors, such as age or illness. "^[9] Seneca further advises daily self-inquisition about one's bad habit. The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as ^[9]
3. In order to deal with anger in others, Seneca suggests that the best reaction is to simply do nothing quickly. Certain kind of deception, Seneca says, is necessary in dealing with angry people. ^[9]

Galen basically repeats Seneca's points but adds a new point to it: Finding a guide and teacher can help the person in controlling his passions. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Galen also gives some hints for finding a good teacher. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or ^[9]

Both Seneca and Galen (and later philosophers) agree that process of controlling anger should start childhood when the children are more malleable. Seneca though warns that this education should not blunt the spirit of the Children nor should they be humiliated or treated severely. At the same time, they should not be pampered. The Children, Seneca says should learn not to beat their playmates nor to become angry at them. The request of Children should not be granted when they are angry, Seneca advices. ^[9]

Middle ages

Maimonides considered being given to uncontrollable passions as a kind of illness. Moses Maimonides ( March 30 1135 – December 13 1204) also known as the Rambam, was a Rabbi, Physician, and Like Galen, Maimonides suggested seeking out a philosopher for curing this illness just as one seeks out a physician for curing bodily illnesses. Roger Bacon elaborates Seneca's advices. For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O Many medieval writers discuss at length the evils of anger and the virtues of temperance. John Mirk asks men to "consider how angels flee before them and fiends run toward him to burn him with hellfire. "^[9]

In The Canon of Medicine, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) modified the theory of temperaments and argued that anger heralded the transition of melancholia to mania, and explained that humidity inside the head can contribute to such mood disorders. The Canon of Medicine ( Arabic: القانون في الطب Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb " The Law of Medicine " Persian TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born In psychology temperament is the innate aspect of an individual's personality such as Introversion or Extroversion. Mania (from Greek μανία and that from μαίνομαι - mainomai, "to rage to be furious" is a severe medical condition Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air In daily language the term "humidity" is normally taken to mean Relative humidity. A mood disorder is the term given for a group of diagnoses in the DSM IV TR classification system where a disturbance in the person's emotional mood is hypothesised ^[35] On the other hand, Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi classified anger (along with aggression) as a type of neurosis,^[36] while al-Ghazali (Algazel) argued that anger takes form in rage, indignation and revenge, and that "the powers of the soul become balanced if it keeps anger under control. This article is about the scientist For the poet see Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi. In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm This article describes the term in psychology For the experimental metal band see Neurosis (band. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died Rage, in Psychiatry, is a mental state that is one extreme of the intensity spectrum of Anger. Revenge (also vengeance, retribution, or vendetta amongst others consists primarily of retaliation against a person or group in response The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living "^[37]

Modern times

According to R. Novaco, anger is an emotional response to provocation. R. Novaco recognized three modalities of anger: cognitive (appraisals), somatic-affective (tension and agitations) and behavioral ( withdrawal and antagonism). In order to manage anger the problems involved in the anger should be discussed Novaco suggests. The situations leading to anger should be explored by the person. The person is then tried to be imagery-based relieved of his or her recent angry experiences. ^[9][38]

Modern therapies for anger involve restructuring thoughts and beliefs in order to bring about a causal reduction in anger. This therapy often comes within the schools of CBT (or cognitive behavioral therapy) or other modern schools such as REBT (or rational emotional behavioral therapy). See also Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT) is an umbrella-term for psychotherapeutic systems that deal with cognitions interpretations Research shows that people who suffer from excessive anger often harbor irrational thoughts and beliefs towards negativity. It has been shown that with therapy by a trained professional, individuals can bring their anger to manageable levels. ^[39]

The therapy is followed by the so-called "stress inoculation" in which the clients are taught "relaxation skills to control their arousal and various cognitive controls to exercise on their attention, thoughts, images, and feelings. They are taught to see the provocation and the anger itself as occurring in a series of stages, each of which can be dealt with. "^[9]

Suppression of anger

While the early philosophers were not concerned with possible harmful effects of the suppression of anger, modern psychologists point out that suppression of anger may have harmful effects. The suppressed anger may find another outlet, such as a physical symptom, or become more extreme. ^[9][40] John W. Fiero cites Los Angeles riots of 1992 as an example of sudden, explosive release of suppressed anger. The Los Angeles riots of 1992, also known as the Rodney King uprising or the Rodney King riots, were sparked on April 29, 1992 when a jury The anger was then displaced as violence against those who had nothing to do with the matter. Another example of widespread deflection of anger from its actual cause toward a scapegoat, Fiero says, was the blaming of Jews for the economic ills of Germany by the Nazis. ^[8]

Anger as a strategy

As with any emotion, the display of anger can be feigned or exaggerated. See also Emotion In Psychology, affect display or affective display is a subject's externally displayed affect. Studies by Hochschild and Sutton have shown that the show of anger is likely to be an effective manipulation strategy in order to change and design attitudes. Anger is a distinct strategy of social influence and its use (i. e. belligerent behaviors) as a goal achievement mechanism proves to be a successful strategy. ^[10][11]

Anger and social position

Tiedens, known for her studies of anger, claimed that expression of feelings would cause a powerful influence not only on the perception of the expresser but also on his power position in the society. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Power position is a concept from Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese practice of studying one's position within one's surroundings A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions She studied the correlation between anger expression and social influence perception. In Probability theory and Statistics, correlation, (often measured as a correlation coefficient) indicates the strength and direction of a linear In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Previous researchers, such as Keating, 1985 have found that people with angry face expression were perceived as powerful and as in a high social position. Social position is the position of an Individual in a given Society and Culture. ^[41] Similarly, Tiedens et al. have revealed that people who compared scenarios involving an angry and a sad, attributed a higher social status to the angry character. In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position) ^[42]

Anger and status attribution

Tiedens examined in her study whether anger expression promotes status attribution. In other words, whether anger contributes to perceptions or legitimization of others’ behaviors. Her findings clearly indicated that participants who were exposed to either an angry or a sad person were inclined to express support for the angry person rather than for a sad one. In addition, it was found that a reason for that decision originates from the fact that the person expressing anger was perceived as an ability owner, and was attributed a certain social status accordingly. In Sociology or Anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige attached to one's position in Society (one's Social position) ^[41]

Anger and negotiation

Main article: Negotiation#Emotion in negotiation

The main question in this matter is whether show of anger during negotiation increases the ability of the anger expresser to succeed in negotiation. For Wikipedia's negotiation policy see WikipediaNegotiation. For other uses see Negotiation (disambiguation. For Wikipedia's negotiation policy see WikipediaNegotiation. For other uses see Negotiation (disambiguation. For Wikipedia's negotiation policy see WikipediaNegotiation. For other uses see Negotiation (disambiguation. Few previous studies such as the one done by Tiedens et al. have found that the anger expressers were perceived as stubborn, dominant and powerful. In addition, it was found that people were inclined to easily give up to those who were perceived by them as a powerful and stubborn, rather than soft and submissive. ^[42] Based on these findings Sinaceur and Tiedens have found that people conceded more to the angry side rather than for the non-angry one. ^[43] A question raised by Van Kleef et al. based on these findings was whether expression of emotion influences others, since it is known that people use emotional information to conclude about others’ limits and match their demands in negotiation accordingly. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours For Wikipedia's negotiation policy see WikipediaNegotiation. For other uses see Negotiation (disambiguation. Van Kleef et al. wanted to explore whether people give up more easily to an angry opponent or to a happy opponent. Findings revealed that participants tended to be more flexible toward an angry opponent compared with a happy opponent. These results strengthen the argument that participants analyze the opponent’s emotion in order to conclude about their limits and carry out their decisions accordingly. ^[44]

See also

• Anger management
• Hate
• Hostility
• Rage (emotion)

Further reading

Academic Articles

• The Interpersonal Effects of Anger and Happiness in Negotiations
• Controlling Anger -- Before It Controls You
• Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral
• Get mad and get more than even: When and why anger expression is effective in negotiations
• [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001520967 Managing emotions in the workplace. Anger Management is a 2003 Comedy film which starred Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson, was directed by Peter Segal Hostility (also called inimicality) is a form of angry internal Rejection or Denial in psychology Rage, in Psychiatry, is a mental state that is one extreme of the intensity spectrum of Anger.

References

External links

• Anger, Jewish Encyclopedia
• "Anger" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. .
• Workplace Anger, Encyclopedia of Small Business
• Anger, Encyclopedia of Psychology
• Wrath, (Anger), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
• Anger, An Urgent Plea for Justice and Action by Leland R. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915 is a Public domain Biblical encyclopedia Beaumont