An android is a robot designed to resemble a human, usually both in appearance and behavior. A robot is a mechanical or Virtual Artificial agent In practice it is usually an electro-mechanical system which by its appearance or movements Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The word derives from the Greek andr-, meaning "man, male", and the suffix -eides, used to mean "of the species; alike" (from eidos "species"). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Though the word derives from a gender-specific root, its usage in English is usually gender-neutral; the female counterpart, gynoid, is generally used only when female gender is a distinguishing trait of the robot. Gynoid (from Greek γυνη gynē - woman is a term used to describe a Robot designed to look like a human female as compared to an Android The term was first mentioned by Albertus Magnus in 1270^[1] and was popularized by the French writer Villiers in his 1886 novel L'Ève future, although the term "android" appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automations. Jean-Marie-Mathias-Philippe-Auguste comte de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam ( November 7, 1838 – August 19, 1889) was a French Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Future Eve (also translated as Tomorrow's Eve and The Eve of the Future) (L'Ève future is a Novel by Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam ^[2]

Thus far, androids have largely remained within the domain of science fiction, frequently seen in film and television. However, some humanoid robots now exist. A Humanoid Robot is a Robot with its overall appearance based on that of the Human body. The word droid, a robot in the Star Wars universe, is derived from this meaning. This is the concept of the "droid" in Science fiction. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded

Contents 1 Android projects 1.1 Japanese Projects 1.2 Other Projects 2 Usage and distinctions 3 Ambiguity 4 Androids in fiction 5 Bio androids in fiction 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 See also 10 External links

Android projects

As of August 2007, a handful of android projects have been successfully completed.

Japanese Projects

The world's first Android DER 01 was developed by Japanese Research Group. The Intelligent Robotics Lab directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University and Kokoro Co. or, is a major national university in Osaka, Japan It is the sixth oldest university in Japan as the Prefectural Osaka Medical College, and formerly one of the Imperial , Ltd. have demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. An Actroid is a Humanoid robot with strong visual human-likeness developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd Expo 2005 was the World's Fair held in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, east of the city of Nagoya. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. And in 2006, Kokoro Co. developed new DER 2 android. Height of the human body part of "DER2" is 165cm. There are 47 mobile points. DER2 moves not only the expression but also hands and feet and can twist a body. "The air servosystem" which Kokoro Co. developed originally is used for the actuator. As a result of having controlled an actuator with air pressure via servosystem precisely, the movement is very fluent and noise is very small. "DER2" realized a slimmer body than a former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly "DER2" becomes a more beautiful proportion. Compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. The smoothness of her movement has also been improved, making it now even more likely for the uninitiated to confuse her with an actual human being. Once programmed, she is able to choreograph her motions and gestures with her voice.

The Intelligent Mechatronics Lab directed by Kobayashi at The Science University of Tokyo has developed an android head called Saya, which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama, Japan. Tokyo University of Science (東京理科大学 Tōkyō Rika Daigaku, formerly "Science University of Tokyo" is a prestigious private university of Science and Technology is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area There are several other initiatives around the world involving humanoid research and development at this time, which will hopefully introduce a broader spectrum of realized technology in the near future. Now she is working at Science University of Tokyo as a guide.

The Waseda University(Japan) and NTT Docomo's manufacturers have succeeded in creating a shape-shifting robot WD-2. It is capable of changing its face. At first, the creators decided the position of the necessary points to express the outline, eyes, nose and so on of a certain person. The robot expresses his/her face by moving all points to the decided positions", they say. The first version of the robot was first developed back in 2003. After that, a year later, they did a couple of major improvements in the design. The robot features an elastic mask made from the average head dummy. It uses a driving system with a 3DOF unit. The WD-2 robot can change its facial features by activating specific facial points on a mask, with each point possessing three degrees of freedom. This one has 17 facial points, for a total of 56 degrees of freedom. As for the materials they used, the WD-2’s mask is fabricated with a highly elastic material called Septom, with bits of steel wool mixed in for added strength. Other technical features reveal a shaft is driven behind the mask at the desired facial point, driven by a DC motor with a simple pulley and a slide screw. Apparently, the researchers can also modify the shape of the mask based on actual human faces. To "copy" a face, they only need a 3D scanner to determine the locations of an individual’s 17 facial points. After that, they are then driven into position using a laptop and 56 motor control boards. In addition, the researchers also mention that the shifting robot can even display an individual’s hair style and skin color, if a photo of their face is projected onto the 3D mask.

Other Projects

KITECH researched & developed the EveR-1, an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial "musculature", and capable of rudimentary conversation having a ~400 word vocabulary. EveR-1 (에버원 is the world's second female Android ( Gynoid) developed by a team of South Korean scientists from the Korea Institute of Industrial She is 160 cm tall and weighs 50 kg, matching the average figures of Korean women in their twenties. EveR-1's name derives from the Biblical Eve, plus the letter "r" for robot. In Genesis, Eve is the first woman the wife of Adam. God created her from Adam's rib as his helpmate EveR-1's advanced computing processing power enables Speech Recognition & Vocal Synthesis, at the same time processing Lip Synchronization and Visual Recoginition by 90 degrees Micro CCD Cameras with Face Recognition Technology. An independent micro chip inside her artificial brain handles Gesture Expressions, Body Coordination and Emotion Expressions. Her whole body is made of highly advanced synthetic jelly silicon and with 60 artificial joints in her face, neck, and lower body, she is able to demonstrate realistic facial expressions and sing, while simutanously dancing. In South Korea, the Ministry of Information and Communication hopes to put a robot in every home by as early as 2013, strictly for the purposes of clean, decorous, non-vulgar entertainment. The Ministry of Information and Communication or MIC is a ministry of the Government of South Korea.

Hanson Robotics, Inc. Introduction David Hanson is an American Robotics Designer and Researcher, responsible for the creation of a series of realistic of Texas and KAIST produced an android portrait of Albert Einstein, using Hanson's facial android technology mounted on KAIST's life-size walking bipedal robot body. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical This Einstein android, also called "Albert Hubo", thus represents the first full body walking android in history (see video at [1]). Hanson Robotics, the FedEx Institute of Technology [2], and the University of Texas at Arlington also developed the android portrait of sci-fi author Philip K. Dick (creator of Blade Runner), with full conversational capabilities that incorporated thousands of pages of the author's. Philip Kindred Dick (December 16 – March 2) was an American Science fiction Novelist and Short story Writer. In 2005, the PKD android won a first place Artificial intelligence award from AAAI. The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence or AAAI is an international nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of

Project Aiko of Canada has created an android portrait as a female person, using B. Project Aiko (Japanese 愛子 is Canada's first functional female android and was developed by Le Trung a chemist graduate from York University R. A. I. N. S software (Biometric Robot Artificial Intelligence Neural System) with silicone body, they have created one of the most unusual androids. The android is called "Aiko", thus Aiko is the first android to mimic pain, and the ability to learn and avoid pain. In additional, Aiko has speech, voice, face, and object recognition. It can also solve math problems displayed to her visually. It is also capable of learning new information from the environment. It is hoped that Aiko can walk in the near future.

Usage and distinctions

Unlike the terms robot (a "mechanical" being) and cyborg (a being that is partly organic and partly mechanical), the word android has been used in literature and other media to denote several different kinds of artificially constructed beings:

• a robot that closely resembles a human
• an artificially or synthetically created, being that closely resembles a human. Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements A cyborg is a Cybernetic Organism ( ie, an organism that has both artificial and natural systems An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Synthetic life and artificial life (not to be confused with the field of Artificial Life) are terms used for attempts to recreate life from non-alive ( Abiotic Also referred to in many series (mostly anime) as Bio Android

Although human morphology is not necessarily the ideal form for working robots, the fascination in developing robots that can mimic it can be found historically in the assimilation of two concepts: simulacra (devices that exhibit likeness) and automata (devices that have independence). Biorobotics is a term that loosely covers the fields of Cybernetics, Bionics and even Genetic engineering as a collective study Simulacrum (plural -cra also -crums from the Latin simulacrum which means "likeness similarity" is first recorded in the English language in the late

The term android was first used by the French author Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838-1889) in his work Tomorrow's Eve, featuring an artificial human-like robot named Hadaly. Jean-Marie-Mathias-Philippe-Auguste comte de Villiers de l'Isle-Adam ( November 7, 1838 – August 19, 1889) was a French The Future Eve (also translated as Tomorrow's Eve and The Eve of the Future) (L'Ève future is a Novel by Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam As said by the officer in the story, "In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls. "

Although Karel Čapek's robots in R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (1921)—the play that introduced the word "robot" to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word robot has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. Karel Čapek ( pronounced) ( January 9, 1890 – December 25, 1938 was one of the most influential Czech writers of the 20th century RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots is a Science fiction play by Karel Čapek. The term android can mean either one of these, while a cyborg ("cybernetic organism" or "bionic man") would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts.

The word android is a combination of Ancient Greek andros and the suffix -oid, which literally means "in the form of a man. " This could be contrasted with the more general term anthropoid, which means humanlike. Anthropoid came from the Greek for "of human likeness"

Ambiguity

Historically, science fiction authors have used "android" in a greater diversity of ways than the terms "robot" and "cyborg". An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created In some fiction works, the primary difference between a robot and android is only skin-deep, with androids being made to look almost exactly like humans on the outside, but with internal mechanics exactly the same as that of robots. In other stories, authors have defined android to indicate a wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other definitions of android fall somewhere in between.

The character Data, from the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, is described as an android. Lieutenant Commander Data, played by actor Brent Spiner, is a character in the Star Trek Fictional universe. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U Star Trek The Next Generation ( STTNG or TNG) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning science fiction television program created by Gene Roddenberry Data became intoxicated in an early episode ("The Naked Now") and is later referred to having "bioplast sheeting" for skin ("The Most Toys"), perhaps suggesting that he was initially intended by the writers to be at least partially organic. Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. " The Naked Now " is an episode from Star Trek The Next Generation. " The Most Toys " is a 1990 episode from the science fiction television series Star Trek The Next Generation. Otherwise, Data was shown to be mechanical throughout and this often became a central plot theme.

In the show "THE SAINT", Tyler is an android, or a robot with a human intellect. Tyler spends most of the series in fights with Mary, a normal human, and eventually team up to fight against the dark evil Vincent.

The character Rock/Mega Man, from the game series of the same name, is called a Humanoid in the instructions of the first game, and a robot thereafter. He is a member of a class of robots called Robot Masters, which have a certain degree of autonomy. In the original Mega Man series, the term " Robot Master " refers to a special kind of Robot or Android that possesses a very advanced level At the end of Mega Man 7, he states that he is "more than just a robot". Mega Man 7, known as in Japan is a Video game that is a part of the original ''Mega Man'' series. Mega Man's successor, Mega Man X, is specifically identified to be fully autonomous.

The Replicants from the movie Blade Runner were bioengineered organic beings. A replicant is a bioengineered or biorobotic being created in the film Blade Runner (1982 Blade Runner is a 1982 American Science fiction Film, directed by Ridley Scott. Bioengineering (also known as Biological Engineering is the application of Engineering principles to address challenges in the fields of Biology and Medicine While they were not referred to as either robots or androids in the movie, the screenplay was originally based on a novel by Philip K. Dick called Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? In this novel, the beings in question are specifically referred to as "androids" or, more familiarly, "andys". A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Philip Kindred Dick (December 16 – March 2) was an American Science fiction Novelist and Short story Writer. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968 by Philip K Dick, is a Science fiction Novel about Rick Deckard, a Bounty hunter They were created to serve as slaves for humans in the aftermath of a nuclear war. The feature that most obviously distinguishes them from humans is their lack of empathy — otherwise, they are virtually indistinguishable from their organic counterparts (indeed, at one point a character observes that a psychotic human could be confused with an android).

In the video game Beneath a Steel Sky, genetically engineered androids similar to Blade Runner's Replicants are a central plot theme. Beneath a Steel Sky is a British 1994 Science fiction Point and click Adventure game in the Cyberpunk genre However, despite their organic makeup, their behavior is programmed by computer.

The robots of Karel Čapek's R.U.R. were organic in nature. Karel Čapek ( pronounced) ( January 9, 1890 – December 25, 1938 was one of the most influential Czech writers of the 20th century RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots is a Science fiction play by Karel Čapek. Today, an author writing a similar story might very well be inclined to call them androids.

The character Ash in the movie Alien, another artificial organic being, is often referred to as an android (though not in the dialogue of the movie itself). Alien is a 1979 science fiction / Horror film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Sigourney Weaver. Similarly, the character Bishop in Aliens and Alien³ is a more advanced android commonly called a Synthetic, but prefers to be called an "artificial person". This article is about the film for the video games see Aliens (Square computer game and Aliens (arcade game. Alien 3, styled as Alien³, is a 1992 Science fiction / Horror film (see 1992 in film) Much later in the series timeline, the character Call in Alien Resurrection is ashamed of being an android. Alien Resurrection is a science fiction released in 1997 by 20th Century Fox. Interesting to note is that the internal workings of the androids in the Alien universe seem almost human like. They have a white liquid, analogous for blood, probably for hydraulic movement. They also seem to have "guts" as seen in Aliens.

In the Star Wars movies, C-3PO, R2-D2, and other robots are referred to as "droids". Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded C-3PO ( Nicknamed Threepio) is a Fictional character from the Star Wars universe, who appears in both the original R2-D2 (called R2, or " Artoo " for short is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, an Astromech droid While C-3PO could reasonably be called an android because he is humanoid in appearance, the squat cylinder R2-D2 is at most only humanoid in behavior.

In the movie A.I., the robotic characters are called mechas, but the film is loosely based on a short story written by Brian Aldiss called "Supertoys Last All Summer Long", in which the central character David is called an android (by which Aldiss seemed to be referring to an organic creation). Brian Wilson Aldiss, '''OBE''', (born August 18, 1925 in East Dereham, Norfolk, England) is a prolific English

In the anime/manga Chobits, Androids are known as "Persocoms", essentially computers in a man-made body. is a Japanese Manga created by Clamp. It was published by Kodansha in Young Magazine from February 2001 and November 2002 and collected The series does not go into their internal composition, but it is assumed to be artificial with a very realistic outside. One of the key points of this series was a special type of persocom named "Chobit", a persocom that had free will and the ability to fall in love and have emotions.

The android BEJ(Bio Electric Jerk) is a character in the comic series Jack O Lantern Productions. Unlike many androids who usually talk politely,he has an eccentric attitude and refers to humans as "stupid apes".

The Cylon race in the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica series includes twelve android models that are virtually indistinguishable from human beings down to the cellular level, however subcellularly (molecularly) they are different in many ways, and as such have superhuman capacities, but lack the ability to functionally reproduce with each other. The Cylons are a Cybernetic Civilization at war with the Twelve Colonies of humanity in the Battlestar Galactica Science fiction The Battlestar Galactica Science fiction franchise which began as a 1978 TV series, was "reimagined" in 2003 into a TV miniseries A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Molecular nanotechnology (MNT is the concept of engineering functional mechanical systems at the molecular scale

The character Kryten from the television show Red Dwarf is described as being a "Mechanoid" as well as an android. Kryten (full name Kryten 2X4B-523P) is a Fictional character in the British Science fiction Situation comedy Red Dwarf According to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a red dwarf star is a small and relatively cool Star, of the Main sequence, either late K This is a melding of the words "Mechanical" and "Humanoid". According to the episode "DNA", his brain is part-organic, and his DNA can therefore be altered. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known He is also capable of breaking his programming and obtaining emotions, though this proves to be difficult as displayed in the episode, "Camille". " Camille " is the first episode of Science fiction Sitcom Red Dwarf Series IV and the nineteenth episode in the series run

Androids in fiction

• The first android in film appeared in Fritz Lang's Metropolis, in which a robot is created in the image of the revolutionary leader Maria. Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang ( December 5, 1890 &ndash August 2, 1976) was an Austrian German - American Metropolis is a silent Science fiction film directed by Fritz Lang and written by Lang and Thea von Harbou.
• One of the earliest android characters is Otho from the Captain Future stories of Edmond Hamilton. Captain Future was both a Science fiction magazine and a fictional character Edmond Moore Hamilton ( October 21, 1904 - February 1 1977) was a popular author of Science fiction stories and novels during the mid-twentieth Otho's construction is never discussed but he is much more human-like than his companion Grag, a mechanical robot.
• The creature in Mary Shelly's classic novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is essentially a robot made from protein-based parts. Mary Shelley ( Née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; 30 August Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, generally known as Frankenstein, is a Novel written by the British author Mary Shelley The creature is animated by a young student who flees from his own creation. He soon begins to learn like a child, and soon he becomes intelligent and seeks revenge on his reluctant 'Father'.
• Isaac Asimov's robot stories are mostly about androids; many are collected in I, Robot (1950). Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian I Robot is a collection of nine Science fiction Short stories by Isaac Asimov, first published by Gnome Press in 1950 in an They promulgated a set of rules of ethics for androids and robots (see Three Laws of Robotics) that greatly influenced other writers and thinkers in their treatment of the subject. In Science fiction, the Three Laws of Robotics are a set of three rules written by Isaac Asimov, which almost all positronic robots appearing in his fiction Most of Asimov's robots appear too artificial to be mistaken for human beings, with the notable exceptions of R. Jander Panell, R. Daneel Olivaw, Andrew Martin, and Dors Venabili, who is the wife of human mathematician Hari Seldon, a major character in the Foundation series. R Daneel Olivaw is a fictional Robot created by Isaac Asimov. In Isaac Asimov 's Foundation Series, Dors Venabili is a good friend protector and later wife of Hari Seldon, the primary character of Prelude
• In the original Star Trek series, the episode What Are Little Girls Made Of? (1966) introduced the concept of android to perhaps the widest audience to that point in time. " What Are Little Girls Made Of? " is a first season episode of Star Trek The Original Series. Guest characters originally presented as human were, one by one, revealed in actuality to be androids, built from technology from an ancient alien civilization, now in ruins. The episode took the android concept one step further by revealing that the main antagonist, Dr. Korby, was in fact dead but had transferred his consciousness into an android duplicate of his body, thereby gaining something akin to immortality. Also, an android duplicate of Captain James T. Kirk was constructed during the episode, one of many times that a Kirk-double appeared in the Star Trek television and movie series.
• A particularly famous android is Data, played by actor Brent Spiner, of the series Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1994); this character was largely inspired by another android character created by Gene Roddenberry for The Questor Tapes. Lieutenant Commander Data, played by actor Brent Spiner, is a character in the Star Trek Fictional universe. Brent Jay Spiner (born February 2, 1949) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of the Android Lieutenant Commander Star Trek The Next Generation ( STTNG or TNG) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning science fiction television program created by Gene Roddenberry Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry (August 19 1921 &ndash October 24 1991 was an American Screenwriter and producer. The Questor Tapes is a 1974 Television movie about an Android (portrayed by Robert Foxworth) with incomplete memory tapes who is searching Data's immediate 'family' — brother Lore, his daughter Lal and 'mother' Dr. Juliana Tainer — were also androids (and the fembots are properly, though rarely, referred to as gynoids) from the same creator, Dr. Noonien Soong. This is a list of minor characters from the Science fiction television series Star Trek The Next Generation. " The Offspring " is a third-season Star Trek The Next Generation episode in which the android Data creates a "child" of his " Inheritance " is an Episode of the Television series Star Trek The Next Generation. Gynoid (from Greek γυνη gynē - woman is a term used to describe a Robot designed to look like a human female as compared to an Android This article lists characters in the various canonical incarnations of Star Trek. Data has a positronic brain, a fictional robotic device conceived by Isaac Asimov, that provides him with a very high approximation of human sentience, and exhibits a very strong desire to be human, and to understand humanity. A positronic brain is a fictional technological device originally conceived by Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. He is shown as extremely endearing and curious, despite the fact that he lacks the ability to feel emotions or understand human idiosyncrasies, and is constantly trying to copy various forms of human behavior, most notably comedy.
• In CLAMP's seinen anime/manga series, Chobits, Chii, an android known as a "persocom", is noted to have special abilities that of the 'Chobits' series of persocoms, having real feelings and acting human in every way. is a Japanese Manga created by Clamp. It was published by Kodansha in Young Magazine from February 2001 and November 2002 and collected She eventually falls in love with her owner, Hideki, who found her in the trash, demonstrating her strong, human-like feelings.
• In Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979), the Ilia probe — a precisely duplicated biomechanical replica of Lieutenant Ilia, with some of her emotions intact — was dispatched by V'ger to gather information about the crew of the starship Enterprise. Star Trek The Motion Picture is a 1979 Science fiction film from Paramount Pictures. An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours V'ger ( Vejur in the novelization by Gene Roddenberry) is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe A starship is a theoretical Spacecraft designed for traveling between the stars, as opposed to a vehicle designed for Orbital spaceflight or Interplanetary The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701 is a Starship in Star Trek, which chronicles the vessel's mission "to explore strange new worlds to
• In the TV series Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda (2000–2005), the gynoid Rommie is an extension of the starship's AI operating system, represented by an avatar of Rommie. See Andromeda (disambiguation for other uses of "Andromeda" Rommie is the name of a fictional character on the television series Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda played by Actress Lexa Doig. The Andromeda Ascendant is a Fictional Starship in the Television series Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination An avatar is a computer user's representation of himself/herself or alter ego whether in the form of a three-dimensional model used in computer games a two-dimensional Icon
• Androids (Jinzou Ningen in Japanese; meaning 'artificial human') are also a race in Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, and Dragon Ball GT. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities The androids' names were only numbers (such as Android #18 or Android #20). They were created by Dr. Gero, Dr. Muu, and the Red Ribbon Army. Some are entirely artificial and some are created from humans and can be considered cyborgs.
• Jinzo Ningen Kikaider was the first manga and tokusatsu series to feature an android protagonist. is a Japanese Superhero created by Shotaro Ishinomori. The character has appeared in Manga, Tokusatsu, and Anime. ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly is a Japanese word that literally means " Special effects " It is primarily used to refer to Live-action Japanese Film and
• The series Xenosaga borrows Villiers' original term Realian when referring to a race of beings created by Vector Corporation. --> TC --> is primarily a series of Science fiction Two playable characters are androids (MOMO and KOS-MOS). One is referred to as a Realian while the second is simply an android, the difference being that Realians, while also artificial, are at least mostly organic in composition.
• In their respective series by Capcom, Mega Man was initially called a "humanoid", which was then simplified to robot. For the original NASA meaning see capsule communicator. is a leading Japanese International developer (from the phrase "Rock n Roll" in Japan is a Video game character created by Keiji Inafune and is the title character of what has been referred to as the original X, a later version, is said to be more advanced, more independent of thought, and closer to an android. Mega Man X, or in the games' original Japanese, usually abbreviated to simply "X" is the main character of Capcom 's Mega Man X Other beings, based on his design, are called Reploids. A Reploid, or in the original Japanese games from the Science fiction Video game series Mega Man X, Mega Man Zero
• In the Doctor Who episode "Bad Wolf", with deadly versions of 20th-century gameshows, there is an android host of The Weakest Link called the "Anne Droid" (a pun on the name of Anne Robinson, the current host). Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. This article is about the Doctor Who episode For the folk tale character see Big Bad Wolf. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Weakest Link is a television Game show which first appeared in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 14 August, 2000 Anne Josephine Robinson (born September 26 1944 is an English Television presenter and former Journalist, known for her assertive views and style The series had previously featured androids in the more conventional sense — that is robotic duplicates of real people — in The Chase (a Dalek-made murderous robot double of the First Doctor), Four to Doomsday, Timelash (though the androids are deliberately distinguishable by having blue skin), The Caves of Androzani, in which Sharaz Jek creates android replicas of the Fifth Doctor and Peri Brown and most notably The Android Invasion, in which among the deadly robot creations was a copy of Sarah Jane Smith that failed to fool the Doctor. The Chase is a serial in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in six weekly A Dalek (, ˈdɑːlεk is a member of a Fictional extraterrestrial race of Mutants from the British science fiction television The First Doctor is the name given to the initial incarnation of the Fictional character known as the Doctor seen on screen in the long-running Four to Doomsday is a serial in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in Timelash is a serial in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in two weekly The Caves of Androzani is a serial in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast This is a list of villains from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The Fifth Doctor is the name given to the fifth incarnation of the Fictional character known as the Doctor seen on screen in the long-running Peri Brown, full name Perpugilliam Brown, is a fictional character played by Nicola Bryant in the long-running British science fiction television The Android Invasion is a serial in the British Science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast Sarah Jane Smith is a Fictional character played by Elisabeth Sladen in the long-running British BBC Television science fiction series See also Autons and Kamelion. The Autons are an artificial life form from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, and adversaries of the Doctor Kamelion is a Fictional character from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
• At least one episode of Blake's 7 revolves round a deadly robot duplicate. Blake's 7 is a British Science fiction television series made by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC for their BBC 1 channel
• General Morden creates mechanical duplicates of himself and resurrects his henchman Allen O'niel as an android. defeat doesn't mean their end. The mechanical duplicates drag themselves toward the player, self-destruct, and leave their heads behind where they become land mines.
• In the game Shadow the Hedgehog Dr. is a character from the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series, an artificially created life form Eggman creates an army of androids that resemble Shadow the hedgehog called, "Shadow androids". Due to their exact resemblance Shadow begins to fear he too is an android.
• In the show Small Wonder (TV series) Vicki Lawson who is also known as V. Small Wonder is an American Science fiction Television sitcom in First-run syndication from 1985 to 1989 I. C. I. short for Voice Input Child Identicant is an android built by Ted Lawson he and his family passes her off as their daughter and sister.
• Kim Fox is a sentient female android (or gynoid) who features in the work of Richard Evans (British author). Gynoid (from Greek γυνη gynē - woman is a term used to describe a Robot designed to look like a human female as compared to an Android Richard Evans (born Manchester, United Kingdom October 15 1964 is author of the future-noir novels Machine Nation and Robophobia His futursitic thrillers, Machine Nation and Robophobia examine machine emotions and the consequences of human-android relationships. Other gynoids and androids appear in his short stories, Touch Sensitive and Hand In Glove.
• The entire Phantasy Star video game series prominently features androids as main characters and plot elements. The Phantasy Star (ファンタシースター is a series of RPG Video games and other supplementary media created by Sega which started
• In Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive, Mackenzie "Mack" Hartford is Andrew Hartford's son and the first ever Power Ranger that is an android. Power Rangers Operation Overdrive (abbreviated as PROO and Operation Overdrive) is an American Television program the
• Krang from the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon uses a robotic android body, which looks much like a human body in appearance. Krang is a fictional Supervillain who appears in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles universe Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (known as Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles in the United Kingdom, Ireland and some other European countries Any artificial intelligence is, however, never seen. Krang sits inside the robot, controlling it. In the episode The Turtle Terminator of the same series, Shredder uses an android robot that look likes Irma in an attempt of destroying the turtles. The Shredder is a Fictional character in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles universe.
• In the short film Android 207 an artificially intelligent humanoid machine must navigate its way through a complex maze filled with physical and psychological challenges. Android 207 Is a stop motion animated Film by Canadian filmmaker Paul Whittington.

Bio androids in fiction

In fiction, one prominent android variation is the Bio android, which is constructed of protein based components as opposed to electronic and mechanical parts. Bio androids are all composed of synthetic flesh, though their exact composition varies from work to work. Biorobotics or synthetic biology are among the terms used to describe how they are made. Biorobotics is a term that loosely covers the fields of Cybernetics, Bionics and even Genetic engineering as a collective study Synthetic biology is a new area of biological research that combines Science and Engineering in order to design and build ("synthesize"

• The New Race in the novel series Dean Koontz's Frankenstein, where Victor Frankenstein has built an army of synthetic humans that are supposed to replace the original humans called "the Old Race", which he considers to be too much of a failure. Dean Koontz's Frankenstein is the collective title of a trilogy of novels co-written by Dean Koontz.
• Cell in the anime series, Dragon Ball Z, is created using the DNA of several powerful fighters and grown in a lab by Doctor Gero, who also built several other highly advanced, but more traditional androids. Cell's status as a bio android is both questionable and unique as he is grown like a clone rather than built.
• Melfina in the anime series, Outlaw Star, is a bio android built using synthetic flesh and the knowledge from an extinct civilization. The following is a list of characters from the Japanese Manga and Anime Outlaw Star. is a Manga series written and illustrated by Takehiko Ito. The series takes place in the distant future 150 years after the development of Spacecraft capable Her primary purpose is to be both the navigation system to find and the key to activate the Galactic Leyline, the finding of which is the ultimate goal of the protagonists. However, she displays other traits which align her more closely with other organic beings.
• The title character in the anime, Armitage III is an android comprising of both mechanical and cybernetic components. is a 1994 Cyberpunk Anime series based around Naomi Armitage a highly advanced "Type-III" android It is revealed that she, as well as the other similar androids can even reproduce with humans. In this same movie a 4th type is developed which is completely organic.
• The humanoid Cylons in the Sci-Fi Channel remake series of Battlestar Galactica are built using organic components so that they appear to be identical to humans, even when an autopsy is performed. The Cylons are a fictional race of bio-mechanical beings appearing in the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series Battlestar Galactica is an Emmy and Peabody Award -winning serial drama Television program created by Ronald D However, they all share an almost telepathic bond and are mass produced in specific body types. In addition, their minds are transmitted back to their bases upon destruction of their bodies so that they can be reborn. At least two Cylons so far have produced hybrid children with human beings.
• In the anime Casshan Robot Hunter, the Nidroids are cybernetic organisms designed to live in symbiosis with nature. They later replace traditional androids and robots as the main enemies of mankind.
• In the pornographic anime Buttobi CPU, the main character Akira is tricked into buying Mimi/Pixie, a bio android girl, in place of a computer. is a Japanese erotic Anime series by Kaoru Shintani. It was produced in 1997 by Pink Pineapple studios and was later released by
• In the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion, the Evas are a combination of cybernetic and biological parts cloned from extraterrestrial beings, and could therefore be considered either cyborgs or bio androids, depending on strictness of definition. They are effectively bio androids in the form of a mech-suits. In addition, the character Rei Ayanami is revealed to be one of many bio androids based on the same technology as the Evas.
• In the manga and anime Appleseed, there is an entire population of bio androids who look after humans. They have to switch into new bodies, in the remade anime receive "life extension treatments", every so often because they lack cellular division, a fact that also prevents them from reproducing. In the end, however, the factory that assembles their new bodies is destroyed, and they are given the ability to reproduce and thus remain in one body.
• In the anime series, Ghost in the Shell 2nd Gig, Proto was one of the men who worked on the Tachikoma. is the second season of the Japanese Anime series Ghost in the Shell Stand Alone Complex, based on Masamune Shirow 's ''Ghost in the Shell'' A Tachikoma (タチコマ is a fictional AI walker /roller Tankette in the Ghost in the Shell universe appearing in the manga created Near the end of the series, when Proto's brain is fried while he attempts to hack into a government network, it is revealed that he is in fact a bio android prototype.
• The replicants in the movie Blade Runner, where a small handful of escaped replicants are being hunted by specialist police units called "blade runners". A replicant is a bioengineered or biorobotic being created in the film Blade Runner (1982 Blade Runner is a 1982 American Science fiction Film, directed by Ridley Scott.
• The Realians in the Xenosaga game series could be considered bio-androids, though there exist both carbon-based and metallic variations. --> TC --> is primarily a series of Science fiction

Many more examples may be found in this list of fictional robots. This list of fictional robots and androids is a Chronological list categorised by medium

Notes

References

1. Kerman, Judith B. (1991). Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-509-5
2. Shelde, Per (1993). Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7930-1
3. Sidney Perkowitz (2004) Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09619-7

Further reading

• Whitehouse, David. "Japanese develop 'female' android", BBC News website, July 27, 2005. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

See also

External links

• Android World
• Android Science
• Humanoid Robot Video
• Valerie, the domestic female android. An Actroid is a Humanoid robot with strong visual human-likeness developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd Agalmatophilia (from the Greek agalma 'statue' and -philia φιλία = love is a paraphilial attraction to a Statue, Doll, Mannequin Android science is a new interdisciplinary framework for studying human interaction and cognition based on the premise that a very humanlike Robot (that is an Android A cyborg is a Cybernetic Organism ( ie, an organism that has both artificial and natural systems A domestic robot is a Robot used for Household chores Thus far there are only a few limited models Science fiction Authors have suggested that EveR-1 (에버원 is the world's second female Android ( Gynoid) developed by a team of South Korean scientists from the Korea Institute of Industrial Gynoid (from Greek γυνη gynē - woman is a term used to describe a Robot designed to look like a human female as compared to an Android HUBO (휴보 KHR-3 is a walking Humanoid robot, head mounted on a life-size walking Bipedal frame developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology REEM-A and REEM-B are the first and second prototypes of Humanoid robots created by Pal Technology. Android is a software platform and Operating system for Mobile devices based on the Linux Kernel, developed by Google The term " humanoid " refers to any being whose body structure resembles that of a Human. A Humanoid Robot is a Robot with its overall appearance based on that of the Human body. A shape memory alloy (SMA also known as a smart alloy, memory metal, or muscle wire) is an Alloy that "remembers" its shape The RealDoll is a life-size Sex doll (also considered a Mannequin) manufactured by Abyss Creations in San Marcos, California, and sold worldwide A robot is a mechanical or Virtual Artificial agent In practice it is usually an electro-mechanical system which by its appearance or movements Robot fetishism (also ASFR or technosexuality) is a fetishistic attraction to humanoid or non-humanoid Robots also to people acting like robots Transhumanism (sometimes symbolized by >H or H+) a term often used as a synonym for " Human enhancement " is an international intellectual The uncanny valley is a hypothesis that when Robots and other facsimiles of humans look and act almost like actual humans it causes a response of revulsion among human observers
• Android Planet.
• Article: Robots and Androids
• Advance Female Android
• Robot Info (directory of robotics news, books, videos, magazines, forums and products).
• BioRobotics Laboratory, Design and Control of Humanoid Robots
• Portal Android.

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic