Andrew Jackson
7th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837
Vice President	John C. Calhoun (1829–1832), None (1832–1833), Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Preceded by	John Quincy Adams
Succeeded by	Martin Van Buren
1st Territorial Governor of Florida Military Governor
In office March 10, 1821 – November 12, 1821
President	James Monroe
Preceded by	None (Spanish territory)
Succeeded by	William P. Duval
United States Senator from Tennessee
In office September 26, 1797 – April, 1798
Preceded by	William Cocke
Succeeded by	Daniel Smith
In office March 4, 1823 – October 14, 1825
Preceded by	John Williams
Succeeded by	Hugh Lawson White
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's At-Large district
In office December 4, 1796 – September 26, 1797
Preceded by	None — first TN Congressman (statehood)
Succeeded by	William C. C. Claiborne
Born	March 15, 1767(1767-03-15) Waxhaws area
Died	June 8, 1845 (aged 78) Nashville, Tennessee;
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic-Republican and Democratic
Spouse	Widowed. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 List of Governors Military governor Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10 Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. William Pope Duval ( September 4, 1784 March 19, 1854) was the first governor of Florida Territory, serving from April 17 The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common William Cocke ( September 6, 1747 – August 22, 1828) was an American lawyer pioneer and statesman Daniel Smith ( October 29, 1748 &ndash June 16, 1818) was a surveyor, an American Revolutionary War patriot, Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common John Williams ( January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer soldier and statesman from Knoxville Tennessee. Hugh Lawson White ( October 30, 1773 – April 10, 1840) was a prominent American Politician during the first third The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Tennessee 1st Congressional District is the congressional district of northeast Tennessee, including all of Carter, Cocke, Greene, "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. William Charles Cole Claiborne ( 1775 - 23 November, 1817) was a United States politician best known as the first U Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1767 ( MDCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Waxhaws is a geographical area on the border of North and South Carolina. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson. Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, born Rachel Donelson ( June 15 1767 &ndash December 22, 1828) wife to the 7th President of the (Niece Emily Donelson Jackson and daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson were first ladies)
Occupation	Prosecutor, Judge, Farmer (Planter), Soldier (General)
Religion	Presbyterian
Signature

Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). Emily Tennessee Donelson ( June 1, 1807 &ndash December 19, 1836) was the Niece of US President Andrew Jackson Sarah Jackson ( July 16, 1803 &ndash August 23, 1887) was the Daughter-in-law of US President Andrew Jackson First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1767 ( MDCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by He was military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), and the eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. List of Governors Military governor Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10 Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. Jacksonian Democracy refers to the political philosophy of United States President Andrew Jackson and his supporters He was a polarizing figure who dominated American politics in the 1820s and 1830s. Politics of the United States takes place in the framework of a presidential, Federal republic where the President of the United States (the Head of His political ambition combined with the masses of people shaped the modern Democratic Party. The History of the United States Democratic Party is an account of the oldest Political party in the United States and arguably TalkDemocratic ^[1] Renowned for his toughness, he was nicknamed "Old Hickory. " As he based his career in Tennessee, Jackson was the first President primarily associated with the frontier. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature

Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Military career 2.1 War of 1812 2.2 First Seminole War 3 Election of 1824 4 Election of 1828 5 Inaugural ball 6 Presidency 1829–1837 6.1 Federal debt 6.2 Electoral College 6.3 Spoils system 6.4 First Baby 6.5 Opposition to the National Bank 6.6 Nullification crisis 6.7 Indian removal 6.8 Attack and assassination attempt 6.9 Supreme Court appointments 6.10 Major Supreme Court cases 6.11 States admitted to the Union 7 Family and personal life 8 Memorials 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Secondary sources 11 External links

Early life and career

Andrew Jackson was born to Presbyterian Scots-Irish immigrants Andrew and Elizabeth Jackson, on March 15, 1767. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Scotch-Irish (the historically common term in North America) or Scots-Irish refers to inhabitants of the United States and by some of Canada Andrew Jackson Sr was the father of Andrew Jackson, the 7th President of the United States. Elizabeth Hutchison Jackson (c 1740 – November 2 1781 Charleston South Carolina) was the mother of US President Andrew Jackson Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1767 ( MDCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a ^[2] Three weeks after his father's death, Andrew was born in the Waxhaws area near the border between North and South Carolina. The Waxhaws is a geographical area on the border of North and South Carolina. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. He was the youngest of the Jacksons' three sons. His exact birth site was the subject of conflicting lore in the area. Jackson claimed to have been born in a cabin just inside South Carolina. ^[3]

He received a sporadic education in the local "old-field" school. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson, at age thirteen, joined a local regiment as a courier. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" ^[4] Andrew and his brother Robert Jackson were captured by the British, and held as prisoners of war; they nearly starved to death in captivity. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 When Andrew refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat slashed at him with a sword, giving him scars on his left hand and head, as well as an intense hatred for the British. Red Coat or Redcoat is a term often used to refer to a Soldier of the historical British Army, because of the colour of the Military uniforms ^[5] While imprisoned they contracted smallpox, and after their mother secured their release, Robert died a few days later. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Jackson's entire immediate family died from war-related hardships that Jackson blamed upon the British, leaving him orphaned by age 14.

Jackson was the last U. S. President to have been a veteran of the American Revolution, and the second President to have been a prisoner of war (Washington was captured by the French in the French and Indian War). The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War.

In 1781, Jackson worked for a time in a saddle-maker's shop. A saddle is a supportive structure for a rider or other load fastened to an animal's back by a girth. ^[6] Later he taught school, and studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina. Salisbury is a city in Rowan County in North Carolina, a state of the United States of America. In 1787, he was admitted to the bar, and moved to Jonesboro, in what was then the Western District of North Carolina, and later became Tennessee. Jonesborough is a town in and the County seat of Washington County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States

Though his legal education was scanty, Jackson knew enough to practice law on the frontier. Since he was not from a distinguished family, he had to make his career by his own merits; and soon he began to prosper in the rough-and-tumble world of frontier law. Most of the actions grew out of disputed land-claims, or from assaults and battery. In 1788, he was appointed Solicitor of the Western District, and held the same position in the territorial government of Tennessee after 1791.

In 1796, he was a delegate to the Tennessee constitutional convention. Upon statehood in 1796, Jackson was elected Tennessee's U.S. Representative. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. In 1797 he was elected U.S. Senator as a Democratic-Republican. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives But he resigned within a year. In 1798, he was appointed a judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court, serving until 1804. The Tennessee Supreme Court is the highest Appellate court of the State of Tennessee. ^[7]

Besides his legal and political career, Jackson also prospered as a planter and merchant. In 1804, he acquired "The Hermitage", a 640-acre (2. 6 km²) farm near Nashville. Jackson later added 360 acres (1. 5 km²) to the farm. The primary crop was cotton, grown by slave workers. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Jackson started with nine slaves, and had as many as 44 in 1820. ^[8]

Military career

War of 1812

Main articles: Creek War and Battle of New Orleans

Jackson was appointed commander of the Tennessee militia in 1801, with the rank of colonel. The Creek War (1813&ndash1814 also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, began as a Civil war within the Creek (Muscogee The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country

During the War of 1812, Tecumseh incited the "Red Stick" Creek Indians of northern Alabama and Georgia to attack white settlements. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813) also Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a famous Native American leader of the Shawnee Red Sticks is the English term for a traditionalist faction of Creek Indians who led a resistance movement which culminated in the outbreak of the Creek War in 1813 400 settlers were killed in the Fort Mims Massacre. The Fort Mims massacre occurred on 30 August, 1813, when a force of Creeks, belonging to the " Red Sticks " faction under the command In the resulting Creek War, Jackson commanded the American forces, which included Tennessee militia, U. The Creek War (1813&ndash1814 also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, began as a Civil war within the Creek (Muscogee S. regulars, and Cherokee, Choctaw, and Southern Creek Indians. Please see Regular Army (disambiguation for countries other than the United States that use this term The United States Regular Army The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana)

Jackson defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. 800 "Red Sticks" were killed, but Jackson spared chief William Weatherford. Red Eagle redirects here for the Red Eagle Division see 4th Infantry Division (India William "Red Eagle" Weatherford, (1781 &ndash Sam Houston and David Crockett served under Jackson at this time. Samuel Houston ( March 2, 1793 July 26, 1863) was a 19th century American statesman politician and soldier Colonel David Stern Crockett ( August 17, 1786 March 6, 1836) was a celebrated 19th-century American Folk hero, After the victory, Jackson imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson upon both the Northern Creek enemies and the Southern Creek allies, wresting 20 million acres (81,000 km²) from all Creeks for white settlement. The Treaty of Fort Jackson (also known as the Treaty with the Creeks 1814) was signed on August 9, 1814 at Fort Jackson near Wetumpka Jackson was appointed Major General after this success.

Jackson's service in the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom was conspicuous for bravery and success. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located When British forces menaced New Orleans, Jackson took command of the defenses, including militia from several western states and territories. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana He was a strict officer, but was popular with his troops. It was said he was "tough as old hickory" wood on the battlefield, which gave him his nickname. In the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, Jackson's 5,000 soldiers won a victory over 7,500 British. The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The British had over 2,000 casualties to Jackson's 13 killed and 58 wounded or missing.

The war, and especially this victory, made Jackson a national hero. He received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal by resolution of February 27, 1815. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

First Seminole War

Main article: Seminole Wars

Military governor Jackson was sworn in at Plaza Ferdinand VII in Pensacola, Florida. The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as The Plaza Ferdinand VII is an outdoor Garden and Park in the historic district of Pensacola Florida. Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle and the County seat of Escambia County. Jackson served in the military again during the First Seminole War. The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as He was ordered by President James Monroe in December 1817 to lead a campaign in Georgia against the Seminole and Creek Indians. James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida and now residing in Florida and Oklahoma. Jackson was also charged with preventing Spanish Florida from becoming a refuge for runaway slaves. Spanish Florida ( Spanish: La Florida) refers to the Spanish Colony of Florida. Critics later alleged that Jackson exceeded orders in his Florida actions. His directions were to "terminate the conflict. "[9] Jackson believed the best way to do this would be to seize Florida. Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe, "Let it be signified to me through any channel. . . that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished. "[10] Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials. The Seminoles attacked Jackson's Tennessee volunteers. The Seminoles' attack, however, left their villages vulnerable, and Jackson burned them and the crops. He found letters that indicated that the Spanish and British were secretly assisting the Indians. Jackson believed that the United States would not be secure as long as Spain and the United Kingdom encouraged Indians to fight and argued that his actions were undertaken in self-defense. Jackson captured Pensacola, Florida, with little more than some warning shots, and deposed the Spanish governor. Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle and the County seat of Escambia County. He captured and then tried and executed two British subjects, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, who had been supplying and advising the Indians. The Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident occurred in 1818 during the First Seminole War when American General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida and captured Jackson's action also struck fear into the Seminole tribes as word of his ruthlessness in battle spread.

The executions, and Jackson's invasion of territory belonging to Spain, a country the U. S. was not at war with, created an international incident. Many in the Monroe administration called for Jackson to be censured. Censure in the United States is a congressional procedure for reprimanding the President of the United States, a member of Congress or Judge. However, Jackson's actions were defended by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, an early believer in Manifest Destiny. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. When the Spanish minister demanded a "suitable punishment" for Jackson, Adams wrote back "Spain must immediately [decide] either to place a force in Florida adequate at once to the protection of her territory . . . or cede to the United States a province, of which she retains nothing but the nominal possession, but which is, in fact . . . a post of annoyance to them. "^[11] Adams used Jackson's conquest, and Spain's own weakness, to get Spain to cede Florida to the United States in the Adams-Onís Treaty. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. Jackson was subsequently named military governor, serving from March 10, 1821 to December 31, 1821. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.

Election of 1824

Main article: United States presidential election, 1824

The Tennessee legislature nominated Jackson for President in 1822. It also elected him U. S. Senator again.

By 1824, the Democratic-Republican Party had become the only functioning party. Its Presidential candidates had been chosen by an informal Congressional nominating caucus, but this had become unpopular. The Congressional nominating caucus is the name for informal meetings in which American Congressmen would agree on who to nominate for the Presidency and Vice In 1824, most of the Democratic-Republicans in Congress boycotted the caucus. Those that attended backed Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford for President and Albert Gallatin for Vice President. William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29 1761 &ndash August 12 1849 was a Swiss-American Ethnologist, linguist, politician, Diplomat A Pennsylvanian convention nominated Jackson for President a month later, stating that the irregular caucus was in contempt of the "voice of the people" and a "vain hope that the American people might be thus deceived into a belief that he [Crawford] was the regular democratic candidate. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern "^[12] Gallatin criticized Jackson as "an honest man and the idol of the worshippers of military glory, but from incapacity, military habits, and habitual disregard of laws and constitutional provisions, altogether unfit for the office. "^[13]

Besides Jackson and Crawford, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and House Speaker Henry Clay were also candidates. John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who Jackson received the most popular votes (but not a majority, and four states had no popular ballot). The Electoral votes were split four ways, with Jackson again having a plurality. The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. Since no candidate received a majority, the election was made by the House of Representatives, which chose Adams. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Jackson denounced this result as a "corrupt bargain" because Clay gave his support to Adams, who later appointed Clay as Secretary of State. Three deals cut in connection with the presidency of the United States - two in contested United States presidential elections and a presidential appointment of a vice president - Jackson's defeat burnished his political credentials, however, since many voters believed the "man of the people" had been robbed by the "corrupt aristocrats of the East. "

Election of 1828

Main article: United States presidential election, 1828

Jackson resigned from the Senate in October 1825, but continued his quest for the Presidency. The United States presidential election of 1828 featured a rematch between incumbent President John Quincy Adams and chief rival Andrew Jackson. The Tennessee legislature again nominated Jackson for President. Jackson attracted Vice President John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren, and Thomas Ritchie into his camp (the latter two previous supporters of Crawford). John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 Thomas Ritchie ( November 5, 1778 - July 3, 1854) of Virginia was a leading American journalist Van Buren, with help from his friends in Philadelphia and Richmond, revived the old Republican Party, gave it a new name, "restored party rivalries," and forged a national organization of durability. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. ^[14] The Jackson coalition handily defeated Adams in 1828.

During the election, Jackson's opponents referred to him as a "Jackass. The donkey or ass, Equus asinus, is a member of the Equidae or horse family and an odd-toed ungulate. " Jackson liked the name and used the jackass as a symbol for a while, but it died out. However, it later became the symbol for the Democratic Party when cartoonist Thomas Nast popularized it. Thomas Nast ( September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a famous German-American Caricaturist and Editorial cartoonist ^[15]

Jackson's wife Rachel died suddenly on 22 December 1828, prior to his inauguration, and was buried on Christmas Eve. Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, born Rachel Donelson ( June 15 1767 &ndash December 22, 1828) wife to the 7th President of the

Inaugural ball

Jackson invited the public to attend the White House ball honoring his first inauguration. Many poor people, instead of dressing for the occasion, came to the inaugural ball in their homemade clothes. The crowd became so large that Jackson's guards could not hold them out of the White House. The White House became so crowded with people that dishes and decorative pieces in the White House began to break. Some people stood on good chairs in muddied boots just to get a look at the President. The crowd had become so raucous that the attendants poured punch in tubs and put it on the White House lawn to lure people out of the White House. This was the first time that a President invited the public to attend the inaugural ball.

Presidency 1829–1837

See also: Jacksonian democracy

The Jackson Cabinet
OFFICE	NAME	TERM
President	Andrew Jackson	1829 – 1837
Vice President	John C. Calhoun	1829 – 1832
	None	1832 – 1833
	Martin Van Buren	1833 – 1837
Secretary of State	Martin Van Buren	1829 – 1831
	Edward Livingston	1831 – 1833
	Louis McLane	1833 – 1834
	John Forsyth	1834 – 1837
Secretary of Treasury	Samuel D. Ingham	1829 – 1831
	Louis McLane	1831 – 1833
	William J. Duane	1833
	Roger B. Taney	1833 – 1834
	Levi Woodbury	1834 – 1837
Secretary of War	John H. Eaton	1829 – 1831
	Lewis Cass	1831 – 1836
Attorney General	John M. Berrien	1829 – 1831
	Roger B. Taney	1831 – 1833
	Benjamin F. Butler	1833 – 1837
Postmaster General	William T. Barry	1829 – 1835
	Amos Kendall	1835 – 1837
Secretary of the Navy	John Branch	1829 – 1831
	Levi Woodbury	1831 – 1834
	Mahlon Dickerson	1834 – 1837

Federal debt

See also: Panic of 1837

In 1835, Jackson managed to reduce the federal debt to only $33,733. Jacksonian Democracy refers to the political philosophy of United States President Andrew Jackson and his supporters The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 Edward Livingston (26 May 1764&ndash23 May 1836 was a prominent American jurist and statesman Louis McLane ( May 28 1786 &ndash October 7 1857) was an American Lawyer and Politician from Wilmington John Forsyth Sr ( October 22, 1780 October 21, 1841) was a 19th century American Politician from Georgia The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Samuel Delucenna Ingham ( September 16, 1779 &ndash June 5, 1860) was a U Louis McLane ( May 28 1786 &ndash October 7 1857) was an American Lawyer and Politician from Wilmington William John Duane ( May 9, 1780 &ndash September 27, 1865) was an Irish born American politician and lawyer from Pennsylvania Roger Brooke Taney ( "tawny" March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the twelfth United States Attorney General Levi Woodbury ( December 22, 1789 September 4, 1851) was the first justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to have attended The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration John Henry Eaton ( June 18, 1790 – November 17, 1856) was an American Politician and diplomat from Lewis Cass ( October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and Politician. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement John MacPherson Berrien ( August 23, 1781 &ndash January 1, 1856) of Georgia was a United States Senator and Andrew Roger Brooke Taney ( "tawny" March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the twelfth United States Attorney General For the 19th century United States politician and general see Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician Benjamin Franklin Butler ( December 17 The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. William Taylor Barry ( February 5, 1784 &ndash August 30, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist Amos Kendall ( August 16, 1789 – November 12, 1869) was an American politician who served as U The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. John Branch Jr ( November 14, 1782 January 4, 1863) served as U Levi Woodbury ( December 22, 1789 September 4, 1851) was the first justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to have attended Mahlon Dickerson ( April 17, 1770 October 5, 1853) was an American judge and politician The Panic of 1837 was a Panic in the United States built on a speculative fever 05, the lowest it has been since the first fiscal year of 1791. ^[16] However, this accomplishment was short lived, and a severe depression from 1837 to 1844 caused a ten-fold increase in national debt within its first year. In Economics, a depression is a term commonly used for a sustained downturn in one or more national economies ^[17]

Electoral College

Jackson repeatedly called for the abolishment of the Electoral College by constitutional amendment in his annual messages to Congress as President. The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected representatives who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. ^[18][19] In his third annual message to Congress, he expressed the view "I have heretofore recommended amendments of the Federal Constitution giving the election of President and Vice-President to the people and limiting the service of the former to a single term. So important do I consider these changes in our fundamental law that I can not, in accordance with my sense of duty, omit to press them upon the consideration of a new Congress. "^[20] The institution remains to the present day.

Spoils system

Main article: Spoils system

When Jackson became President, he implemented the theory of rotation in office, declaring it "a leading principle in the republican creed. In the Politics of the United States, a spoils system is an informal practice where a political party after winning an election gives government jobs to its voters as a reward Rotation in office, or term limits dates back to the American Revolution and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity "^[18] He believed that rotation in office would prevent the development of a corrupt bureaucracy. To strengthen party loyalty, Jackson's supporters wanted to give the posts to party members. In practice, this meant replacing federal employees with friends or party loyalists. ^[21] However, the effect was not as drastic as expected or portrayed. By the end of his term, Jackson dismissed less than twenty percent of the Federal employees at the start of it. ^[22] While Jackson did not start the "spoils system," he did indirectly encourage its growth for many years to come.

First Baby

Jackson experienced the first known case of a President being handed a baby to kiss. However, Jackson declined, and handed the baby to Secretary of War John H. Eaton to do the honors. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration John Henry Eaton ( June 18, 1790 – November 17, 1856) was an American Politician and diplomat from ^[6]

Opposition to the National Bank

Main article: Second Bank of the United States

The Second Bank of the United States was authorized for a twenty year period during James Madison's tenure in 1816. Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 The Second Bank of the United States was a bank chartered in 1816 five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding As President, Jackson worked to rescind the bank's federal charter. In Jackson's veto message (written by George Bancroft), the bank needed to be abolished because:

• It concentrated the nation's financial strength in a single institution. George Bancroft (October 3 1800 &ndash January 17 1891 was an American Historian and Statesman who was prominent in promoting Secondary education
• It exposed the government to control by foreign interests.
• It served mainly to make the rich richer.
• It exercised too much control over members of Congress.
• It favored northeastern states over southern and western states.

Following Jefferson, Jackson supported an "agricultural republic" and felt, at the expense of farmers and laborers, the Bank improved the fortunes of an "elite circle" of commercial and industrial entrepreneurs. After a titanic struggle, Jackson succeeded in destroying the Bank by vetoing its 1832 re-charter by Congress and by withdrawing U. S. funds in 1833.

The bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up. This fed an expansion of credit and speculation. At first, as Jackson withdrew money from the Bank to invest it in other banks, land sales, canal construction, cotton production, and manufacturing boomed. ^[23] However, due to the practice of banks issuing paper banknotes that were not backed by gold or silver reserves, there was soon rapid inflation and mounting state debts. ^[24] Then, in 1836, Jackson issued the Specie Circular, which required buyers of government lands to pay in "specie" (gold or silver coins). The Specie Circular ( Coinage Act) was an executive order issued by U The result was a great demand for specie, which many banks did not have enough of to exchange for their notes. These banks collapsed. ^[23] This was a direct cause of the Panic of 1837, which threw the national economy into a deep depression. The Panic of 1837 was a Panic in the United States built on a speculative fever It took years for the economy to recover from the damage.

The U. S. Senate censured Jackson on March 28, 1834, for his action in removing U. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common S. funds from the Bank of the United States. When the Jacksonians had a majority in the Senate, the censure was expunged.

Nullification crisis

Main article: Nullification Crisis

Another notable crisis during Jackson's period of office was the "Nullification Crisis", or "secession crisis," of 1828 – 1832, which merged issues of sectional strife with disagreements over tariffs. The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the Critics alleged that high tariffs (the "Tariff of Abominations") on imports of common manufactured goods made in Europe made those goods more expensive than ones from the northern U. The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, enacted on May 19 1828 (ch S. , raising the prices paid by planters in the South. Southern politicians argued that tariffs benefited northern industrialists at the expense of southern farmers.

The issue came to a head when Vice President Calhoun, in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, supported the claim of his home state, South Carolina, that it had the right to "nullify"—declare void—the tariff legislation of 1828, and more generally the right of a state to nullify any Federal laws which went against its interests. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, also known as Calhoun's Exposition, was written in 1828 by John C South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Although Jackson sympathized with the South in the tariff debate, he was also a strong supporter of a strong union, with effective powers for the central government. Jackson attempted to face down Calhoun over the issue, which developed into a bitter rivalry between the two men.

Particularly notable was an incident at the April 13, 1830 Jefferson Day dinner, involving after-dinner toasts. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Robert Hayne began by toasting to "The Union of the States, and the Sovereignty of the States. Robert Young Hayne ( November 10, 1791 &ndash September 24, 1839) was an American political leader " Jackson then rose, and in a booming voice added "Our federal Union: It must be preserved!" — a clear challenge to Calhoun. Calhoun clarified his position by responding "The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear!"^[25]

The next year, Calhoun and Jackson broke apart politically from one another. Around this time, the Petticoat Affair caused further resignations from Jackson's cabinet, leading to its reorganization as the "Kitchen Cabinet. The Petticoat Affair (also known as the Eaton Affair or the Eaton Malaria) was an U Kitchen cabinets are the built-in Furniture installed in many kitchens for storage of Food, Cooking equipment, and often Silverware and " Martin Van Buren, despite resigning as Secretary of State, played a leading role in the new unofficial cabinet. Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 ^[26] At the first Democratic National Convention, privately engineered by members of the Kitchen Cabinet,^[27] Van Buren replaced Calhoun as Jackson's running mate. The 1832 Democratic National Convention was held from May 21st to the 23rd in Baltimore Maryland. In December 1832, Calhoun resigned as Vice President to become a U. S. Senator for South Carolina.

In response to South Carolina's nullification claim, Jackson vowed to send troops to South Carolina to enforce the laws. In December 1832, he issued a resounding proclamation against the "nullifiers," stating that he considered "the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. " South Carolina, the President declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought. Jackson also denied the right of secession: "The Constitution. . . forms a government not a league. . . To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation. "^[28]

Jackson asked Congress to pass a "Force Bill" explicitly authorizing the use of military force to enforce the tariff. The United States Force Bill (enacted March 2[[ 833]] authorized U But it was held up until protectionists led by Clay agreed to a reduced Compromise Tariff. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party The Force Bill and Compromise Tariff passed on March 1, 1833. and Jackson signed both. The South Carolina Convention then met and rescinded its nullification ordinance. The Force Bill became moot because it was no longer needed.

Indian removal

Main article: Indian removal

Perhaps the most controversial aspect of Jackson's presidency was his policy regarding American Indians. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States ^[29] Jackson was a leading advocate of a policy known as Indian removal. In his December 8, 1829 First Annual Message to Congress, Jackson stated:

This emigration should be voluntary, for it would be as cruel as unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws. In return for their obedience as individuals they will without doubt be protected in the enjoyment of those possessions which they have improved by their industry. ^[30]

Swedish scholar in the field of comparative religion Mattias Gardell who specializes in the study of religious racism in USA, studying groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Nation of Islam, says Jackson called Indian removal the "Final Solution" to the Indian issue during his election campaign. Mattias Gardell (b 1959 is a Swedish scholar of Comparative religion and recently appointed Nathan Söderblom Professor at Uppsala University ^[31] After his election he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. The Indian Removal Act, part of a United States government policy known as Indian removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 26 The Act authorized the President to negotiate treaties to purchase tribal lands in the east in exchange for lands further west, outside of existing U. S. state borders.

While frequently frowned upon in the North, the Removal Act was popular in the South, where population growth and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land had increased pressure on tribal lands. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The state of Georgia became involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokees, culminating in the 1832 U.S. Supreme Court decision (Worcester v. Georgia) which ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee tribal lands. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Worcester v Georgia, 31 US (6 Pet 515 ( 1832) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans Jackson is often quoted (regarding the decision) as having said, "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!" Whether or not he actually said it is disputed. John Marshall (September 24 1755 – July 6 1835 was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power ^[32]

In any case, Jackson used the Georgia crisis to pressure Cherokee leaders to sign a removal treaty. A small faction of Cherokees led by John Ridge negotiated the Treaty of New Echota with Jackson's representatives. John Ridge ( 1792 - June 22, 1839, translated Cherokee Name Yellow Bird was a son of Major Ridge and a member of the Cherokee Tribe The Treaty of New Echota was a removal treaty signed in New Echota, Georgia by officials of the United States government and several members Ridge was not a recognized leader of the Cherokee Nation, and this document was rejected by most Cherokees as illegitimate. ^[33] Over 15,000 Cherokees signed a petition in protest; it was ignored by the Supreme Court. ^[34] The treaty was enforced by Jackson's successor, Van Buren, who ordered 7,000 armed troops to remove the Cherokees. ^[35] This resulted in the deaths of over 4,000 Cherokees on the "Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma in the Western United States "

By the 1830s, under constant pressure from settlers, each of the five southern tribes had ceded most of its lands, but sizable self-government groups lived in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. All of these (except the Seminoles) had moved far in the coexistence with whites, and they resisted suggestions that they should voluntarily remove themselves. Their non-violent methods earned them the title the Five Civilized Tribes. The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and ^[36]

In all, more than 45,000 American Indians were relocated to the West during Jackson's administration. During this time, the administration purchased about 100 million acres (400,000 km²) of Indian land for about $68 million and 32 million acres (130,000 km²) of western land. Jackson was criticized at the time for his role in these events, and the criticism has grown over the years. Remini characterizes the Indian Removal era as "one of the unhappiest chapters in American history. "^[37]

Attack and assassination attempt

The first attempt to do bodily harm to a President was against Jackson. Jackson ordered the dismissal of Robert B. Randolph from the Navy for embezzlement. Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or secreting assets usually financial in nature by one or more individuals to whom such assets have been entrusted On May 6, 1833, Jackson sailed on USS Cygnet to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he was to lay the cornerstone on a monument near the grave of Mary Ball Washington, George Washington's mother. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Fredericksburg is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia and is located 50 miles south of Washington D George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the During a stopover near Alexandria, Virginia, Randolph appeared and struck the President. Alexandria is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He then fled the scene with several members of Jackson's party chasing him, including the well known writer Washington Irving. Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th Jackson decided not to press charges. ^[6]

On January 30, 1835, a more serious attack occurred in the Capitol. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Jackson was crossing the Capitol Rotunda after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis when Richard Lawrence approached Jackson. The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Warren Ransom Davis ( May 8, 1793 &ndash January 29, 1835) was an American attorney and Representative from South Richard Lawrence (1800? &ndash June 13, 1861) is the first known person to attempt to assassinate an American President. Lawrence aimed two pistols at Jackson, which both misfired. Jackson then attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including David Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence, who was clearly deranged. Colonel David Stern Crockett ( August 17, 1786 March 6, 1836) was a celebrated 19th-century American Folk hero,

Richard Lawrence gave the doctors several reasons for the shooting. He had recently lost his job painting houses and somehow blamed Jackson. He claimed that with the President dead, "money would be more plenty"—a reference to Jackson’s struggle with the Bank of the United States—and that he "could not rise until the President fell. " Finally, he informed his interrogators that he was actually a deposed English King—Richard III, specifically, dead since 1485—and that Jackson was merely his clerk. Richard III ( 2 October 1452 &ndash 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death He was deemed insane, institutionalized, and never punished for his assassination attempt.

Jackson's statue in the Rotunda is placed in front of the doorway in which the attempt occurred.

Supreme Court appointments

• John McLean — 1830. John McLean (March 11 1785 &ndash April 4 1861 was an American Jurist and politician who served in the United States Congress, as U
• Henry Baldwin — 1830. Henry Baldwin ( January 14, 1780 - April 21, 1844) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from
• James Moore Wayne — 1835. James Moore Wayne (1790 &ndash July 5, 1867) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and was a United States Representative
• Roger Brooke Taney (Chief Justice) — 1836. Roger Brooke Taney ( "tawny" March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the twelfth United States Attorney General The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U
• Philip Pendleton Barbour — 1836. Philip Pendleton Barbour ( May 25, 1783 &ndash February 25, 1841) was a U
• John Catron — 1837. John Catron ( January 7, 1786 &ndash May 30, 1865) was an American Jurist who served as a Supreme Court justice

Major Supreme Court cases

• Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia — 1831. Cherokee Nation v Georgia,, was a United States Supreme Court decision
• Worcester v. Georgia — 1832. Worcester v Georgia, 31 US (6 Pet 515 ( 1832) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans
• Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge — 1837. Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge, 36 US 420 (1837 was a case heard by the United States Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice

States admitted to the Union

• Arkansas — June 15, 1836. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States.
• Michigan — January 26, 1837. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America.

Family and personal life

Shortly after Jackson first arrived in Nashville in 1788, he took up residence as a boarder with Rachel Stockley Donelson, the widow of John Donelson. The daguerreotype (original French daguerréotype) is an early type of Photograph, developed by Louis Daguerre, in which the image is exposed directly Col John Donelson (1718–1785 explorer and adventurer was with Colonel Samuel Barton and James Robertson, co-founder of Fort Nashborough in 1780 Here Jackson became acquainted with their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, born Rachel Donelson ( June 15 1767 &ndash December 22, 1828) wife to the 7th President of the At the time, Rachel Robards was in an unhappy marriage with Captain Lewis Robards, a man subject to irrational fits of jealous rage. Due to Lewis Robards' temperament, the two were separated in 1790. Shortly after their separation, Robards sent word that he had obtained a divorce. Trusting that the divorce was complete, Jackson and Rachel were married in 1791. Two years later they learned that the divorce had never actually been finalized, making Rachel's marriage to Jackson illegitimate. After the divorce was officially completed, Rachel and Jackson re-married in 1794. ^[38]

The controversy surrounding their marriage remained a sore point for Jackson, who deeply resented attacks on his wife's honor. Jackson fought 13 duels, many nominally over his wife's honor. Charles Dickinson, the only man Jackson ever killed in a duel, had been goaded into angering Jackson by Jackson's political opponents. Charles Dickinson ( 1780 - May 30, 1806) was a 19th century American and nationally famous duelist In the duel, fought over a horse-racing debt and an insult to his wife on May 30, 1806, Dickinson shot Jackson in the ribs before Jackson returned the fatal shot. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The bullet that struck Jackson was so close to his heart that it could never be safely removed. Jackson had been wounded so frequently in duels that it was said he "rattled like a bag of marbles. "^[39] At times he would cough up blood, and he experienced considerable pain from his wounds for the rest of his life.

Rachel died of unknown causes on December 22, 1828, two weeks after her husband's victory in the election and two months prior to Jackson taking office as President. Jackson blamed John Quincy Adams for Rachel's death because the marital scandal was brought up in the election of 1828. He felt that this had hastened her death and never forgave Adams.

Jackson had two adopted sons, Andrew Jackson Jr. , the son of Rachel's brother Severn Donelson, and Lyncoya, a Creek Indian orphan adopted by Jackson after the Creek War. Jackson had planned to have Lyncoya educated at West Point,^[5] but he died of tuberculosis in 1828, at the age of sixteen. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common ^[40][41]

The Jacksons also acted as guardians for eight other children. John Samuel Donelson, Daniel Smith Donelson and Andrew Jackson Donelson were the sons of Rachel's brother Samuel Donelson, who died in 1804. Daniel Smith Donelson (June 23 1801 &ndash April 17 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Andrew Jackson Donelson ( August 25, 1799 &ndash June 26, 1871) was an American Diplomat and a candidate for Vice President of Andrew Jackson Hutchings was Rachel's orphaned grand nephew. Caroline Butler, Eliza Butler, Edward Butler, and Anthony Butler were the orphaned children of Edward Butler, a family friend. They came to live with the Jacksons after the death of their father.

The widower Jackson invited Rachel's niece Emily Donelson to serve as hostess at the White House. Emily Tennessee Donelson ( June 1, 1807 &ndash December 19, 1836) was the Niece of US President Andrew Jackson Emily was married to Andrew Jackson Donelson, who acted as Jackson's private secretary and in 1856 would run for Vice President on the American Party ticket. Andrew Jackson Donelson ( August 25, 1799 &ndash June 26, 1871) was an American Diplomat and a candidate for Vice President of The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s The relationship between the President and Emily became strained during the Petticoat Affair, and the two became estranged for over a year. The Petticoat Affair (also known as the Eaton Affair or the Eaton Malaria) was an U They eventually reconciled and she resumed her duties as White House hostess. Sarah Yorke Jackson, the wife of Andrew Jackson Jr. Sarah Jackson ( July 16, 1803 &ndash August 23, 1887) was the Daughter-in-law of US President Andrew Jackson , became co-hostess of the White House in 1834. It was the only time in history when two women simultaneously acted as unofficial First Lady. Sarah took over all hostess duties after Emily died from tuberculosis in 1836.

Jackson remained influential in both national and state politics after retiring to The Hermitage in 1837. Though a slave-holder, Jackson was a firm advocate of the federal union of the states, and declined to give any support to talk of secession.

Jackson was a lean figure standing at 6 feet, 1 inch (1. 85 m) tall, and weighing between 130 and 140 pounds (64 kg) on average. Jackson also had an unruly shock of red hair, which had completely grayed by the time he became president at age 61. He had penetrating deep blue eyes. Jackson was one of the more sickly presidents, suffering from chronic headaches, abdominal pains, and a hacking cough, caused by a musket ball in his lung which was never removed, that often brought up blood and sometimes even made his whole body shake. After retiring to Nashville, he enjoyed eight years of retirement and died at The Hermitage on June 8, 1845 at the age of 78, of chronic tuberculosis, "dropsy" and heart failure. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Oedema (or Edema in American English formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is the increase of Interstitial fluid in any organ &mdash swelling Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply

In his will, Jackson left his entire estate to his adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr. , except for specifically enumerated items that were left to various other friends and family members. Andrew Jackson was a member of the First Presbyterian Church in Nashville. The Downtown Presbyterian Church in Nashville, Tennessee, affiliated with Presbyterian Church (USA, was formerly known as First Presbyterian

Memorials

• Memorials to Jackson include a set of three identical equestrian statues located in different parts of the country. One is in Jackson Square in New Orleans. Jackson Square may refer to;United States Jackson Square New Orleans Jackson Square San Francisco Jackson Square Another is in Nashville on the grounds of the Tennessee State Capitol. The Tennessee State Capitol, located in Nashville Tennessee, is the home of the Tennessee legislature, and the location of the Governor 's office The other is in Washington, D.C. near the White House. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Equestrian statues of Jackson have also been erected elsewhere, including one in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida.
• Numerous counties and cities are named after him, including Jacksonville, Florida, Jackson, Louisiana, Jackson, Michigan, Jackson, Mississippi, Jackson County, Mississippi, Jackson, Missouri, Jackson County, Oregon, Jacksonville, North Carolina, Jackson, Tennessee, Jackson County, Florida, Jackson Parish, Louisiana, Jackson County, Missouri and Jackson County, Ohio. Jackson is a town in East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States. Jackson is a city located along Interstate 94 in the south central area of the U Jackson County is a County located at the south tip of the US Jackson is a city in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, United States. Jackson County is a county located in the US state of Oregon. Jacksonville North Carolina, is a city in Onslow County, North Carolina, United States. Jackson is a city in Madison County, Tennessee, United States. Jackson County is a County located in the US state of Florida. Jackson Parish is a Parish located in the US state of Louisiana. Jackson County is a County located in the US state of Missouri. Jackson County is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States.
• A state park now exists on the site of his birthplace in Lancaster County, South Carolina
• Andrew Jackson High School, in Lancaster County, SC, is named after him and also uses the title of "Hickory Log" for its Annual photo book.
• The section of U.S. Route 74 between Charlotte, North Carolina and Wilmington, North Carolina is named the Andrew Jackson Highway. US Route 74 is an east-west United States highway that runs for 524 miles (843 km from Wrightsville Beach North Carolina, to Chattanooga Tennessee Wilmington is a city in and the County seat of New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States.
• Jackson's portrait appears on the twenty dollar bill. Pre-Federal Reserve history 1861 A Demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front and an abstract design on the He has appeared on $5, $10, $50, and $10,000 bills in the past, as well as a Confederate $1,000 bill. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861
• Jackson's image is on the Blackjack postage stamp. Black Jack or Blackjack. The 2-Cent denomination United States Postage stamp issued from July 1, 1863 to 1870
• The U. S. Army installation Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina, is named in his honor.
• Fort Jackson, built before the Civil War on the Mississippi River for the defense of New Orleans, was named in his honor.
• USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619), a Lafayette-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, which served from 1963 to 1989.
• Jackson Park, the third-largest park in Chicago is named for him. Jackson Park is a 500 acre (2 km² park on Chicago 's South Side officially located at 6401 S Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.
• Jackson Park, a public golf course in Seattle, Washington is named for him. Jackson Park is a 1607-acre Public park and Golf course in north Seattle Washington, occupying most of the space between N

See also

• Second Party System
• List of places named for Andrew Jackson
• The Hermitage, Andrew Jackson's home, now a tourist destination
• U.S. presidential election, 1832
• Trail of Tears
• Indian Removal Act

References

Secondary sources

External links

• Extensive essay on Andrew Jackson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
• Andrew Jackson Biography and Fact File
• Works by Andrew Jackson at Project Gutenberg
• Andrew Jackson at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Andrew Jackson, the national bank and censure
• American Political History Online
• Andrew Jackson images
• White House Biography
• Andrew Jackson on the Web (resource directory)
• Critical Resources: Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal
• Andrew Jackson at Find A Grave
• A genealogical profile of the President
• Jackson's medical history
• PBS documentary on Rachel & Andrew's life together
• Andrew Jackson letters to Richard K. Call
• Andrew Jackson's 1400 lb (640 kg) Cheddar
• Andrew Jackson's Candidacy, August 25, 1828 From Texas Tides
• Andrew Jackson's veto speech in 1832 regarding the Bank of the US
• Transcripts of letters of Andrew Jackson at the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

United States House of Representatives
New district	Member from Tennessee's At-large congressional district 1796 – 1797	Succeeded by William C. C. Claiborne
United States Senate
Preceded by William Cocke	Senator from Tennessee (Class 1) 1797 – 1798 Served alongside: Joseph Anderson	Succeeded by Daniel Smith
Preceded by John Williams	Senator from Tennessee (Class 2) 1823 – 1825 Served alongside: John H. Eaton	Succeeded by Hugh Lawson White
Political offices
New title	Military Governor of Florida 1821	Succeeded by William P. Duval as Territorial Governor
Preceded by John Williams	Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee 1823 – 1825	Succeeded by William Henry Harrison
Preceded by John Quincy Adams	President of the United States March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Succeeded by Martin Van Buren
Party political offices
Preceded by James Monroe	Democratic-Republican Party presidential candidate¹ 1824	Party broke up
New political party	Democratic Party presidential candidate 1828, 1832	Succeeded by Martin Van Buren
Honorary titles
Preceded by James Madison	Oldest U.S. President still living June 28, 1836 – June 8, 1845	Succeeded by John Quincy Adams
Notes and references
1. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, founded in New York by Richard Gilder and Lewis E The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Tennessee 1st Congressional District is the congressional district of northeast Tennessee, including all of Carter, Cocke, Greene, William Charles Cole Claiborne ( 1775 - 23 November, 1817) was a United States politician best known as the first U The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives William Cocke ( September 6, 1747 – August 22, 1828) was an American lawyer pioneer and statesman Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796. Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1862 owing to its Secession from Joseph Inslee Anderson ( November 5, 1757 &ndash April 17, 1837) was a U Daniel Smith ( October 29, 1748 &ndash June 16, 1818) was a surveyor, an American Revolutionary War patriot, John Williams ( January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer soldier and statesman from Knoxville Tennessee. Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796. Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1862 owing to its Secession from John Henry Eaton ( June 18, 1790 – November 17, 1856) was an American Politician and diplomat from Hugh Lawson White ( October 30, 1773 – April 10, 1840) was a prominent American Politician during the first third List of Governors Military governor Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10 William Pope Duval ( September 4, 1784 March 19, 1854) was the first governor of Florida Territory, serving from April 17 John Williams ( January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer soldier and statesman from Knoxville Tennessee. The Committee on Armed Services is a Committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nation's military, including the This article is about the general and president For his great-great-grandson see William H John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9 1825 after the election was decided by the House This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the modern Democratic Party of the United The United States presidential election of 1828 featured a rematch between incumbent President John Quincy Adams and chief rival Andrew Jackson. The United States presidential election of 1832 saw incumbent President Andrew Jackson, candidate of the Democratic Party, easily win reelection against Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding List of United States Presidents by ageThis is a chronology of who was the oldest living President of the United States, former or current at any given time John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States The Democratic-Republican Party split in 1824, fielding four separate candidates: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William Harris Crawford. John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician

Persondata
NAME	Jackson, Andrew
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	seventh President of the United States
DATE OF BIRTH	March 15, 1767(1767-03-15)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Waxhaw, South Carolina/North Carolina
DATE OF DEATH	June 8, 1845
PLACE OF DEATH	The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee

The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1767 ( MDCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Waxhaw is a rapidly growing town located in Union County North Carolina. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States.

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