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André Breton
André Breton

André Breton (in French pronounced [ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃]) (February 19, 1896 – September 28, 1966) was a French writer, poet, and surrealist theorist, and is best known as the main founder of surrealism. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Surrealist music is Music which uses unexpected Juxtapositions and other Surrealist techniques. Surrealist Films include Un chien andalou and L'Âge d'Or by Luis Buñuel and Dalí; Buñuel went Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively Surrealism in Art, Poetry, and Literature utilizes numerous unique techniques and games to provide inspiration Surreal humour is a form of humour, laughingly in a style related to the artistic ambitions of the surrealists, based on bizarre Juxtapositions absurd situations Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members His writings include the Surrealist Manifesto of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as pure psychic automatism. Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Automatism has taken on many forms the Automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day practiced by surrealists can be compared to similar or perhaps

Contents

Biography

Born into modest origins in Tinchebray (Orne) in Normandy, he studied medicine and psychiatry. Tinchebray is a village and commune in the Orne département of northwestern France. Orne is a department in the northwest of France named after the Orne River. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric During World War I he worked in a neurological ward in Nantes, where he met the spiritual son of Alfred Jarry, Jacques Vaché, whose anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition influenced Breton considerably. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Nantes (Naoned Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast Alfred Jarry ( 8 September 1873 &ndash 1 November 1907) was a French Writer born in Laval, Mayenne Jacques Vaché ( 7 September 1895 - 6 January[[ 919]] was a friend of André Breton, the founder of Surrealism. Vaché committed suicide at age 24 and his war-time letters to Breton and others were published in a volume entitled Lettres de guerre (1919), for which Breton wrote four introductory essays. Jacques Vaché ( 7 September 1895 - 6 January[[ 919]] was a friend of André Breton, the founder of Surrealism.

From Dada to Surrealism

In 1919 Breton founded the review Littérature with Louis Aragon and Philippe Soupault. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Philippe Soupault ( 2 August 1897 &ndash 12 March 1990) was a French writer and poet novelist critic and political activist He also connected with Dadaist Tristan Tzara. For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S In 1924 he was instrumental to the founding of the Bureau of Surrealist Research. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Bureau of Surrealist Research, also known as the Centrale Surréaliste, was a Paris -based office in which a loosely affiliated group of Surrealist writers

In The Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques), a collaboration with Soupault, he put the principle of automatic writing into practice. For the Jean-Michel Jarre album "Les Chants Magnétiques" see Magnetic Fields (album. Automatism has taken on many forms the Automatic writing and drawing initially (and still to this day practiced by surrealists can be compared to similar or perhaps He published the Surrealist Manifesto in 1924, and was editor of La Révolution surréaliste from 1924. Two Surrealist Manifestos (Le Manifeste du Surréalisme were issued by the Surrealist movement, in 1924 and 1929 respectively Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. La Révolution surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution was a publication by Surrealists in Paris A group coalesced around him — Philippe Soupault, Louis Aragon, Paul Éluard, René Crevel, Michel Leiris, Benjamin Peret, Antonin Artaud, and Robert Desnos. Philippe Soupault ( 2 August 1897 &ndash 12 March 1990) was a French writer and poet novelist critic and political activist Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French René Crevel ( August 10, 1900 – June 18, 1935) was a French Writer involved with the surrealist movement Julien Michel Leiris ( April 20 1901 in Paris &ndash September 30 1990 in Saint-Hilaire Essonne) was a French Benjamin Péret ( 4 July 1899 - 18 September 1959) was a French poet and Surrealist. Antoine Marie Joseph Artaud, better known as Antonin Artaud ( September 4, 1896, in Marseille – March 4, 1948 in Robert Desnos ( 4 July 1900 - 8 June 1945) was a French Surrealist poet who played a key role in the surrealistic movement of his day

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Anxious to combine the themes of personal transformation found in the works of Arthur Rimbaud with the politics of Karl Marx, Breton joined the French Communist Party in 1927, from which he was expelled in 1933. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. During this time, he survived mostly off the sale of paintings from his art gallery.

Under Breton's direction, surrealism became a European movement that influenced all domains of art, and called into question the origin of human understanding and human perceptions of things and events.

In 1938 Breton accepted a cultural commission from the French government to travel to Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. This provided the opportunity to meet Trotsky. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Breton and other surrealists sought refuge via a long boat ride from Patzcuaro to the surreal town of Erongaricuaro. Erongarícuaro, which means "Place of waiting" in the Purepecha language is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo were among the visitors to the hidden community of intellectuals and artists. Diego Rivera (December 8 1886 &ndash November 24 1957 was born Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez Frida Kahlo (July 6 1907 – July 13 1954 was a Mexican painter, who has achieved great international popularity Together, Breton and Trotsky wrote a manifesto Pour un art révolutionnaire indépendent (published under the names of Breton and Diego Rivera) which called for "complete freedom of art", which was becoming increasingly difficult in the world situation of the time. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Diego Rivera (December 8 1886 &ndash November 24 1957 was born Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez

1940s

Breton was again in the medical corp of the French Army at the start of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Vichy government banned his writings as "the very negation of the national revolution" [1] and Breton sought refuge in the United States and the Caribbean in 1941. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Breton made the acquaintance of Martinican writer Aimé Césaire, and later penned the introduction to the 1947 edition of Césaire's Cahier d'un retour au pays natal. Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² Aimé Fernand David Césaire (26 June 1913 &ndash 17 April 2008 was a Afro-[[Martinique Martinican]] Francophone Poet, Author and Politician During his exile in New York City, he met Elisa, the Chilean woman who would become his third wife.

In 1944, he and Elisa traveled to Gaspésie in Québec, Canada, where he wrote Arcane 17, a book which expresses his fears of World War II, describes the marvels of the Rocher Percé and the northeastern end of North America, and celebrates his newly found love with Elisa. The Gaspésie (official name or also Gaspé Peninsula or the Gaspé is a Peninsula constituting part of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence Percé Rock ( French rocher Percé "pierced rock" is an island and sheer rock formation in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence just off the

Later life

Breton returned to Paris in 1946, where he intervened against French colonialism (for example as a signatory of the Manifesto of the 121 against the Algerian war) and continued, until his death, to foster a second group of surrealists in the form of expositions or reviews (La Brèche, 1961-1965). Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world The Manifesto of the 121 ( French: Manifeste des 121, full title Déclaration sur le droit à l’insoumission dans la guerre d’Algérie or Declaration The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. In 1959, Andre Breton organized an exhibit in Paris.

André Breton died in 1966 at 70 and was buried in the Cimetière des Batignolles in Paris. The Batignolles Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière des Batignolles) is a Cemetery in Paris.

Works

His works include the case studies Nadja (1928) and L'Amour Fou (1937). Nadja is an influential book written by the French surrealist André Breton in 1928 Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Selected works:

Life outside art

He married three times:

Breton was an avid collector of art, ethnographic material, and unusual trinkets. He was particularly interested in materials from the northwest coast of North America. When faced with a financial crisis in 1931, most of his collection (along with his friend Paul Eluard's) was auctioned off. Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French He subsequently rebuilt the collection, which was preserved by family members from the time of his death until 2003, at which time his books, art, and ethnographic materials were auctioned by Calmels Cohen.

References

  1. ^ "Andre Breton and the First Principles of Surrealism" by Franklin Rosemont, 1978 (ISBN 0-904383-39-X)

External links

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