Anatolian Plateau and Asia Minor both redirect to here.

Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu) (Greek: Ανατολία, Anatolía) is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the bulk of the Asian mainland to the east. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Anatolia comprises most of modern Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Contents 1 Name 2 Physical geography 2.1 Black Sea region 2.2 Mediterranean region 2.3 Anatolian plateau 2.4 Eastern Anatolia 3 Climate 4 Ecoregions 5 History 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

Name

The name Anatolia comes from the Greek Aνατολή (Αnatolí), "rise (i. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly e. sunrise)," or Ανατολία (Anatolía), "(land) of the sunrise" or simply the "East. "^[1] It likely dates back at least 3,000 years, from the Ionian settlement period called the 1st millennium BC. The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires (See also Ionian League). The Ionian League ( Ancient Greek, Iōnes, koinon Iōnōn, koinē sunodos Iōnōn Latin commune consilium; also called The Byzantine Greek term Anatolikon (the "Eastern One") signified the lands to the East of Europe and of the Byzantine Empire's capital city of Constantinople (now Istanbul). Medieval Greek (Μεσαιωνική Ελληνική is a linguistic term that describes the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey ^[2] The etymology of the word supports the idea that Anatolia was a peninsula bordered by the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Eastern Taurus Range. For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill.

The Turkish form Anadolu derives from the Greek version – both which predated the growth of Constantinople across the Bosporus strait to both continental shores. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the A strait is a narrow navigable Channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water Turkish folk etymology further breaks down the geographical term into two words: Ana ("mother") and Dolu ("full"). Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. Thus, the name means "Full of Motherliness" and is used to advance a pedagogical ideal: Women's contribution of mother's milk to national masculine bravery. ^[3] Less literally, it is sometimes interpreted as Mother of Cities, perhaps dating to the pre-Islamic era when the Byzantine Empire was the biggest international power known in that part of Asia, and occupied the entire region

For more details on this topic, see Names of Anatolia. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Power in international relations is defined in several different ways This article describes the origins of the various names of Anatolia throughout history

Physical geography

The Anatolian peninsula is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea (itself an arm of the Mediterranean) to the west, and the bulk of the Asian mainland to the east. Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean.

Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. In Geology, a massif is a section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or Flexures In the movement of the crust, a massif In geology a trough generally refers to a linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance while being less steep than a trench. Deposition is the geological process by which material is added to a Landform or land mass True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kızıl River, the coastal plains of Çukurova, and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Büyük Menderes River, and some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around Tuz Gölü (Salt Lake) and Konya Ovası (Konya Basin). Çukurova is the modern name for the ancient region of Cilicia (or to be more precise of Cilicia Pedia, "the flat Cilicia" in southern Turkey The Büyük Menderes River (historically the Maeander also spelled Meander) Turkish: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Ancient Greek: Lake Tuz ( Turkish: Tuz Gölü meaning Salt Lake is the second biggest Lake in Turkey, located in central Anatolian region 105 km Konya ( قونیه; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium ( Latin

Black Sea region

The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. The North Anatolian mountains are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Turkish: Kaçkar Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. The Pontic Mountains ( Turkish Doğu Karadeniz Dağları) are a range of mountains in northern Turkey, whose eastern end extends into southeastern Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea trough in lengthy valleys.

Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 metres (5,000 to 5,900 ft) in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 metres (10000 to 13000 ft) in the east in Kaçkar Mountains, form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Kaçkar mountains, Kaçkar Dağları or simply Kaçkar(s are a Mountain range rising above along the Black Sea coast in Eastern Turkey The higher slopes facing southwest tend to be densely wet. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia. The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees.

Mediterranean region

The narrow coastal plains of the Mediterranean region, separated from the Anatolian plateau by the Taurus Mountains, which reach elevations of 2,000 to 2,750 metres (6600 to 9000 ft), are cultivated intensively. For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill. Fertile soils and a warm climate make the Mediterranean coast ideal for growing citrus fruits, grapes, figs, bananas, various vegetables, barley, wheat, and, in irrigated areas, rice and cotton. Soil fertility is the characteristic of soil that supports abundant plant life The Çukurova in the east is a plain that is the most developed agricultural area of the Mediterranean region.

Anatolian plateau

Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, Central Anatolia occupies the area between the two zones of the folded mountains, extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like, semiarid highlands of Anatolia are considered the heartland of the country. The region varies in elevation from 600 to 1,200 meters (2000 to 4000 ft) from west to east. The two largest basins on the plateau are the Konya Ovası and the basin occupied by the large salt lake, Tuz Gölü. Both basins are characterized by inland drainage. Wooded areas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau.

Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct seasons. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The Anatolian Plateau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal areas. Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30 °C to -40 °C (-22 °F to -40 °F) can occur in the mountainous areas in the east, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). Annual precipitation averages about 400 mm (15. 7 inches), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya Ovası and the Malatya Ovası, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 mm (11. Malatya ( Hittite: Melid; Greek: Μαλάτεια Malateia; Armenian: Մալաթիա Malatia; Kurdish: 8 inches). May is generally the driest month and July and August are the wettest.

Eastern Anatolia

Eastern Anatolia where the Pontus and Taurus mountain ranges converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, and greater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian Plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 m. Mount Ararat, at 5,137 metres (16854 ft) the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus. Mount Ararat (see section Names for other names is the tallest peak in Turkey. Lake Van is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 metres (5072 ft). Lake Van (Van Gölü Gola Wanê Վանա լիճ Daryacheye Van ("Lake of Van" is the largest Lake The headwaters of three major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras River, which empties into the Caspian Sea; the south-flowing Euphrates and Tigris join in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Several small streams that empty into the Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains.

Southeast Anatolia lies south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and a broad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800 metres (2600 ft) in the north to about 500 metres (1600 ft) in the south. Traditionally, wheat and barley were the main crops of the region, but the inauguration of major new irrigation projects in the 1980s has led to greater agricultural diversity and development. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for The Southeastern Anatolia Project ( Turkish: G üneydoğu A nadolu P rojesi, GAP) is a multi-sector integrated regional development

Climate

Temperatures of Anatolia

Ankara (central Anatolia)

Antalya (southern Anatolia)

Van (eastern Anatolia)

Ecoregions

Anatolia's diverse topography and climate has fostered a similar diversity of plant and animal communities. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Antalya (formerly known as Adalia; from Pamphylian Greek: Αττάλεια Attália) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern A van is a kind of vehicle used for Transporting goods or groups of people

The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia, with its humid and mild climate, is home to temperate broadleaf, mixed, and coniferous forests. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate deciduous forest) --> are a Temperate and Humid Biome. Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial Biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest The central and eastern plateau, with its drier continental climate, is home to deciduous forests and forest steppes. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year Western and southern Anatolia, which have a Mediterranean climate, are home to Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub ecoregions. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Mediterranean forests woodlands and shrub is a temperate Biome, characterized by hot dry summers and mild and rainy winters

• Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. The Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests are a temperate mixed forest ecoregion located along the southern shore of the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of temperate rainforest lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia. Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall ^[4]
• Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia. The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is a temperate coniferous forest ecoregion of northern Turkey. ^[5]
• Central Anatolian deciduous forests: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia. ^[6]
• Central Anatolian steppe: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include halophytic (salt tolerant) plant communities. biosalinity|halophile A halophyte is a Plant that naturally grows where it is affected by Salinity in the root area or by salt spray such as in saline semi-deserts ^[7]
• Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is home to steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest. ^[8]
• Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant. ^[9]
• Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion is home to forests of Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia), oak forests and woodlands, and maquis shrubland of Turkish Pine and evergreen sclerophyllous trees and shrubs, including Olive (Olea europaea), Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo), Arbutus andrachne, Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera), and Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis). The Turkish pine ( Pinus brutia) is a Pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region Maquis ( French) or macchia ( Italian; plural macchie) is a Shrubland Biome in the Mediterranean region, typically Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation that has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern The Strawberry Tree ( Arbutus unedo L is an Evergreen Shrub or small Tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the The Greek Strawberry Tree ( Arbutus andrachne L is an evergreen Shrub or small Tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the Mediterranean The Kermes Oak ( Quercus coccifera) is an Oak in the Turkey oak section ''Quercus'' sect The Bay Laurel ( Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae) also known as True Laurel, Sweet Bay, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, or ^[10]
• Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate Taurus Mountains of southern Anatolia. For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra), Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani), Taurus fir (Abies cilicica), and juniper (Juniperus foetidissima and J. excelsa). The European Black Pine Pinus nigra (generally called Black Pine in Europe is a variable species of Pine, occurring across southern Europe Cedrus libani ( Lebanon Cedar or Cedar of Lebanon) is a species of Cedar native to the mountains of the Mediterranean region UserPolbot. --> Abies cilicica is a species of Conifer in the Pinaceae family Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Juniperus foetidissima ( Foetid Juniper or Stinking Juniper) is a Juniper native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Juniperus excelsa ( Greek Juniper) is a Juniper found throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from northeastern Greece and southern Broadleaf trees include oaks, hornbeam, and maples. Plants in the genus Carpinus ( Cár-pi-nus) are commonly called Hornbeams. Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or ^[11]
• Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. The Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests is a Mediterranean forests woodlands and shrub ecoregion of the eastern Mediterranean Basin Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia), and dry oak (Quercus spp. The Aleppo Pine ( Pinus halepensis) is a Pine native to the Mediterranean region. ) woodlands and steppes. ^[12]

History

Main article: History of Anatolia

Because of its strategic location at the intersection of Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been the center of several civilizations since prehistoric times. The History of Anatolia encompasses the region known as Anatolia ( Turkish Anadolu) known by the Latin name of Asia Minor, considered to be A Lotto carpet is a hand knotted carpet having a pattern that was primarily produced during the 16th and 17th centuries along the Aegean coast of Anatolia Turkey Apotheosis-of-saint-louisjpg|thumb|float|right|200px|This stature "The Apotheosis of St Neolithic settlements such as Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevali Cori, Hacilar, Göbekli Tepe, and Mersin are being explored by archaeologists. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Çatalhöyük (ʧɑtɑl højyk in Turkish also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük, or any of the three without Diacritics çatal is Turkish Çayönü is a Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey inhabited around 7200 to 6600 BC Nevalı Çori was an early Neolithic settlement on the middle Euphrates, in the province of Şanlıurfa (Urfa, eastern Turkey. Hacilar is an early human settlement in southwestern Turkey, 25 km southwest of present day Burdur. Göbekli Tepe ( Turkish for "Hill with a Belly") is a hilltop sanctuary built on the highest point of an elongated mountain ridge about 15km northeast This article is about the city of Mersin see Mersin Province, (named İçel province until 2002 for information about the surrounding area Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken both Indo-European and Semitic languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliations. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages originated. Luwian (sometimes spelled Luvian) is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the

The earliest definitive record of rule in Anatolia is from the Akkadian Empire under Sargon in the 24th century BCE. Sargon may refer to Persons Sargon of Akkad (Šarrukînu also known as Sargon the Great, Sargon I) Mesopotamian king The 24th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2400 BC to 2301 BC The region was famous for exporting various raw materials . ^[13] Akkad suffered problematic climate changes in Mesopotamia, as well as a reduction in available manpower that affected trade. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding This led to the fall of the Akkadians around 2150 BCE at the hands of the Gutians. The 22nd century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC Gutium was a tribe that overran southern Mesopotamia when the Akkadian empire collapsed ca ^[14]

After the Gutians were vanquished, the Assyrian Empire claimed the resources, notably silver. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen One of the numerous Assyrian cuneiform records found in Anatolia at Kanesh uses an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines. For the village in Azerbaijan see Kültəpə. Kültepe is the name of the modern village near the ancient city of Kaneš in central eastern ^[13] More than 2500 years ago, the area was home for Armenians. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani In the first century BC, it was a part of the domain of the Armenian king Tigran who reigned throughout much of the region situated between the Caspian, Black and Mediterranean seas. For the modern Ethiopian ethnic group known as Tigrayans see Tigray-Tigrinya people Tigranes (sometimes Tigran or Dikran) Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering ( CASPIAN) is a USA Grass-roots Consumer group dedicated to fighting Supermarket "loyalty" Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of

The Turkish language was introduced gradually with the conquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples from the 11th century AD. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). The rise of the Western notion of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the break-down of the Ottoman millet Beginning in 1915, the indigenous Christian Armenian population of Eastern Anatolia was systematically wiped out, and by the time the Turkish Republic was established there were few Armenians left in the Anatolian interior (see Armenian Genocide). Greeks who were native to Western Anatolia were also driven out, notable in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which occurred as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne, where most of the Turks in Greece were moved to Turkey and vice versa. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey is the first large-scale population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion in the 20th century The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Today, the inhabitants of Anatolia are mainly Turks and Kurds as well as Assyrian and Chaldean Christians, an ethnic and linguistic minority who exist in the southeastern regions. "Chaldean people" redirects here For additional information see Chaldea, Babylonia. A minority language is a Language spoken by a Minority of the Population of a country Georgians (see Chveneburi) have a presence in the northeast. The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the Chveneburi (ჩვენებური čveneburi) meaning "of us" in Georgian, is an Autonym of Muslim immigrants of Georgian

References

See also

• Anatolian Turkish Beyliks
• 1268 Cilicia earthquake
• Anatolian Bulgarians
• Ancient Greece
• Byzantine Empire
• Caria
• Cilicia
• Etruscans
• Hittites
• Lycia
• Lydia
• Ottoman Empire
• Pamphylia
• Phrygia
• Pontus
• Saint Anatolia, Roman Catholic Saint
• Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
• Turkey

External links

thumb|350px|Anatolian Turkish Beyliks map Anatolian Beyliks or Turkmen Beyliks ( Turkish: Anadolu Beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: The Anatolian Bulgarians or Bulgarians of Asia Minor (малоазийски българи maloaziyski balgari, or shortly малоазианци maloaziantsi The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Municipalities of Caria Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in Classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established "Sidyma" redirects here For the Moth Genus named thus see Sidyma (moth. Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Origins of the Pamphylians There can be little doubt that the Pamphylians and Pisidians were the same people though the former had received colonies from Greece and other In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Saints Victoria Anatolia and Audax (Sante Vittoria Anatolia e Audace are venerated as Martyrs and Saints by the Catholic Church. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

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