An abandoned Mogadishu street in 1993, shortly after the fall of the Siad Barre regime. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b

Somalia, from 1991 to present, is cited as a real-world example of a stateless society and legal system. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known A stateless nation is a political term used to imply that a group usually a minority Ethnic group, is a Nation, and is entitled to its own State, specifically ^[1][2] From the fall of Siad Barre's government in January 1991 until the capture of Mogadishu by the Islamic Courts Union in June 2006, there was no permanent national government in Somalia, a situation which persists as of 2008. Mohamed Siad Barre (Maxamed Siyaad Barre محمّد سياد بري) (b The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a Battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim ^[3] Large areas of the country such as Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug, Maakhir, and Southwestern Somalia are internationally unrecognized autonomous regions. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Galmudug, is a secular decentralized state in the central region of Somalia. Maakhir ( Gobolka Maakhir; ماخر) officially the Maakhir State of Somalia ( Maamul Goboleedka Maakhir, ولاية ماخر الصومال Southwestern Somalia ( Koonfur-Galbeed Soomaaliya) was an ostensibly autonomous self-proclaimed state in Somalia founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority The remaining areas, including the capital Mogadishu, were divided into smaller territories ruled by competing warlords. Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority In many areas there were (and still are) no formal regulations or licensing requirements for businesses and individuals.

Somalia is currently claimed as the sovereign territory of the Transitional Federal Government, a deeply divided collection of warlords and tribal leaders, headed by nominal President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed ( Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed, عبدالله يوسف أحمد (born December 15 1934) is a veteran Somali Politician Before December 2006, the TFG controlled only the town of Baidoa, the third largest city. Baidoa ( Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. ^[3] The intervention of Ethiopian government forces following the rise of the Islamic Courts Union, culminating in the latter's defeat in the Battle of Baidoa, allowed the TFG to expand its control under the protection of the Ethiopians. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Advance of the Islamic Courts Union is the period in the Somali Civil War that began on May 2006 with the Islamic Courts Union 's (ICU conquest of Mogadishu The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Government 's forces (TFG allied with Ethiopian forces stationed The TFG has not been able to effectively collect taxes, has no notable finances or real power base,^[4] and has struggled to exert control over Mogadishu since an attempted move in late December 2006. ^[3]

Economist Alex Tabarrok has claimed that Somalia in its stateless period provided a "unique test of the theory of anarchy" as espoused by anarcho-capitalists David D. Friedman and Murray Rothbard,^[5] although this is strongly disputed by anti-capitalist anarchists who contend it is not anarchy, but merely chaos. Alexander Taghi Tabarrok (born 1966 is a Canadian - American economist and co-author with Tyler Cowen, of the popular economics blog Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Chaos (derived from the Ancient Greek, Chaos) typically refers to Unpredictability, and is the antithesis of Cosmos. ^[6] The Somali experience since the collapse of the state, and especially the failure of international intervention, has offered a clear challenge to elements of conventional economic, political and social order theory and the very premises under which Western diplomacy and development agencies operate,^[7] and in particular, in the words of anthropologist Peter D. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Social order is a concept used in sociology history and other social sciences An aid agency is an organisation dedicated to distributing Aid. Little, "assumptions about the role of states in maintaining order and services". ^[8]

The rule of law

See also: Consuetudinary and polycentric law

Following the downfall of the Siad Barre regime, there was effectively no formal monocentric government law in Somalia. Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. While some urban areas such as Mogadishu had private police forces,^[9] many Somalis simply returned to the traditional clan-based legal structures for local governance and dispute resolution. Dispute resolution is the process of resolving disputes between parties. ^[7] Identified by The New York Times as "legendary individualists",^[2] Somalis have been thought of as particularly susceptible to anarchist forms of social organisation; social scientists have identified the pastoralist way of life that a great many Somalis lead as in tension with formal statist legal systems. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Statism (or Etatism) is a very loose and often Derogatory term that is used to describe Specific instances of state intervention in personal social ^[10] Political loyalties are based on clan and region rather than political party, which, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs makes the sustainability of a centralised political system "difficult". A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral "OCHA" redirects there See Ocha for other possible meanings ^[4]

Anthropologist Spencer MacCallum has identified the rule of law during the period as that of the Xeer, a customary law indigenous to Somalia. Spencer Heath McCallum (1931 commonly known as Spencer MacCallum, is an American Anthropologist, Business consultant and Libertarian The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law The law permits practices such as safe travel, trade, and marriage , which survives "to a significant degree" throughout Somalia, particularly in rural Somalia where it is "virtually unaffected". ^[1] MacCallum credits the Xeer with "Somalia's success without a central government, since it provides an authentic rule of law to support trade and economic development. "^[1] In the Xeer, law and crime are defined in terms of property rights; consequently the criminal justice system is compensatory rather than the punitive system of the majority of states, and the Xeer is "unequivocal in its opposition" to any form of taxation. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring In Law, damages refers to the money paid or awarded to a Claimant (England Pursuer (Scotland or Plaintiff (US following a successful A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Powell et. al (2006) find that the existence of the common law dispute resolution system in Somalia makes possible basic economic order. Dispute resolution is the process of resolving disputes between parties. ^[11] MacCallum compares the Xeer to the common law in 6th century Scotland, and notes that there is no monopoly of either police nor judical services,^[1] a condition of polycentric law. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State Polycentric law is a legal structure in which providers of Legal systems compete or overlap in a given Jurisdiction, as opposed to monopolistic Statutory

Social conditions

The international aid group Médecins Sans Frontières stated that the level of daily violence during this period was "catastrophic". Médecins Sans Frontières (pronounced) or Doctors Without Borders, is a secular humanitarian-aid Non-governmental organization best known ^[12] A statistic from 2000 indicated that only 21% of the population had access to safe drinking water at that time, and Somalia had one of the highest child mortality rates in the world with 10% of children dying at birth and 25% of those surviving birth dying before age five. ^[3] Additionally, "adult literacy is estimated to have declined from the already low level of 24% in 1989 to 17. 1% in 2001. "^[13] A more recent 2003 study reported that the literacy rate was 19%. ^[14] The impact on human development in Somalia of governmental collapse and ensuing civil war was profound, leading to the breakdown of political institutions, the destruction of social and economic infrastructure and massive internal and external migrations. ^[13]

However, according to one study:^[15]

In 2005, Somalia ranked in the top 50 percent in six of our 13 measures, and ranked near the bottom in only three: infant mortality, immunization rates, and access to improved water sources. This compares favorably with circumstances in 1990, when Somalia last had a government and was ranked in the bottom 50 percent for all seven of the measures for which we had that year’s data: death rate, infant mortality, life expectancy, main telephone lines, tuberculosis, and immunization for measles and DTP. "

Social organisation in the absence of government

See also: spontaneous order

In the absence of functioning governmental institutions and regulations, voluntary non-coercive alternatives emerged to a limited extent. See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Institutions are structures and mechanisms of Social order and Cooperation governing the Behavior of a Set of Individuals This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. Voluntaryism is a Philosophy that opposes anything that it sees as unjustifiably invasive and Coercive. Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats Commentators identify evidence of areas where the private sector adapted to the stateless environment. A 2004 World Bank study of the Somalian economy concluded that "it may be easier than is commonly thought for basic systems of finance and some infrastructure services to function where government is extremely weak or absent. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e "^[14] The New York Times referred to post-state Mogadishu as "the ultimate example of deregulation,"^[16] noting that "[g]utsy entrepreneurs, including some women, opened their own hospitals, schools… telephone companies, power plants and ports. Deregulation, a term which gained widespread currency in the period 1970-2000 can be seen as a process by which governments remove reduce or simplify Restrictions on Business A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo "^[16]

Communications

Private media enterprises – such as Haatuf newspaper from Hargeisa shown here – mushroomed in the aftermath of state collapse. History Prehistoric inhabitants The city is home to Neolithic Cave paintings recently discovered named Laas Geel.

Journalist Kevin Sites, after a trip to anarchic Somalia, reported that "Somalia, though brutally poor, is a kind of libertarian's dream. Kevin Sites is Yahoo! News ' first correspondent His current project is People of the Web, a series of feature profiles on the people behind websites viral videos Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Free enterprise flourishes, and vigorous commercial competition is the only form of regulation. Free enterprise may refer to Free enterprise system or Free enterprise economy, another term for Capitalism Free Somalia has some of the best telecommunications in Africa, with a handful of companies ready to wire home or office and provide crystal-clear service, including international long distance, for about $10 a month. "^[17] Abdullahi Mohammed Hussein of Telecom Somalia stated that "the government post and telecoms company used to have a monopoly but after the regime was toppled, we were free to set up our own business",^[18] The World Bank reported in 2007 that only about 1. 5% of the population had a telephone^[14] resulting in the emergence of ten fiercely competitive telephone companies. ^[19] According to the CIA World Factbook, private telephone companies "offer service in most major cities" via wireless technology, charging "the lowest international rates on the continent",^[3] while The New York Times has noted the private provision of mail services. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot Mail, or post, is a method for transmitting information and tangible objects wherein written Documents typically enclosed in Envelopes and also ^[2] The Economist cited the telephone industry in anarchic Somalia as "a vivid illustration of the way in which governments…can often be more of a hindrance than a help. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London "^[20] Gaalkacyo, a desert town in the central Somalia, was provided with streetlights by local entrepreneur Abdirizak Osman, who expanded his enterprises from telecommunications to power generators, not only lighting the town but also supplying free electricity to the local hospital. Sources A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard, is a raised source of Light on the edge of a Road ^[19] Since the fall of the government, dozens of private newspapers, radio and television stations mushroomed (Mogadishu has two fiercely competing TV stations^[19]), with private radio stations or newspapers in almost all major towns. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and Video to Television receivers in a particular area ^[4]

Transport

In 1989, before the collapse of the government, the national airline had only one airplane. A flag carrier refers to a Transportation company such as an Airline or Shipping company that is locally registered in a given Country Now there are approximately fifteen airlines, over sixty aircraft, six international destinations, and more domestic routes in Somalia. Private airlines, including Air Somalia and Daallo Airlines, serve several domestic locations as well as Djibouti, the United Arab Emirates, Paris and London. Air Somalia is a privately owned Airline based in Somalia, established in 2001 Daallo Airlines is an Airline, headquartered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. According to a 2005 World Bank report, the "private airline business in Somalia is now thriving with more than five carriers and price wars between the companies. Price war is a term used in Business to indicate a state of intense competitive rivalry accompanied by a multi-lateral series of price reductions "^[21] Mohammed Yassin Olad, owner of Daallo Airlines, has stated that the absence of government has led to both difficulties and benefits, and commented that "corruption is not a problem, because there is no government…We build the airports and we service the airports and we only fly when we are sure it's safe". Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain ^[21] A small fishing village prior to the fall of the state, Bosaso developed a lucrative import/export trade of U. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Bosaso (Boosaaso is a large city in Somalia and the main Port of Somalia (since the start of the Somali Civil War in 1991 S. $15 million per year out of its port during the 1990s. ^[22] The population grew in eight years from 5,000 to 150,000, sustained by public services provided on a competitive basis by private enterprise, and court systems, schools and a university founded by the local community. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where ^[22]

Education

The number of primary schools in Somalia have nearly doubled since 1991, without the involvement of central government.

In a 2007 study of the current state of education in Somalia since the collapse of central authority in 1991, Abdullahi Sheikh Abdinoor found that "the Somali people have adapted rather well, under the circumstances, to the absence of the state, despite continuing insecurity and lawlessness prevailing in the country. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency "^[7] Following the destruction of educational systems and infrastructure during the civil war, nascent educational institutions have emerged in anarchy; teachers and other educators who saw the need for education "quite spontaneously" opened their own institutions. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. ^[7] For-profit educational institutions were established simultaneously by entrepreneurial businessmen. ^[2]

For centuries, the Somali community, as opposed to the state, has been in charge of Islamic education in all aspects, providing financial and administrative support. ^[7] The majority of the schools are provided by the free market, sustained by school fees (typically $10 per month^[16]); in cases where there are state-supported public schools, private schools are often coveted for their academic excellence, outperforming their public competitors in academic achievement tests. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[7] The number of primary schools have risen from 600 before the civil war to 1,172 schools today, with an increase of 28% in primary school enrollment over the last 3 years. ^[23] Enrollment in secondary schools has also increased since 1998. Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes ^[13] In Mogadishu, the Benadir University, the Somalia National University, and the Mogadishu University are three of the eight universities providing tertiary education in Southern Somalia. Benadir University, or University of Benadir, abbreviated as BU, is a university located in Mogadishu. Jaamacada Ummada Soomaaliyeed or the Somali National University (SNU is the national University of the Northeast African nation of Somalia. Mogadishu University ( جامعة مقديشو) is non-governmental university in the Somali capital of Mogadishu. Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing

Economic impact of anarchy

For more details on this topic, see Economy of Somalia. Somalia has a free market economy Somalia has meager natural resources (or untapped resources such as Oil) and recent economic reverses has left its people increasingly dependent

In the absence of government regulation, Somali marketplaces have thrived. A marketplace is the space actual or metaphorical in which a Market operates ^[9]

Although it states that no reliable statistics are available for the period in question, the United Nations claims that Somalia, already one of the poorest countries in the world, has become even poorer as a result of civil war. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security ^[4] However, the CIA Factbook maintains that gains were made during the early 2000s; "despite the seeming anarchy, Somalia's service sector has managed to survive and grow. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Mogadishu's main market offers a variety of goods from food to the newest electronic gadgets. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information Hotels continue to operate, and militias provide security. "^[3]

When extreme poverty (percentage of individuals living on less than PPP$1 a day) was last measured by the World Bank in 1998, Somalia fared better than wealthier West African and neighboring countries, over some of whom Somalia also had superior infrastructure. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. ^[14] The CIA World Factbook counsels that "Statistics on Somalia's GDP, growth, per capita income, and inflation should be viewed skeptically",^[3] while estimating Somalias GDP per capita at $600.

In the absence of a Somali state and its institutions, the private sector grew "impressively" according to the World Bank in 2003, particularly in the areas of trade, commerce, transport, remittance and infrastructure services and in the primary sectors, notably in livestock, agriculture and fisheries. ^[13] In 2007, the United Nations reported that the country's service industry is also thriving. ^[4] Economist Peter T. Leeson, in an event study of "the impact of anarchy on Somali development", found that "[t]he data suggest that while the state of this development remains low, on nearly all of 18 key indicators that allow pre- and post-stateless welfare comparisons, Somalis are better off under anarchy than they were under government. An Event study is a statistical method to assess the impact of an event on the value of a firm Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness " Powell et al. concur that in absolute terms, Somalia’s living standards have improved and compare favorably with many existing African states, but also report that living standards have often improved "relative to other African countries since the collapse of the Somali central government. The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. "^[11]

Islamic courts

Political map of Somalia in December 2006 showing the political structure of the Islamic Courts Union at the height of its power during the Somali Civil War. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988

For more details on this topic, see Islamic Courts Union, Rise of the Islamic Courts Union (2006), Islamist insurgency in Somalia (2007–present). The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim The Advance of the Islamic Courts Union is the period in the Somali Civil War that began on May 2006 with the Islamic Courts Union 's (ICU conquest of Mogadishu The War in Somalia is an ongoing armed conflict involving largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG forces versus the Somali

Following the collapse of centralized government, much of the legal system and most of the educational institutions and social services fell under the control of religious institutions, which often received significant funding and support from international charities. In 2005, some of these clerical organizations united to form the Islamic Courts Union, after the secular warlords began to challenge the sharia-based judicial institutions. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Wary of Islamist paramilitaries in the age of the War on Terror, the CIA funneled hundreds of thousands of dollars to secular warlords inside Somalia in 2006, intending thereby to neutralize the threat of suspected members of Al Qaeda they believed to be sheltered by the ICU. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The ^[24] This was cited by experts as a factor in the resurgence of Islamic militias in the country, prompting the latter to engage in pre-emptive strikes which routed the warlords and led to the seizure of Mogadishu by the ICU. Preemptive war (or a preemptive strike) is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived inevitable offensive or Invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in ^[24] The ICU gained control of Mogadishu and its surrounding districts in June 2006, after the Second Battle of Mogadishu. The Second Battle of Mogadishu was a Battle fought for control of Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. The ICU was later overthrown by the Ethiopian military with the support of the United Nations, African Union, and the United States government. The War in Somalia is an ongoing armed conflict involving largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG forces versus the Somali NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other working languages is a Confederation consisting of 53  African The United States of America —commonly referred to as the After the ICU forces were chased from Mogadishu, the leaders of the Transitional Federal Parliament entered Somalia declaring themselves the rightful governors of Somalia. The Fall of Mogadishu occurred on December 28, 2006, when the militaries of Somalia 's Transitional Federal Government The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic ( Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya As of October 2007, there was still widespread opposition within Somalia to the TFG, and the TFG's leaders and their allies were still attempting to suppress a strong insurgency. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution

See also

• Kritarchy, rule by judiciary. Kritarchy is a form of government ruled by judges It may have existed in Israel during the period of time described in the Book of Judges and exist in Somalia under the

References

Further reading

• Notten, Michael (2005). The Law of the Somalis. City: The Red Sea Press, Inc. ISBN 9781569022504.  
• Little, Peter (2003). Somalia: Economy Without State. Oxford: International African Institute in association with James Currey. ISBN 0253216486.  

External links

• Who Needs Government? Pirates, Collapsed States, and the Possibility of Anarchy, August 2007 issue of Cato Unbound focusing on Somali anarchy. The Cato Institute is a Libertarian Think tank headquartered in Washington D