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Philosophy PortalAnarcho-capitalism or free-market anarchism[1] (a form of individualist anarchism)[2] is an anti-state political philosophy that attempts to reconcile anarchism with capitalism. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Infoanarchism is an Umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of Intellectual property, such as Copyright and Patents Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism refers to forms of anarchism that are seen by some on the ' left of politics ' Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an An Anarch is a Conservative Revolutionary ideal of a sovereign individual, conceived by Ernst Jünger. Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event Traditionally the revolutionary left sees the commune as a populist replacement for the elitist parliament Consensus democracy is the application of Consensus decision making to the process of legislation in a Democracy. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power" ( dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Especifismo (English specifism is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro and other South American anarchist organizations Horizontalidad ( Eng: horizontality or horizontalism) is a theory or system that advocates the creation development and maintenance of social structures Not to be confused with the concept of "popular illegalisms" created by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. Individual reclamation ( Fr: reprise individuelle) is a form of the Direct action, characterized by the individual theft of resources from the rich by the Anarchist law refers to a series of ongoing debates within the various branches of Anarchist theory regarding if and how norms of individual and/or collective behavior Participatory Politics or Parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen R A Permanent autonomous zone (or a PAZ) is a Community that is autonomous from the generally recognized Government or authority structure in which The term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements and in short it describes modes of organization and tactics undertaken that accurately reflect the future Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Refusal of work is a concept that has been advocated at various times by many social activist groups mostly located on the Libertarian left. Pleistocene Rewilding Rewilding is the process of creating a lifestyle that is beyond Domestication. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the Animal liberation movement. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Criticisms of anarchism originate from the interest groups it opposes as well as related theories such as Marxism. Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Anarchism and violence have become closely connected in popular thought in part because of a concept of " Propaganda of the deed " Originating in the Greek language ( αρχή "arche" means "beginning origin outset prime principle start threshold" the term "anarchy" The Amakasu Incident occurred on September 16, 1923, in the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas Somalia, from 1991 to present is cited as a real-world example of a Stateless society and legal system The Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations occurred on the 1st to the 4th of May 1986 in Melbourne, Australia. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil The Global Carnival Against Capital took place on Friday June 18, 1999. La Escuela Moderna ( Spanish for "The Modern School" was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Catalonia ( The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider The, also known as the, was a Socialist - Anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910 leading to a mass arrest of leftists and the execution The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. The Kate Sharpley Library (or KSL) is a Library dedicated to anarchist texts and History. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the world’s most complete collections of materials documenting the history of Anarchism LIP is a French clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and management in France For other events in May 1968 see 1968. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Provo was a Dutch Counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait The Red inverted triangle was the badge that political prisoners in Nazi Concentration camps had to wear The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Third Russian Revolution (also know as the Left Wing Rebellions Against the Bolsheviks) was a series of Rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) ( July 25 - August 2, 1909) is the Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of Trade negotiations occurred Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics Anarchism has long had an association with the Arts, particularly in music and literature Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Celtic anarchism is a new tendency within the larger Anarchist movement A precise definition of culture jamming is elusive It has been called a Resistance movement to Cultural hegemony, whereas some say the defining theme of culture jamming DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism Freeganism is an anti-consumerist lifestyle whereby people employ alternative living strategies based on "limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global participatory network of journalists that reports on political and social issues An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic Jewish anarchism is a general term encompassing various expressions of Anarchism within the Jewish community Lifestyle anarchism is a term derived from Murray Bookchin 's polemical essay " Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism An Unbridgeable Chasm. Popular education is at the crossroads between Politics and Pedagogy, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered Radical cheerleading is a form of Cheerleading that originated in Florida, but has now spread across the United States as well as Canada Radical environmentalism, is a grassroots branch of the larger Environmental movement that emerged out of an Ecocentrism -based frustration with the co-option of mainstream Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause " To The Barricades " ( A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with A free school, sometimes intentionally spelled free skool, is a decentralized network in which skills information and knowledge are shared without Hierarchy or the Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A gift economy is a Social theory in which goods and services are given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future Quid pro quo. Market abolitionism is a belief that the market, in the economic sense should be completely eliminated from society Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed Economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism The Really Really Free Market ( RRFM) movement is a non- hierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary Market based on an alternative Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Wage slavery is a term first coined by the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836 though articulated as a concept at least as early as Cicero and elaborated by subsequent thinkers Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production This is a list of anarchist movements by region, both geographical and/or political Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societies and to modern Anarchist movements in Africa The powerful Radical faction of Austria-Hungary 's Social Democratic Party was anarchist in all but name until 1884 and anarchist ideas penetrated deeply Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of '''Brazil''''s Old Republic. Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including Anarcho-syndicalism, Individualist anarchism, green anarchy and Anarchist The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the Working classes during the 19th and early 20th century Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. evolution of Anarchism in Greece has shown a series of historical paradoxes which have to do with both the insufficient historical coverage of such events as well as the distortion In India, Anarchism never took the form of formally named "anarchism" Irish Anarchism has little historical tradition before the 1970s and as a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s - although one organisation the Workers Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Italy, in particular at the turn of the 20th century had a strong Anarcho-syndicalist movement Anarchism was an influential movement in Japan in the 19th and 20th centuries Anarchism in Korea began in 1894 when Japan invaded Korea with the stated intention of protecting it from China. Pre-conquest some of the indigenous peoples of what is today Mexico had decisionmaking structures based on participation discussion and consensus hallmarks of modern anarchism The Anarchist movement in Poland developed at the end of the 19th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and Russia Russian anarchism is Anarchism in Russia or among Russians. Bakunin and the anarchists' exile See also Exile In 1848 Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War One of the first Swedish anarchists was the Swedish artist Ivan Aguéli who in 1884 was arrested and sentenced in the " Trial of the thirty " in Paris Anarchism came to the political scene in Turkey only after the publication of Kara, a monthly magazine Anarchism in Ukraine dates to the 20th century though it has roots in the peasant uprisings of Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev as well as the Zaporozhian Anarchism in the United States spans a wide range of Anarchist Philosophy, from Individualist anarchism to Anarchist communism and other less Anarchism as a Political movement in Vietnam started in the early twentieth century This is a list of Anarcho-punk bands The following is a list of notable or influential books on or relating to Anarchism, in alphabetical order by author This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present Throughout history anarchists have been involved in a wide variety of communities This is a list of Fictional anarchists; the source material in which they are found their creator(s the individual(s who interpreted them as anarchists during This is a list of Jewish Anarchists. A Yehuda Ashlag Paul Avrich B The following is a list of anarchist musicians, which details instruments such musicians utilize musical genres they perform and if applicable bands which they are members of This list uses the word Organization in its loosest sense Some of the following groups would be better categorized as networks. The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals This is a list of anarchists poets, examples of their published work and the source material in which their poetry is found Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against Consumerism. Anti-corporate activists (see Activism) believe that the rise of large business Corporations is posing a threat to the legitimate authority of the public good " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Christian libertarianism should not be confused with Libertarian Christianity. Geolibertarianism is a Political movement that strives to reconcile Libertarianism and Georgism (or geoism) Green libertarianism is a Political philosophy that has developed in the United States. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Left-libertarianism (or left-wing libertarianism) is a term that has been adopted by several different libertarian political movements and theorists Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent Individualist feminism (sometimes also grouped with libertarian feminism or ifeminism) is a term for feminist ideas which seek to celebrate Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with Market socialism is a term used to denote two different Economic system (s based in Socialism which operate according to Market principles In Civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal Statism, small government, or limited-government Libertarianism Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Neolibertarianism is a political philosophy combining elements of Libertarian and Neoconservative thought that embraces Incrementalism domestically Paleolibertarianism is a school of thought within American Libertarianism founded by Lew Rockwell and Murray Rothbard, and closely associated Right-libertarianism or right libertarianism is a phrase used to either describe non- Collectivist forms of Libertarianism or a variety of different libertarian Voluntaryism is a Philosophy that opposes anything that it sees as unjustifiably invasive and Coercive. Objectivism is a Philosophy developed by Ayn Rand in the 20th century that encompasses positions on Metaphysics, Epistemology, The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Decriminalization is the reduction or abolition of criminal penalties in relation to certain acts but regulated permits or fines might still apply (for contrast Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions The question of free will Freedom of contract or contractualism is the idea that individuals should be free to bargain among themselves the terms of their own contracts without government interference The homestead principle (or original appropriation) is part of libertarian and anarcho-capitalist Ethics. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Methodological individualism is a philosophical method aimed at explaining and understanding broad society-wide developments as the aggregation of decisions by individuals Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force A night watchman state, or a minimal state, is a Form of government in Political philosophy where the government's responsibilities are so minimal they The non-aggression principle (also called the non-aggression axiom, anticoercion principle, or zero aggression principle) is a Deontological Nonintervention or non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Self-governance is an abstract concept that refers to several scales of Organization. Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person The subjective theory of value (or theory of subjective value) is an economic theory of value that holds that "to possess value an object must be both useful A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a Tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax or to some of that institution’s policies The libertarian movement consists of the various individuals and institutions who expound or promote the ideas and causes of Libertarianism. Libertarianism is a Political philosophy that emphasises the Liberty of the individual and seeks to minimize or even abolish the State. Many countries and subnational political entities have libertarian political parties. Libertarian theories of law build upon classical liberal and individualist anarchist doctrines Adherents of different ideologies have criticized Libertarianism for various reasons Civil libertarianism is a strain of political thought that supports Civil liberties, or who emphasizes the supremacy of Individual rights and Personal freedoms For the revolt in Brazil, see Constitutionalist Revolution. The term Constitutionalism is a word with a variety of meanings A libertarian Democrat is a person who subscribes to libertarian philosophy while typically voting for and being involved with the United States Democratic Party. A libertarian Republican (LR is a person who subscribes to libertarian philosophy while typically voting for and being involved with the United States Republican Party Libertarian transhumanism is a Political philosophy synthesizing Libertarianism and Transhumanism. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees It advocates the elimination of the state, the provision of law enforcement, courts, national defense, and all other security services by voluntarily-funded competitors in a free market rather than through compulsory taxation. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its A private defense agency (PDA is a conceptualized agency that provides personal protection and military defense services voluntarily through the Free market. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers It supports the complete deregulation of nonintrusive personal and economic activities and a self-regulated market. Deregulation, a term which gained widespread currency in the period 1970-2000 can be seen as a process by which governments remove reduce or simplify Restrictions on Business An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Anarcho-capitalists argue for a society based in voluntary trade of private property (including money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) and services in order to maximize individual liberty and prosperity, but also recognize charity and communal arrangements as part of the same voluntary ethic. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual A service is the non-material equivalent of a good. A service provision is an economic activity that does not result in Ownership, and this is what differentiates Etymology The word "charity" entered the English language through the Old French word " charité " which was derived from the [3] Though anarcho-capitalists are known for asserting a right to private (individualized/non-public) property, non-state common property can also exist in an anarcho-capitalist society. [4] For them, what is important is that it is acquired and transferred without help or hindrance from the compulsory state. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Anarcho-capitalist libertarians believe that the only just way to acquire property is through voluntary trade, gift, or labor-based original appropriation, rather than through aggression or fraud. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. The homestead principle (or original appropriation) is part of libertarian and anarcho-capitalist Ethics. Murray Rothbard coined the term anarcho-capitalism to distinguish it from anarchism that opposes private property. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism [5]
Anarcho-capitalists see free-market capitalism as the basis for a free society. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Rothbard defined free-market capitalism as "peaceful voluntary exchange", in contrast to "state capitalism" which he defined as a collusive partnership between business and government that uses coercion to subvert the free market. State capitalism, in its classic meaning is a private capitalist economy under State control [6] "Capitalism," as anarcho-capitalists employ the term, is not to be confused with state monopoly capitalism, crony capitalism, corporatism, or contemporary mixed economies, wherein natural market incentives and disincentives are skewed by state intervention. The theory of state monopoly capitalism ("Stamocap" or "Stamokap" theory was initially a Marxist doctrine popularised after World War II Crony capitalism is a pejorative term describing an allegedly capitalist economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between businessmen and government Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic A mixed economy is an Economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system [7] So they reject the state, based on the belief that states are aggressive entities which steal property (through taxation and expropriation), initiate aggression, are a compulsory monopoly on the use of defensive and/or punitive force, use their coercive powers to benefit some businesses and individuals at the expense of others, create monopolies, restrict trade, and restrict personal freedoms via drug laws, compulsory education, conscription, laws on food and morality, and the like. Expropriation refers to Confiscation of Private property with the stated purpose of establishing social equality. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary Legislation or Religious law is a common means of attempting to control Drug use and the Compulsory education is Education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The embrace of unfettered capitalism leads to considerable tension between anarcho-capitalists and many social anarchists who tend to distrust the market, and believe that free-market capitalism is inherently authoritarian – hence incompatible with Anarchist ideals. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i An ideal is a Principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. Market anarchists and individualist anarchists, unlike anarcho-capitalists, oppose intellectual property. Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names [8][9]
Various theorists have differing, though similar, philosophies which are considered to fall under "anarcho-capitalism. " The first well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated by Austrian School economist and libertarian Murray Rothbard in the mid-twentieth century, synthesizing elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism, and nineteenth century American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker (rejecting their labor theory of value and the normative implications they derived from it). The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism The labor theories of value (LTV are theories in Economics according to which the values of Commodities are related to the labor needed to [10] In Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism, there would first be the implementation of a mutually agreed-upon libertarian "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow. "[11] This legal code would recognize sovereignty of the individual and the principle of non-aggression. Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person The non-aggression principle (also called the non-aggression axiom, anticoercion principle, or zero aggression principle) is a Deontological However, in David D. Friedman's anarcho-capitalism, "the systems of law will be produced for profit on the open market",[12] which he believes would lead to a generally libertarian society if not an absolute one. David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his Rothbard bases his philosophy on absolutist natural law grounds but also gives economic explanations of why he thinks anarcho-capitalism is preferable on pragmatic grounds. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Friedman says he is not an absolutist rights theorist but is also "not a utilitarian", but believes that "utilitarian arguments are usually the best way to defend libertarian views". [13] Hans-Hermann Hoppe, meanwhile, uses "argumentation ethics" for his foundation of "private property anarchism",[14] which is closer to Rothbard's natural law approach. Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics Discourse ethics, sometimes called "argumentation ethics" refers to a type of Argument that attempts to establish normative or ethical truths by examining the
Philosophy
The nonaggression axiom
"I define anarchist society as one where there is no legal possibility for coercive aggression against the person or property of any individual. Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person The non-aggression principle (also called the non-aggression axiom, anticoercion principle, or zero aggression principle) is a Deontological Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarchists oppose the State because it has its very being in such aggression, namely, the expropriation of private property through taxation, the coercive exclusion of other providers of defense service from its territory, and all of the other depredations and coercions that are built upon these twin foci of invasions of individual rights. " -Murray Rothbard in Society and State
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The term anarcho-capitalism was most likely coined in the mid-1950s by the economist Murray Rothbard. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism [15] Other terms sometimes used for this philosophy, though not necessarily outside anarcho-capitalist circles, include:
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Anarcho-capitalism, as formulated by Rothbard and others, holds strongly to the central libertarian nonaggression axiom:
- [. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the . . ] The basic axiom of libertarian political theory holds that every man is a self owner, having absolute jurisdiction over his own body. Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person In effect, this means that no one else may justly invade, or aggress against, another's person. It follows then that each person justly owns whatever previously unowned resources he appropriates or "mixes his labor with. " From these twin axioms — self-ownership and "homesteading" — stem the justification for the entire system of property rights titles in a free-market society. The homestead principle (or original appropriation) is part of libertarian and anarcho-capitalist Ethics. This system establishes the right of every man to his own person, the right of donation, of bequest (and, concomitantly, the right to receive the bequest or inheritance), and the right of contractual exchange of property titles. [19]
Rothbard's defense of the self-ownership principle stems from what he believed to be his falsification of all other alternatives, namely that either a group of people can own another group of people, or the other alternative, that no single person has full ownership over one's self. Rothbard dismisses these two cases on the basis that they cannot result in an universal ethic, i. Moral universalism (or universal morality) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics or a universal ethic applies universally, that e. , a just natural law that can govern all people, independent of place and time. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that The only alternative that remains to Rothbard is self-ownership, which he believes is both axiomatic and universal. [20]
In general, the nonaggression axiom can be said to be a prohibition against the initiation of force, or the threat of force, against persons (i. e. , direct violence, assault, murder) or property (i. Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries e. , fraud, burglary, theft, taxation). [21] The initiation of force is usually referred to as aggression or coercion. In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats The difference between anarcho-capitalists and other libertarians is largely one of the degree to which they take this axiom. Minarchist libertarians, such as most people involved in Libertarian political parties, would retain the state in some smaller and less invasive form, retaining at the very least public police, courts and military; others, however, might give further allowance for other government programs. In Civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal Statism, small government, or limited-government Libertarianism Many countries and subnational political entities have libertarian political parties. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking In contrast, anarcho-capitalists reject any level of state intervention, defining the state as a coercive monopoly and, as the only entity in human society that derives its income from legal aggression, an entity that inherently violates the central axiom of libertarianism. [20]
Some anarcho-capitalists, such as Rothbard, accept the nonaggression axiom on an intrinsic moral or natural law basis. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that It is in terms of the non-aggression principle that Rothbard defined anarchism; he defined "anarchism as a system which provides no legal sanction for such aggression ['against person and property']" and said that "what anarchism proposes to do, then, is to abolish the State, i. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i e. to abolish the regularized institution of aggressive coercion. "[22] In an interview with New Banner, Rothbard said that "capitalism is the fullest expression of anarchism, and anarchism is the fullest expression of capitalism. "[23] Alternatively, others, such as Friedman, take a consequentialist or egoist approach; rather than maintaining that aggression is intrinsically immoral, they maintain that a law against aggression can only come about by contract between self-interested parties who agree to refrain from initiating coercion against each other. Consequentialism refers to those moral theories which hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action
Property
Private property
Central to anarcho-capitalism are the concepts of self-ownership and original appropriation:
Everyone is the proper owner of his own physical body as well as of all places and nature-given goods that he occupies and puts to use by means of his body, provided only that no one else has already occupied or used the same places and goods before him. Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person The homestead principle (or original appropriation) is part of libertarian and anarcho-capitalist Ethics. This ownership of "originally appropriated" places and goods by a person implies his right to use and transform these places and goods in any way he sees fit, provided only that he does not change thereby uninvitedly the physical integrity of places and goods originally appropriated by another person. In particular, once a place or good has been first appropriated by, in John Locke's phrase, 'mixing one's labor' with it, ownership in such places and goods can be acquired only by means of a voluntary — contractual — transfer of its property title from a previous to a later owner. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. [24]
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Anarcho-capitalism uses the following terms in ways that may differ from common usage or various anarchist movements.
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This is the root of anarcho-capitalist property rights, and where they differ from collectivist forms of anarchism such as anarcho-communism where the product of labor is collectivized in a pool of goods and distributed "according to need. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than " Anarcho-capitalists advocate individual ownership of the product of labor regardless of what the individual "needs" or does not need. As Rothbard says, "if every man has the right to own his own body and if he must use and transform material natural objects in order to survive, then he has the right to own the product that he has made. " After property is created through labor it may then only exchange hands legitimately by trade or gift; forced transfers are considered illegitimate. Original appropriation allows an individual to claim any "unused" property, including land, and by improving or otherwise using it, own it with the same "absolute right" as his own body. According to Rothbard, property can only come about through labor, therefore original appropriation of land is not legitimate by merely claiming it or building a fence around it; it is only by using land — by mixing one's labor with it — that original appropriation is legitimized: "Any attempt to claim a new resource that someone does not use would have to be considered invasive of the property right of whoever the first user will turn out to be. "[25] As a practical matter, in terms of the ownership of land, anarcho-capitalists recognize that there are few (if any) parcels of land left on Earth whose ownership was not at some point in time obtained in violation of the homestead principle, through seizure by the state or put in private hands with the assistance of the state. Rothbard says in "Justice and Property Right" that "any identifiable owner (the original victim of theft or his heir) must be accorded his property. " In the case of slavery, Rothbard says that in many cases "the old plantations and the heirs and descendants of the former slaves can be identified, and the reparations can become highly specific indeed. " He believes slaves rightfully own any land they were forced to work on under the "homestead principle. The homestead principle (or original appropriation) is part of libertarian and anarcho-capitalist Ethics. " If property is held by the state, Rothbard advocates its confiscation and return to the private sector: "any property in the hands of the State is in the hands of thieves, and should be liberated as quickly as possible. " For example, he proposes that State universities be seized by the students and faculty under the homestead principle. Rothbard also supports expropriation of nominally "private property" if it is the result of state-initiated force, such as businesses who receive grants and subsidies. He proposes that businesses who receive at least 50% of their funding from the state be confiscated by the workers. He says, "What we libertarians object to, then, is not government per se but crime, what we object to is unjust or criminal property titles; what we are for is not "private" property per se but just, innocent, non-criminal private property. " Likewise, Karl Hess says, "libertarianism wants to advance principles of property but that it in no way wishes to defend, willy nilly, all property which now is called private. . . Much of that property is stolen. Much is of dubious title. All of it is deeply intertwined with an immoral, coercive state system. "[26] By accepting an axiomatic definition of private property and property rights, anarcho-capitalists deny the legitimacy of a state on principle:
- "For, apart from ruling out as unjustified all activities such as murder, homicide, rape, trespass, robbery, burglary, theft, and fraud, the ethics of private property is also incompatible with the existence of a state defined as an agency that possesses a compulsory territorial monopoly of ultimate decision-making (jurisdiction) and/or the right to tax. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life "[24]
Common property
Though anarcho-capitalists assert a right to private property, some anarcho-capitalists also point out that common property can exist by right in an anarcho-capitalist system. Just as an individual comes to own that which was unowned by mixing his labor with it or using it regularly, many people can come to own a thing in common by mixing their labor with it collectively, meaning that no individual may appropriate it as his own. This may apply to roads, parks, rivers, and portions of oceans. [27] Anarcho-capitalist theorist Roderick Long gives the following example:
- "Consider a village near a lake. It is common for the villagers to walk down to the lake to go fishing. In the early days of the community it's hard to get to the lake because of all the bushes and fallen branches in the way. But over time the way is cleared and a path forms - not through any coordinated efforts, but simply as a result of all the individuals walking by that way day after day. The cleared path is the product of labor - not any individual's labor, but all of them together. If one villager decided to take advantage of the now-created path by setting up a gate and charging tolls, he would be violating the collective property right that the villagers together have earned. "[28]
Nevertheless, since property which is owned collectively tends to lose the level of accountability found in individual ownership to the extent of the number of owners - or make such accountability proportionately more complex, anarcho-capitalists generally distrust and seek to avoid intentional communal arrangements. In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Air, water, and land pollution, for example, are seen as the result of collectivization of ownership. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Central governments generally strike down individual or class action censure of polluters in order to benefit "the many". In Law, a class action or a representative action is a form of Lawsuit where a large group of people collectively bring a claim to court Legal and economic subsidy of heavy industry is justified by many politicians for job creation, for example. In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Job creation programs are programs or Project undertaken by a Government or State of a Nation in order to achieve assist the population
Anarcho-capitalists tend to concur with free-market environmentalists regarding the environmentally destructive tendencies of the state and other communal arrangements. Free-market environmentalism is a position that argues that the Free market, Property rights, and Tort law provide the best tools to preserve the health Privatization, decentralization, and individualization are anarcho-capitalist goals. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people But in some cases, they not only provide a challenge, but are considered impossible. Established ocean routes provide an example of common property generally seen as difficult for private appropriation.
Intellectual property
Market anarchists and individualist anarchists, unlike anarcho-capitalists, oppose intellectual property. Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names [8][9]
The contractual society
The society envisioned by anarcho-capitalists has been called the Contractual Society — ". . . a society based purely on voluntary action, entirely unhampered by violence or threats of violence. "[25] — in which anarcho-capitalists claim the system relies on voluntary agreements (contracts) between individuals as the legal framework. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law It is difficult to predict precisely what the particulars of this society will look like because of the details and complexities of contracts.
One particular ramification is that transfer of property and services must be considered voluntary on the part of both parties. No external entities can force an individual to accept or deny a particular transaction. An employer might offer insurance and death benefits to same-sex couples; another might refuse to recognize any union outside his or her own faith. Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Bereavement benefit is paid to the window/widower and/or orphans of a person who has died Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Individuals are free to enter into or reject contractual agreements as they see fit.
One social structure that is not permissible under anarcho-capitalism is one that attempts to claim greater sovereignty than the individuals that form it. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The state is a prime example, but another is the current incarnation of the corporation — defined as a legal entity that exists under a different legal code than individuals as a means to shelter the individuals who own and run the corporation from possible legal consequences of acts by the corporation. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business It is worth noting that Rothbard allows a narrower definition of a corporation: "Corporations are not at all monopolistic privileges; they are free associations of individuals pooling their capital. On the purely free market, such men would simply announce to their creditors that their liability is limited to the capital specifically invested in the corporation . . . . "[25] However, this is a very narrow definition that only shelters owners from debt by creditors that specifically agree to the arrangement; it also does not shelter other liability, such as from malfeasance or other wrongdoing.
There are limits to the right to contract under some interpretations of anarcho-capitalism. Rothbard himself asserts that the right to contract is based in inalienable human rights[20] and therefore any contract that implicitly violates those rights can be voided at will, which would, for instance, prevent a person from permanently selling himself or herself into unindentured slavery. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Other interpretations conclude that banning such contracts would in itself be an unacceptably invasive interference in the right to contract. [29]
Included in the right of contract is the right to contract oneself out for employment by others. Unlike anarcho-communists, anarcho-capitalists support the liberty of individuals to be self-employed or to contract to be employees of others, whichever they prefer and the freedom to pay and receive wages. David Friedman has expressed preference for a society where "almost everyone is self-employed" and "instead of corporations there are large groups of entrepreneurs related by trade, not authority. Each sells not his time, but what his time produces. "[30] Rothbard does not express a preference either way but justifies employment as a natural occurrence in a free market that is not immoral in any way.
Law and order and the use of violence
Different anarcho-capitalists propose different forms of anarcho-capitalism, and one area of disagreement is in the area of law. Morris and Linda Tannehill, in The Market for Liberty, object to any statutory law whatsoever. The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something A statute is a formal written enactment of a Legislative authority that governs a Country, State, City, or County. They assert that all one has to do is ask if one is aggressing against another (see tort and contract law) in order to decide if an act is right or wrong. Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law [31] However, Murray Rothbard, while also supporting a natural prohibition on force and fraud, supports the establishment of a mutually agreed-upon centralized libertarian legal code which private courts would pledge to follow. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Such a code for Internet commerce, called The Common Economic Protocols was developed by Andre Goldman.
Unlike both the Tannehills and Rothbard who see an ideological commonality of ethics and morality as a requirement, David Friedman proposes that "the systems of law will be produced for profit on the open market, just as books and bras are produced today. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings There could be competition among different brands of law, just as there is competition among different brands of cars. "[12] Friedman says whether this would lead to a libertarian society "remains to be proven. " He says it is a possibility that very unlibertarian laws may result, such as laws against drugs. But, he thinks this would be rare. He reasons that "if the value of a law to it supporters is less than its cost to its victims, that law. . . will not survive in an anarcho-capitalist society. "[32]
Anarcho-capitalists only accept collective defense of individual liberty (i. e. , courts, military or police forces) insofar as such groups are formed and paid for on an explicitly voluntary basis. But, their complaint is not just that the state's defensive services are funded by taxation but that the state assumes it is the only legitimate practitioner of physical force. That is, it forcibly prevents the private sector from providing comprehensive security, such as a police, judicial, and prison systems to protect individuals from aggressors. Anarcho-capitalists believe that there is nothing morally superior about the state which would grant it, but not private individuals, a right to use physical force to restrain aggressors. Thus, if competition in security provision were allowed to exist, prices would be lower and services would be better according to anarcho-capitalists. According to Molinari, "Under a regime of liberty, the natural organization of the security industry would not be different from that of other industries. "[33] Proponents point out that private systems of justice and defense already exist, naturally forming where the market is allowed to compensate for the failure of the state: private arbitration, security guards, neighborhood watch groups, and so on. [34] These private courts and police are sometimes referred to generically as Private Defense Agencies (PDAs). A private defense agency (PDA is a conceptualized agency that provides personal protection and military defense services voluntarily through the Free market.
The defense of those unable to pay for such protection might be financed by charitable organizations relying on voluntary donation rather than by state institutions relying on coercive taxation, or by cooperative self-help by groups of individuals. [35]
Like classical liberalism, and unlike anarcho-pacifism, anarcho-capitalism permits the use of force, as long as it is in the defense of persons or property. Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in The permissible extent of this defensive use of force is an arguable point among anarcho-capitalists. Retributive justice, meaning retaliatory force, is often a component of the contracts imagined for an anarcho-capitalist society. Retributive justice is a Theory of Justice that considers that proportionate punishment is a morally acceptable response to Crime, with Some believe prisons or indentured servitude would be justifiable institutions to deal with those who violate anarcho-capitalist property relations, while others believe exile or forced restitution are sufficient. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery It is to be contrasted with the law of compensation, which is the law of loss-based recovery [36]
One difficult application of defensive aggression is the act of revolutionary violence against tyrannical regimes. Many anarcho-capitalists admire the American Revolution as the legitimate act of individuals working together to fight against tyrannical restrictions of their liberties. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. In fact, according to Murray Rothbard, the American Revolutionary War was the only war involving the United States that could be justified. [37] Anarcho-capitalists, i. e. Samuel Edward Konkin III also feel that violent revolution is counter-productive and prefer voluntary forms of economic secession to the extent possible. Samuel Edward Konkin III (aka SEK3) ( July 8, 1947 - February 23, 2004) was the author of The New Libertarian Manifesto Economic secession is a term that John T Kennedy introduced to refer to a Libertarian / Anarchist activist technique
History and influences
Classical liberalism
Classical liberalism is the primary influence with the longest history on anarcho-capitalist theory. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Classical liberals have had two main themes since John Locke first expounded the philosophy: the liberty of man, and limitations of state power. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. The liberty of man was expressed in terms of natural rights, while limiting the state was based (for Locke) on a consent theory. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Consent Theory is derived from John Locke 's idea that " All men are created equal.
In the 19th century, classical liberals led the attack against statism. One notable was Frederic Bastiat (The Law), who wrote, "The state is the great fiction by which everybody seeks to live at the expense of everybody else. Claude Frédéric Bastiat ( June 30, 1801 December 24, 1850) was a French classical liberal theorist political economist The Law, original French title La Loi, is a 1849 book by Frédéric Bastiat. " Henry David Thoreau wrote, "I heartily accept the motto, 'That government is best which governs least'; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe, 'That government is best which governs not at all'; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. "[38]
The early liberals believed that the state should confine its role to protecting individual liberty and property, and opposed all but the most minimal economic regulations. The "normative core" of classical liberalism is the idea that in an environment of laissez-faire, a spontaneous order of cooperation in exchanging goods and services emerges that satisfies human wants. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. [39] Some individualists came to realize that the liberal state itself takes property forcefully through taxation in order to fund its protection services, and therefore it seemed logically inconsistent to oppose theft while also supporting a tax-funded protector. So, they advocated what may be seen as classical liberalism taken to the extreme by only supporting voluntarily funded defense by competing private providers. One of the first liberals to discuss the possibility of privatizing protection of individual liberty and property was France's Jakob Mauvillon in the 18th century. Jakob Mauvillon (1743-03-08 in Leipzig – 1794-01-11 in Braunschweig) son of Eleazar Mauvillon, was an 18th century figure in German liberalism Later, in the 1840s, Julius Faucher and Gustave de Molinari advocated the same. Julius Faucher ( June 13, 1820 in Berlin - June 12, 1878 in Rome) was a German journalist and a significant advocate Gustave de Molinari ( March 3, 1819 - January 28, 1912) was an economist born in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands associated Molinari, in his essay The Production of Security, argued, "No government should have the right to prevent another government from going into competition with it, or to require consumers of security to come exclusively to it for this commodity. " Molinari and this new type of anti-state liberal grounded their reasoning on liberal ideals and classical economics. Historian and libertarian Ralph Raico asserts what that these liberal philosophers "had come up with was a form of individualist anarchism, or, as it would be called today, anarcho-capitalism or market anarchism. Ralph Raico is an American historian, libertarian, and specialist in European Classical liberalism and Austrian Economics "[40] Unlike the liberalism of Locke, which saw the state as evolving from society, the anti-state liberals saw a fundamental conflict between the voluntary interactions of people — society — and the institutions of force — the State. This society versus state idea was expressed in various ways: natural society vs. artificial society, liberty vs. authority, society of contract vs. society of authority, and industrial society vs. militant society, just to name a few. [33] The anti-state liberal tradition in Europe and the United States continued after Molinari in the early writings of Herbert Spencer, as well as in thinkers such as Paul Émile de Puydt and Auberon Herbert. Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal Paul Émile de Puydt (1810&ndash1891 was a many-talented character Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert ( Highclere, June 18 1838 — November 5 1906) was a Writer
Ulrike Heider, in discussing the "anarcho-capitalists family tree," notes Max Stirner as the "founder of individualist anarchism" and "ancestor of laissez-faire liberalism. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856) better known as Max Stirner (the Nom de plume Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world "[41] According to Heider, Stirner wants to "abolish not only the state but also society as an institution responsible for its members" and "derives his identity solely from property" with the question of property to be resolved by a 'war of all against all'. " Stirner argued against the existence of the state in a fundamentally anti-collectivist way, to be replaced by a "Union of Egoists" but was not more explicit than that in his book The Ego and Its Own published in 1844. The Ego and Its Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum also translated as The Individual and His Property; a literal translation would read The Sole One and His
Later, in the early 20th century, the mantle of anti-state liberalism was taken by the "Old Right". These were minarchist, antiwar, anti-imperialist, and (later) anti-New Dealers. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Some of the most notable members of the Old Right were Albert Jay Nock, Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Paterson, Frank Chodorov, Garet Garrett, and H. L. Mencken. Albert Jay Nock ( October 13, 1870 or 1872 August 19, 1945) was an influential American libertarian author Rose Wilder Lane (b December 5 1886, De Smet, Dakota Territory – d Isabel Paterson (b January 22 1886, - d January 10, 1961) was a Canadian-American journalist author political philosopher and Frank Chodorov (1887–1966 was a US thinker and member of the Old Right, a group of Libertarian ideologists who were Minarchist, Anti-war Garet Garrett (1878&ndash1954 born Edward Peter Garrett, was an American journalist and author who was noted for his critiques of the New Deal In the 1950s, the new "fusion conservatism", also called "cold war conservatism", took hold of the right wing in the U. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the S. , stressing anti-communism. This induced the libertarian Old Right to split off from the right, and seek alliances with the (now left-wing) antiwar movement, and to start specifically libertarian organizations such as the (U. S. ) Libertarian Party.
Nineteenth century individualist anarchism in the United States
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For more details on this topic, see Anarchism in the United States. Anarchism in the United States spans a wide range of Anarchist Philosophy, from Individualist anarchism to Anarchist communism and other less
Rothbard was influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists[42] (who were also influenced by classical liberalism). The question of whether or not anarcho-capitalism is a form of individualist anarchism is controversial. * Rothbard said in 1965: "Lysander Spooner and Benjamin T. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Tucker were unsurpassed as political philosophers and nothing is more needed today than a revival and development of the largely forgotten legacy they left to political philosophy. " However, he thought they had a faulty understanding of economics. The 19th century individualists had a labor theory of value, as influenced by the classical economists, but Rothbard was a student of neoclassical economics which does not agree with the labor theory of value. Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. Neoclassical economics is a term variously used for approaches to Economics focusing on the determination of prices outputs and income distributions in markets So, Rothbard sought to meld 19th century individualists' advocacy of free markets and private defense with the principles of Austrian economics: "There is, in the body of thought known as 'Austrian economics', a scientific explanation of the workings of the free market (and of the consequences of government intervention in that market) which individualist anarchists could easily incorporate into their political and social Weltanschauung". [43] Rothbard held that the economic consequences of their political system they advocate would not result in an economy with people being paid in proportion to labor amounts, nor would profit and interest disappear as they expected. Tucker thought that unregulated banking and money issuance would cause increases in the money supply so that interest rates would drop to zero or near to it. Rothbard, disagreed with this, as he explains in The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View. He says that first of all Tucker was wrong to think that that would cause the money supply to increase, because he says that the money supply in a free market would be self-regulating. If it were not, then inflation would occur, so it is not necessarily desirable to increase the money supply in the first place. Secondly, he says that Tucker is wrong to think that interest would disappear regardless, because people in general do not wish to lend their money to others without compensation so there is no reason why this would change just because banking was unregulated. Also, Tucker held a labor theory of value. As a result, he thought that in a free market that people would be paid in proportion to how much labor they exerted and that if they were not then exploitation or "usury" was taking place. As he explains in State Socialism and Anarchism, his theory was that unregulated banking would cause more money to be available and that this would allow proliferation of new businesses, which would in turn raise demand for labor. This led him to believe that the labor theory of value would be vindicated, and equal amounts of labor would receive equal pay. Again, as a neoclassical economist, Rothbard did not agree with the labor theory. He believed that prices of goods and services are proportional to marginal utility rather than to labor amounts in free market. In Economics, the marginal utility of a good or of a service is the Utility of the specific use to which an agent would put a given increase And he did not think that there was anything exploitative about people receiving an income according to how much others subjectively value their labor or what that labor produces, even if it means people laboring the same amount receive different incomes.
Benjamin Tucker opposed vast concentrations of wealth, which he believed were made possible by government intervention and state protected monopolies. Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being He believed the most dangerous state intervention was the requirement that individuals obtain charters in order to operate banks and what he believed to be the illegality of issuing private money, which he believed caused capital to concentrate in the hands of a privileged few which he called the "banking monopoly. " He believed anyone should be able to engage in banking that wished, without requiring state permission, and issue private money. Though he was supporter of laissez-faire, late in life he said that State intervention had allowed some extreme concentrations of resources to such a degree that even if laissez-faire were instituted, it would be too late for competition to be able to release those resources (he gave Standard Oil as an example). [44] Anarcho-capitalists also oppose governmental restrictions on banking. They, like all Austrian economists, believe that monopoly can only come about through government intervention. Individualists anarchists have long argued that monopoly on credit and land interferes with the functioning of a free market economy. Although anarcho-capitalists disagree on the critical topics of profit, social egalitarianism, and the proper scope of private property, both schools of thought agree on other issues. Of particular importance to anarcho-capitalists and the individualists are the ideas of "sovereignty of the individual", a market economy, and the opposition to collectivism. Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than A defining point that they agree on is that defense of liberty and property should be provided in the free market rather than by the State. Tucker said, "[D]efense is a service like any other service; that it is labor both useful and desired, and therefore an economic commodity subject to the law of supply and demand; that in a free market this commodity would be furnished at the cost of production; that, competition prevailing, patronage would go to those who furnished the best article at the lowest price; that the production and sale of this commodity are now monopolized by the State; and that the State, like almost all monopolists, charges exorbitant prices. "[45] But, again, since anarcho-capitalists disagree with Tucker's labor theory of value, they disagree that free market competition would cause protection (or anything else) to be provided "at cost. " Like the individualists, anarcho-capitalists believe that land may be originally appropriated by, and only by, occupation or use; however, most individualists believe it must continually be in use to retain title. Lysander Spooner was an exception from those who believed in the "occupation and use" theory, and believed in full private property rights in land, like Rothbard. [46]
The Austrian School
The Austrian School of economics was founded with the publication of Carl Menger's 1871 book Principles of Economics. This article is about the economist not about his son the mathematician Karl Menger. Principles of Economics ( Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre) is a book by economist Carl Menger which is credited with the founding of the Members of this school approach economics as an a priori system like logic or mathematics, rather than as an empirical science like geology. It attempts to discover axioms of human action (called "praxeology" in the Austrian tradition) and make deductions therefrom. Praxeology is a framework for modeling human action. The term was coined and defined as "The Science of human action" in 1890 by Alfred Some of these praxeological axioms are:
-
- humans act purposefully;
- humans prefer more of a good to less;
- humans prefer to receive a good sooner rather than later; and
- each party to a trade benefits ex ante. The term ex-ante (sometimes written ex ante or exante) is a neo- Latin word meaning " before the event "
Even in the early days, Austrian economics was used as a theoretical weapon against socialism and statist socialist policy. Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, a colleague of Menger, wrote one of the first critiques of socialism ever written in his treatise The Exploitation Theory of Socialism-Communism. Eugen Ritter von Böhm-Bawerk ( February 12, 1851 in Brno &ndash August 27, 1914 in Vienna) was an Austrian Later, Friedrich Hayek wrote The Road to Serfdom, asserting that a command economy destroys the information function of prices, and that authority over the economy leads to totalitarianism. Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist The Road to Serfdom is a book written by Friedrich Hayek (recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1974 which has significantly A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private Another very influential Austrian economist was Ludwig von Mises, author of the praxeological work Human Action. Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs ( September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was an Austrian Human Action A Treatise on Economics is the Magnum opus of the Austrian Economist Ludwig von Mises.
Murray Rothbard, a student of Mises, is the man who attempted to meld Austrian economics with classical liberalism and individualist anarchism, and is credited with coining the term "anarcho-capitalism". He wrote his first paper advocating "private property anarchism" in 1949, and later came up with the alternative name "anarcho-capitalism. " He was probably the first to use "libertarian" in its current (U. S. ) pro-capitalist sense. He was a trained economist, but also knowledgeable in history and political philosophy. When young, he considered himself part of the Old Right, an anti-statist and anti-interventionist branch of the U.S. Republican party. When interventionist cold warriors of the National Review, such as William Buckley, gained influence in the Republican party in the 1950s, Rothbard quit that group and formed an alliance with left-wing antiwar groups, noting an antiwar tradition among a number of self-styled left-wingers and to a degree closer to the Old Right conservatives. Cold warrior is a phrase used to describe the men and women involved in the shaping and executing of American and Soviet policy during the Cold War. National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F William Buckley may refer to William F Buckley Jr (1925-2008 American author and conservative commentator William Frank Buckley Sr The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. He believed that the cold warriors were more indebted in theory to the left and imperialist progressives, especially in regards to Trotskyist theory. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ". [47] Later, Rothbard was a founder of the U. S. Libertarian Party. In the late 1950s, Rothbard was briefly involved with Ayn Rand's Objectivism, but later had a falling out. Ayn Rand (ˈaɪn ˈrænd &ndash March 6 1982 born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum (Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум was a Russian born American Objectivism is a Philosophy developed by Ayn Rand in the 20th century that encompasses positions on Metaphysics, Epistemology, Rothbard's books, such as Man, Economy, and State, Power and Market, The Ethics of Liberty, and For a New Liberty, are considered by some to be classics of natural law libertarian thought. Man Economy and State A Treatise on Economic Principles, first published in 1962 is a book on Economics by Murray Rothbard, and is one of the most important Power and Market Government and the Economy is a 1970 book by Murray Rothbard in which he analyzes the negative effects of the various kinds of Government The Ethics of Liberty, by American economist and historian Murray N
Historical precedents for anarcho-capitalism
- See also: List of anarchist communities
To the extent that anarcho-capitalism is thought of as a theory or ideology—rather than a social process—critics say that it is unlikely ever to be more than a utopian ideal. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Some, however, point to actual situations where protection of individual liberty and property has been voluntarily funded rather than being provided by a state through taxation.
Medieval Iceland
According to David Friedman, "Medieval Icelandic institutions have several peculiar and interesting characteristics; they might almost have been invented by a mad economist to test the lengths to which market systems could supplant government in its most fundamental functions. David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State (Þjóðveldið was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in "[48] While not directly labeling it anarcho-capitalist, he argues that the Icelandic Commonwealth between 930 and 1262 had "some features" of an anarcho-capitalist society — while there was a single legal system, enforcement of law was entirely private and highly capitalist; and so provides some evidence of how such a society would function. "Even where the Icelandic legal system recognized an essentially "public" offense, it dealt with it by giving some individual (in some cases chosen by lot from those affected) the right to pursue the case and collect the resulting fine, thus fitting it into an essentially private system. "[48]
The American Old West
According to the research of Terry L. Anderson and P. J. Hill, the Old West in the United States in the period of 1830 to 1900 was similar to anarcho-capitalism in that "private agencies provided the necessary basis for an orderly society in which property was protected and conflicts were resolved," and that the common popular perception that the Old West was chaotic with little respect for property rights is incorrect. [49]
Theoretical variance among anarcho-capitalists
A notable dispute within the anarcho-capitalist movement concerns the question of whether anarcho-capitalist society is based on deontological or consequentialist ethics. Deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek grc δέον deon, "obligation duty" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Consequentialism refers to those moral theories which hold that the consequences of a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgment about that action Natural-law anarcho-capitalism (as advocated by Rothbard) holds that a universal system of rights can be derived from natural law based on the widespread acceptance of the ethic of reciprocity. The ethic of reciprocity is a fundamental moral Value which " refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and Consequentialists, however, do not require a universal system, maintaining that rights are merely constructs that humans create through contracts and individual relationships, and social relation must be judged by their consequences for all parties concerned. This approach, which has been called the Chicago School version[50] is theorized by David D. Friedman. David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his As a consequence, Rothbardian anarcho-capitalists lean toward libertarian political deactivism while Friedmanites prefer polycentric law centered on tort and contract law. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Polycentric law is a legal structure in which providers of Legal systems compete or overlap in a given Jurisdiction, as opposed to monopolistic Statutory Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law
In The Machinery of Freedom, Friedman describes an economic approach to anarcho-capitalist legal systems. The Machinery of Freedom is a 1973 nonfiction book by libertarian economist David D His description differs with Rothbard's because it does not use moral arguments; specifically, it does not appeal to a theory of natural rights. In Friedman's work, the economic argument is sufficient to derive the principles of anarcho-capitalism. Private defense or protection agencies and courts not only defend legal rights but supply the actual content of these rights and all claims on the market. People will have the law system they pay for, and because of economic efficiency considerations resulting from individuals' utility functions, such law will tend to be libertarian in nature but will differ from place to place and from agency to agency depending on the tastes of the people who buy the law. Economic efficiency is used to refer to a number of related concepts Also unlike other anarcho-capitalists, most notably Rothbard, Friedman has never tried to deny the theoretical cogency of the neoclassical literature on "market failure," nor has he been inclined to attack economic efficiency as a normative benchmark. Market failure is a concept within economic theory wherein the allocation of goods and services by a Free market is not efficient. Normative has specialized meanings in several academic disciplines [34]
Anarcho-capitalism today
Besides the well-known David D. Friedman, many others carry on and evolve the anarcho-capitalist traditions. David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his They include Randy Barnett, Ian Bernard, Walter Block, Per Bylund, Gene Callahan, Bryan Caplan, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Scott Horton, Penn Jillette, Stephan Kinsella, Roderick Long, Carlo Lottieri, Wendy McElroy, Stefan Molyneux, Robert P. Murphy, Jan Narveson, Justin Raimondo, Johan Ridenfeldt, Lew Rockwell, Joseph Salerno, Jeremy Sapienza, George H. Smith, Joseph Sobran, Mark Thornton, Jeffrey Tucker and Thomas Woods. Randy E Barnett (born February 5, 1952) is a lawyer a law professor at Georgetown University Law Center, and a legal theorist in the United Free Talk Live is an American radio show hosted by Ian Freeman (formerly known as Ian Bernard and Mark Edge Walter Block (born 21 August 1941 is a Free market economist and Anarcho-capitalist associated with the Austrian School. Gene Callahan may refer to Gene Callahan (production designer (1923-1990 American film and television art director and set decorator who won two Oscars Bryan Caplan (born 1971 is an associate professor of Economics at George Mason University in Fairfax Virginia. Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics Scott Horton may refer to Scott Horton (editor Scott Horton (lawyer Penn Fraser Jillette (born March 5, 1955) is an American Comedian, Illusionist, juggler and Writer known Norman (N Stephan Kinsella (born 1965 is an American Intellectual property Lawyer and libertarian legal theorist. Carlo Lottieri (born November 6 1960 is an Italian Libertarian philosopher Wendy McElroy (born 1951 is a Canadian Individualist anarchist and Individualist feminist. Stefan Molyneux is an Anarcho-capitalist Blogger, essayist author and host of the Freedomain Radio series of Podcasts, living in Mississauga Robert P "Bob" Murphy (born 23 May 1976) is an Austrian School Economist and Free market -oriented author Jan Narveson, OC (born 1936 is professor of Philosophy emeritus at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo Ontario, Justin Raimondo (born Dennis Raimondo on November 18, 1951) is a Paleoconservative / libertarian American Author Llewellyn H Rockwell Jr (born 1 July 1944, Boston) widely known as Lew Rockwell, is an American Libertarian Joseph T Salerno is an Austrian School Economist in the United States. Jeremy Sapienza is an American political writer and thinker He is an internet entrepreneur and as the founder of Anti-State George Hamilton Smith (born February 10, 1949 in Japan, the son of a U M Joseph Sobran Jr (born February 23 1946 Ypsilanti Michigan) is an American journalist and writer formerly with National Review and currently Mark Thornton is an American Economist of the Austrian School. Jeffrey Albert Tucker is the editorial vice president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, a Libertarian Think tank that espouses the Austrian School For the California legislator see Tom Woods (politician. Thomas E
Criticisms of anarcho-capitalism
Criticisms of anarcho-capitalism fall into several categories: practical criticisms which claim that anarcho-capitalism is unworkable in practice; critiques that claim that capitalism requires a coercive state to exist and that a society can be anarchist or capitalist, but not both; general critiques of the morality of capitalism and liberalism, which also apply to anarcho-capitalism; and a utilitarian critique, which claims that anarcho-capitalism would not maximize utility. Criticisms of Anarcho-capitalism fall into different categories practical criticisms which claim that anarcho-capitalism is unworkable in practice and critiques which claim
Objectivists and others argue that an anarcho-capitalist society would degenerate into a "war of all against all". Objectivism is a Philosophy developed by Ayn Rand in the 20th century that encompasses positions on Metaphysics, Epistemology, For example, Noam Chomsky says, "Anarcho-capitalism, in my opinion, is a doctrinal system which, if ever implemented, would lead to forms of tyranny and oppression that have few counterparts in human history. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political "[51] Other critics argue that the free rider problem makes the provision of protection services in an anarcho-capitalist society impractical. In Economics, Collective bargaining, Psychology and Political science, "free riders" are those who consume more than their fair share of a resource
Another State would replace the first
Some argue that a private defense agency would inevitably gain a defense monopoly, or form a cartel with other PDAs, after achieving a level of popularity that would give it an edge over its competitors. A private defense agency (PDA is a conceptualized agency that provides personal protection and military defense services voluntarily through the Free market. A cartel is a formal (explicit agreement among firms Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry, where there is a small number of sellers and usually involve Anarcho-capitalists dismiss this claim, citing the power of market competition as a check on monopoly, the defensive nature of private security, and the level of offensive force that is required to prevent competition. Moreover, the anarcho-capitalists further counter this claim by arguing that it only creates a circular and contradicting argument, in which it implicitly advocates a monopoly on force to stop a monopoly on force from arising.
On page 41 of The Market for Liberty, the Tannehills point out that "[Government] attracts the worst kind of men to its ranks, shackles progress, forces its citizens to act against their own judgment, and causes recurring internal and external strife by its coercive existence. The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something In view of all this, the question becomes not, “Who will protect us from aggression?” but “Who will protect us from the governmental ‘protectors’?” The contradiction of hiring an agency of institutionalized violence to protect us from violence is even more foolhardy than buying a cat to protect one’s parakeet. "[52]
Minarchist critics may argue that, if monopolies of force are inevitable, community-controlled monopolies are preferable to privately controlled ones. Anarchist critics of private defense agencies may state that community militias should exist alongside or instead of private defense agencies. Other critics, both anarchist and minarchist, argue that formal police forces, whether community controlled or privately controlled, have institutional flaws which informal defense arrangements do not. [53]
The Tannehills, however, maintain that no coercive monopoly of force can arise on a truly free market. They write on page 81 that "A private defense service company, competing in an open market, couldn’t use force to hold onto its customers—if it tried to compel people to deal with it, it would compel them to buy protection from its competitors and drive itself out of business. The only way a private defense service company can make money is by protecting its customers from aggression, and the profit motive guarantees that this will be its only function and that it will perform this function well. "[54] They go on to write:
Private defense service employees would not have the legal immunity which so often protects governmental policemen. If they committed an aggressive act, they would have to pay for it, just the same as would any other individual. A defense service detective who beat a suspect up wouldn’t be able to hide behind a government uniform or take refuge in a position of superior political power. Defense service companies would be no more immune from having to pay for acts of initiated force and fraud than would bakers or shotgun manufacturers. (For full proof of this statement, see Chapter 11. ) Because of this, managers of defense service companies would quickly fire any employee who showed any tendency to initiate force against anyone, including prisoners. To keep such an employee would be too dangerously expensive for them. A job with a defense agency wouldn’t be a position of power over others, as a police force job is, so it wouldn't attract the kind of people who enjoy wielding power over others, as a police job does. In fact, a defense agency would be the worst and most dangerous possible place for sadists! Government police can afford to be brutal—they have immunity from prosecution in all but the most flagrant cases, and their “customers” can’t desert them in favor of a competent protection and defense agency. But for a free-market defense service company to be guilty of brutality would be disastrous. Force—even retaliatory force—would always be used only as a last resort; it would never be used first, as it is by governmental police. [55]
Anarcho-capitalism and anarchism
Some scholars do not consider anarcho-capitalism to be a form of anarchism, while others do. This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Some anarchists argue that anarcho-capitalism is not a form of anarchism due to their belief that capitalism is inherently authoritarian. In particular they argue that certain capitalist transactions are not voluntary, and that maintaining the capitalist character of a society requires coercion, which is incompatible with an anarchist society. Moreover, capitalistic market activity is essentially dependent on the imposition of private ownership and a particular form of exchange of goods where selling and buying is usually mandatory (due to the division of ownership of the capital, and consequently, value).
On the other hand, anarcho-capitalists such as Per Bylund, webmaster of the anarchism without adjectives website anarchism. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an net, note that the disconnect among non-anarcho-capitalist anarchists is likely the result of an "unfortunate situation of fundamental misinterpretation of anarcho-capitalism. " Bylund asks, "How can one from this historical heritage claim to be both anarchist and advocate of the exploitative system of capitalism?" and answers it by pointing out that "no one can, and no one does. There are no anarchists approving of such a system, even anarcho-capitalists (for the most part) do not. "[56] Bylund explains this as follows:
Capitalism in the sense of wealth accumulation as a result of oppressive and exploitative wage slavery must be abandoned. The enormous differences between the wealthy and the poor do not only cause tensions in society or personal harm to those exploited, but is essentially unjust. Most, if not all, property of today is generated and amassed through the use of force. This cannot be accepted, and no anarchists accept this state of inequality and injustice. As a matter of fact, anarcho-capitalists share this view with other anarchists. Murray N. Rothbard, one of the great philosophers of anarcho-capitalism, used a lot of time and effort to define legitimate property and the generation of value, based upon a notion of “natural rights” (see Murray N. Rothbard’s The Ethics of Liberty). The Ethics of Liberty, by American economist and historian Murray N The starting point of Rothbard’s argumentation is every man’s sovereign and full right to himself and his labor. This is the position of property creation shared by both socialists and classical liberals, and is also the shared position of anarchists of different colors. Even the statist capitalist libertarian Robert Nozick claimed contemporary property was unjustly accrued and that a free society, to him a “minimalist state,” needs to make up with this injustice (see Robert Nozick’s “Anarchy, State, Utopia”). Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938 &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University Anarchy State and Utopia is a work of Political philosophy written by Robert Nozick in 1974. Thus it seems anarcho-capitalists agree with Proudhon in that “property is theft,” where it is acquired in an illegitimate manner. Property is theft! ( French: La propriété c'est le vol!) is a slogan coined by French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his 1840 book But they also agree with Proudhon in that “property is liberty” (See Albert Meltzer’s short analysis of Proudhon’s “property is liberty” in Anarchism: Arguments For and Against, p. 12-13) in the sense that without property, i. e. being robbed of the fruits of one’s actions, one is a slave. Anarcho-capitalists thus advocate the freedom of a stateless society, where each individual has the sovereign right to his body and labor and through this right can pursue his or her own definition of happiness. [56]
Murray N. Rothbard notes that the capitalist system of today is, indeed, not properly anarchistic because it is so often in collusion with the state. According to Rothbard, "what Marx and later writers have done is to lump together two extremely different and even contradictory concepts and actions under the same portmanteau term. These two contradictory concepts are what I would call 'free-market capitalism' on the one hand, and 'state capitalism' on the other. "[57]
"The difference between free-market capitalism and state capitalism," writes Rothbard, "is precisely the difference between, on the one hand, peaceful, voluntary exchange, and on the other, violent expropriation. " He goes on to point out that he is "very optimistic about the future of free-market capitalism. I’m not optimistic about the future of state capitalism—or rather, I am optimistic, because I think it will eventually come to an end. State capitalism inevitably creates all sorts of problems which become insoluble. "[58]
Murray Rothbard maintain that anarcho-capitalism is the only true form of anarchism[59] – the only form of anarchism that could possibly exist in reality, as, he argues, any other form presupposes an authoritarian enforcement of political ideology (redistribution of private property, etc). In short, while granting that certain non-coercive hierarchies will exist under an anarcho-capitalist system, they will have no real authority except over their own property: a worker existing within such a 'hierarchy' (answerable to management, bosses, etc) is free at all times to abandon this voluntary 'hierarchy' and 1) create an organization within which he/she is at (or somewhere near) the top of the 'hierarchy' (entrepreneurship), 2) join an existing 'hierarchy' (wherein he/she will likely be lower in the scheme of things), or 3) abandon these hierarchies altogether and join/form a non-hierarchical association such as a cooperative, commune, etc. Since there will be no taxes, such cooperative organizations (labour unions, communes, voluntary socialist associations wherein the product of the labour and of the capital goods of those who join which they were able to peaceably acquire would be shared amongst all who joined, etc) would, under anarcho-capitalism, enjoy the freedom to do as they please (provided, of course that they set up their operation on their own -or un-owned- property, in other words so long as they do so without force).
According to this argument, the free market is simply the natural situation that would result from people being free from authority, and entails the establishment of all voluntary associations in society: cooperatives, non-profit organizations (which would, just as today, be funded by individuals for their existence), businesses, etc. (in short, a free market does not equal the end of civil society, which continues to be a -rather bizarre- critique of anarcho-capitalism). Moreover, anarcho-capitalists (as well as classical liberal minarchists and others) argue that the application of so-called "leftist" anarchist ideals (e. g. the forceful redistribution of wealth from one set of people to another) requires an authoritarian body of some sort that will impose this ideology. (Voluntaryist socialism, of course, is completely compatible with anarcho-capitalism. Voluntaryism is a Philosophy that opposes anything that it sees as unjustifiably invasive and Coercive. ) Some also argue that human beings are motivated primarily by the fulfillment of their own needs and wants. Thus, to forcefully prevent people from accumulating private capital, which could result in further fulfillment of human desires, there would necessarily be a redistributive organization of some sort which would have the authority to, in essence, exact a tax and re-allocate the resulting resources to a larger group of people. This body would thus inherently have political power and would be nothing short of a state. The difference between such an arrangement and an anarcho-capitalist system is precisely the voluntary nature of organization within anarcho-capitalism contrasted with a centralized ideology and a paired enforcement mechanism which would be necessary under a coercively 'egalitarian'-anarchist system.
Stability of anarcho-capitalist legal institutions
Two of the more prominent academics who have given some serious thought to essentially anarcho-capitalist legal institutions are Richard Posner, who is now a Federal Appeals Judge and a prolific legal scholar, and economist William Landes. Richard Allen Posner (born January 11 1939 in New York City) is currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago William M Landes is an Economist who has written widely about the economic analysis of law In their 1975 paper "The Private Enforcement of Law",[60] they discuss a previous thought experiment undertaken by Becker and Stigler in which it was proposed that law enforcement could be privatized, and they explain why they believe such a system would not be economically efficient. A thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is a proposal for an Experiment that would test a Hypothesis or Theory According to David D. Friedman's later rebuke "Efficient Institutions for the Private Enforcement of Law",[61]
[Landes and Posner argued] that the private system has essential flaws that make it inferior to an ideal public system except for offenses that can be detected and punished at near zero cost. David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his They concede that the private system might still be preferable to the less than ideal public system that we observe. However they argue that the prevalence of private enforcement for offenses that are easily detected (most civil offenses) and its rarity for offenses that are difficult to detect (most criminal offenses) suggest that our legal system is, at least in broad outline, efficient, using in each case the most efficient system of enforcement.
Friedman, however, proceeds to argue that "the inefficiency Landes and Posner have demonstrated in the particular private enforcement institutions they describe can be eliminated by minor changes in the institutions. "
The label "anarcho-capitalism"
As aforementioned in this article, the label "anarcho-capitalism" was formulated by Murray Rothbard, the father of the ideology. However, some anarcho-capitalists cite reservations pertaining to such a label, since they find it to be misleading. Such concerns relate to the nature of the word "anarchy". Everyday people commonly equate anarchy with chaos. Evidently, anarcho-capitalists do believe in an orderly society and have never advocated a state of chaos or anomie. Nevertheless, the average person is not schooled in political philosophy or science. Thus, he or she cannot help but link anarchy with disorder (even though no branch of anarchist thought has ever put forward anomie as the basis of social dealings).
In consequence, a number of anarcho-capitalists are seeking to devise new labels for their ideology, in order to avert the common misunderstanding within popular culture. Ian Bernard, one of the hosts of the American libertarian talk-radio show "Free Talk Live", uses the term "free marketeer" as a synonym for anarcho-capitalism. Other anarcho-capitalists use the phrase "voluntaryist" to describe their beliefs, since the ideal of voluntary human associations is at the root of anarcho-capitalist thinking.
Such moves by anarcho-capitalists are commonly undertaken to facilitate better outreach. Outreach is an effort by individuals in an Organization or group to connect its ideas or practices to the efforts of other organizations groups specific Audiences This is considered of consequence since everyday people seldom question the legitimacy of governmental powers, and thus whether a government truly possesses any right to assume power over an individual. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. As commonly used, individual refers to a Person or to any specific object in a collection In his regular podcast "Freedomain Radio", the Canadian market anarchist philosopher Stefan Molyneux has suggested that anarcho-capitalists (and libertarians in general) demonstrate empathy with those one talks to about anarcho-capitalist tenets [62] . A podcast is a series of audio or Video digital-media files which is distributed over the Internet by syndicated Download Stefan Molyneux is an Anarcho-capitalist Blogger, essayist author and host of the Freedomain Radio series of Podcasts, living in Mississauga Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Stefan Molyneux is an Anarcho-capitalist Blogger, essayist author and host of the Freedomain Radio series of Podcasts, living in Mississauga Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Empathy is the capacity to recognize or understand another's state of mind or Emotion. Accordingly, a re-labelling of the name of the ideology is an extension of such a feeling.
Anarcho-capitalist literature
Nonfiction
The following is a partial list of notable nonfiction works discussing anarcho-capitalism. Anarcho-capitalism has been the subject of a number of works of literature both nonfiction and fiction
- Murray Rothbard founder of anarcho-capitalism:
- [10] Man, Economy, and State Austrian micro– and macroeconomics,
- Power and Market Classification of State economic interventions,
- The Ethics of Liberty Moral justification of a free society
- For a New Liberty An outline of how an anarcho-capitalist society could work
- Frederic Bastiat, The Law Radical classical liberalism
- Bruce L. Benson: The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without The State
- Bruce L. Benson: To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice
- Davidson & Rees-Mogg, The Sovereign Individual Historians look at technology & implications
- David D. Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom Classic consequentialist defense of anarchism
- Auberon Herbert, The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State
- Hans-Hermann Hoppe, The Economics and Ethics of Private Property
- Albert Jay Nock, Our Enemy the State Oppenheimer's thesis applied to early US history
- Juan Lutero Madrigal, anarcho-capitalism: principles of civilization An anarcho-capitalist primer
- Stefan Molyneux, Universally Preferable Behavior, [11]
- Stefan Molyneux, Everyday Anarchy [12]
- Franz Oppenheimer, The State Analysis of State; political means vs. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Man Economy and State A Treatise on Economic Principles, first published in 1962 is a book on Economics by Murray Rothbard, and is one of the most important Claude Frédéric Bastiat ( June 30, 1801 December 24, 1850) was a French classical liberal theorist political economist Dr Bruce L Benson is an American academic economist who is widely recognized as an authority on Law and economics. Dr Bruce L Benson is an American academic economist who is widely recognized as an authority on Law and economics. David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his The Machinery of Freedom is a 1973 nonfiction book by libertarian economist David D Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert ( Highclere, June 18 1838 — November 5 1906) was a Writer Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics The Economics and Ethics of Private Property Studies in Political Economy and Philosophy by Hans-Hermann Hoppe was first published in 1993 followed by a second edition Albert Jay Nock ( October 13, 1870 or 1872 August 19, 1945) was an influential American libertarian author Stefan Molyneux is an Anarcho-capitalist Blogger, essayist author and host of the Freedomain Radio series of Podcasts, living in Mississauga Stefan Molyneux is an Anarcho-capitalist Blogger, essayist author and host of the Freedomain Radio series of Podcasts, living in Mississauga Franz Oppenheimer (born 30 March 1864 in Berlin; died 30 September 1943 in Los Angeles) was a German Sociologist economic means
- Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia Academic philosopher on libertarianism
- Herbert Spencer, Social Statics Includes the essay "The Right to Ignore the State"
- Linda and Morris Tannehill, The Market for Liberty Classic on Private defense agencies
- George H Smith, Justice Entrepreneurship in a Free Market Examines the Epistemic and entrepreneurial role of Justice agencies. Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938 &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University Anarchy State and Utopia is a work of Political philosophy written by Robert Nozick in 1974. Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something A private defense agency (PDA is a conceptualized agency that provides personal protection and military defense services voluntarily through the Free market.
Fiction
Anarcho-capitalism has been examined in certain works of literature, particularly science fiction. An early example is Robert A. Heinlein's 1966 novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, in which he explores what he terms "rational anarchism". Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 Science fiction Novel by American writer Robert A
In The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Anton Wilson the Discordian Society headed by the character Hagbard Celine is anarcho-capitalist. The Illuminatus! Trilogy is a series of three novels written by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson purportedly between 1969 and 1971 Robert Anton Wilson or RAW (born Robert Edward Wilson, January 18, 1932 &ndash January 11, 2007) was an American The German hacker Karl Koch also used the Nickname Hagbard Freeman Hagbard Celine, H The manifesto of the society in the novel 'Never Whistle While You're Pissing' contains Celine's Laws, three laws regarding government and social interaction. Celine's Laws are a series of three laws regarding government and social interaction attributed to the fictional character Hagbard Celine from Robert Anton Wilson's
Cyberpunk and postcyberpunk authors have been particularly fascinated by the idea of the break-down of the nation-state. Cyberpunk is a Science fiction genre noted for its focus on " High tech and low life. Postcyberpunk describes a subgenre of Science fiction which some Critics suggest has evolved from Cyberpunk. Several stories of Vernor Vinge, including Marooned in Realtime, feature anarcho-capitalist societies, often portrayed in a favorable light. Vernor Steffen Vinge (ˈvɪndʒi (born October 2, 1944 in Waukesha Wisconsin, U Marooned in Realtime is a 1986 murder mystery and Time-travel Science fiction novel by Vernor Vinge, about a small time-displaced Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash and The Diamond Age, Max Barry's Jennifer Government, Cory Doctorow's Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, and L. Neil Smith's The Probability Broach all explore anarcho-capitalist ideas. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre Snow Crash is Neal Stephenson 's third Novel, published in 1992 The Diamond Age or A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer is a Postcyberpunk Novel by Neal Stephenson. Max Barry (also Maxx Barry; born 18 March 1973) is a contemporary Australian author Jennifer Government is a novel written by Max Barry. Published in 2003, it is Barry's second novel following 1999 's Syrup Cory Doctorow (born July 17, 1971) is a Canadian Blogger Journalist and Science fiction author who serves as co-editor Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (which first appeared in 2600 The Hacker Quarterly magazine is a 2003 Science fiction book the first L Neil Smith (full name Lester Neil Smith III) also known to readers and fans as El Neil, is a Libertarian Science fiction Author The Probability Broach is the first novel (1980 by science fiction writer L The cyberpunk portrayal of anarchy varies from the downright grim to the cheerfully optimistic, and it need not imply anything specific about the writer's political views. Neal Stephenson, in particular, refrains from sweeping political statements when deliberately provoked. [63][64]
Ken MacLeod's Fall Revolution series explores the future consequences of the breakdown of current political systems within a revolutionary context. Ken MacLeod (born 2 August 1954 an award-winning Scottish Science fiction writer lives in South Queensferry near Edinburgh. The second novel of the series The Stone Canal deals specifically with an anarcho-capitalist society and explores issues of self-ownership, privatization of police and courts of law, and the consequences of a contractual society.
In Matt Stone's (Richard D. Fuerle) novelette On the Steppes of Central Asia[65] an American grad student is invited to work for a newspaper in Mongolia, and discovers that the Mongolian society is indeed stateless in a semi-anarcho-capitalist way. The novelette was originally written to advertise Fuerle's 1986 economics treatise The Pure Logic of Choice[66].
See also
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Citations
- ^ Robert P. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. Kritarchy is a form of government ruled by judges It may have existed in Israel during the period of time described in the Book of Judges and exist in Somalia under the Market populism is a term coined by Thomas Frank for the concept that the Free market is more Democratic than any Democracy. Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Economic secession is a term that John T Kennedy introduced to refer to a Libertarian / Anarchist activist technique Polycentric law is a legal structure in which providers of Legal systems compete or overlap in a given Jurisdiction, as opposed to monopolistic Statutory A private currency is a Currency issued by a private institution A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a Tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax or to some of that institution’s policies Murphy. What Are You Calling 'Anarchy'?.
- ^ Adams, Ian. 2002. Political Ideology Today. p. 135. Manchester University Press; Ostergaard, Geoffrey. 2003. Anarchism. In W. Outwaite (Ed. ), The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. p. 14. Blackwell Publishing
- ^ Hess, Karl. The Death of Politics. Interview in Playboy Magazine, March 1969
- ^ Holcombe, Randall G. , Common Property in Anarcho-Capitalism, Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 19, No. 2 (Spring 2005):3–29.
- ^ libertarianism. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-234237
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. , Future of Peace and Capitalism; Murray N. Rothbard, and Right: The Prospects for Liberty.
- ^ Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press 2001. p. 33
- ^ a b Daniel Burton (2002), Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III
- ^ a b Daniel Burton (2002), Anarcho-Capitalism vs. Individualist Anarchism
- ^ "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the nineteenth century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker. " Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1987, ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p. 290
- ^ Rothbard, Murray. For A New Liberty. 12 The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts
- ^ a b Friedman, David. The Machinery of Freedom. Second edition. La Salle, Ill, Open Court, pp. 116-117.
- ^ Friedman, David D. The Machinery of Freedom. Chapter 42
- ^ Hans-Hermann Hoppe "Argumentation Ethics" Retrieved 6 February 2007
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (1988) "What's Wrong with Liberty Poll; or, How I Became a Libertarian", Liberty, July 1988, p. 53
- ^ Andrew Rutten. "Can Anarchy Save Us from Leviathan?" in The Independent Review vol. 3 nr. 4 p. 581. [1] [2] "He claims that the only consistent liberal is an anarcho-liberal. "
- ^ "Murray N. Rothbard (1926–1995), American economist, historian, and individualist anarchist. " Avrich, Paul. Paul Avrich ( August 4, 1931 - February 16, 2006) was a professor and Historian. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p. 282 "Although there are many honorable exceptions who still embrace the "socialist" label, most people who call themselves individualist anarchists today are followers of Murray Rothbard's Austrian economics, and have abandoned the labor theory of value. " Carson, Kevin. Mutualist Political Economy, Preface.
- ^ a b c d e Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2001)"Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography" Retrieved 23 May 2005
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (1982) "Law, Property Rights, and Air Pollution" Cato Journal 2, No. 1 (Spring 1982): pp. 55–99. Retrieved 20 May 2005
- ^ a b c Rothbard, Murray N. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (1982) The Ethics of Liberty Humanities Press ISBN 0-8147-7506-3:p162 Retrieved 20 May 2005
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (1973) For a new Liberty Collier Books, A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co. , Inc. , New York: pp. 24–25. Retrieved 20 May 2005
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (1975) Society Without A State (pdf) Libertarian Forum newsletter (January 1975)
- ^ Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal (25 February 1972)
- ^ a b Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2002) "Rothbardian Ethics" Retrieved 23 May 2005
- ^ a b c Rothbard, Murray N. (1962) [3] Man, Economy & State with Power and Market Ludwig von Mises Institute ISBN 0-945466-30-7 ch2 Retrieved 19 May 2005
- ^ Hess, Karl (1969) Letter From Washington The Libertatian Forum Vol. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Man Economy and State A Treatise on Economic Principles, first published in 1962 is a book on Economics by Murray Rothbard, and is one of the most important Power and Market Government and the Economy is a 1970 book by Murray Rothbard in which he analyzes the negative effects of the various kinds of Government The Ludwig von Mises Institute ( LvMI) based in Auburn Alabama, is a Libertarian academic organization engaged in research and scholarship in the fields Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. I, No. VI (June 15, 1969) Retrieved 5 August 2006
- ^ Holcombe, Randall G. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. , Common Property in Anarcho-Capitalism, Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 19, No. 2 (Spring 2005):3–29.
- ^ Long, Roderick T. 199. "A Plea for Public Property. " Formulations 5, no. 3 (Spring)
- ^ Nozick, Robert (1973) Anarchy, State, and Utopia
- ^ Friedman, David. Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938 &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. Harper & Row. pp. 144–145
- ^ Brown, Susan Love, The Free Market as Salvation from Government: The Anarcho-Capitalist View, Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture, edited by James G. Carrier, Berg/Oxford, 1997, p. 113.
- ^ ibid pp. 127–128
- ^ a b Molinari, Gustave de (1849) The Production of Security (trans. J. Huston McCulloch) Retrieved 15 July 2006
- ^ a b Friedman, David D. (1973) The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism Harper & Row ISBN 0-06-091010-0 ch29
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. David Friedman may refer to Dafydd ab Hugh, born David Friedman science fiction/fantasy writer political weblogger David Friedman (actor The Machinery of Freedom is a 1973 nonfiction book by libertarian economist David D (1973) For a new Liberty Collier Books, A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co. , Inc. , New York: pp. 223. Retrieved 5 August 2006
- ^ O'Keeffe, Matthew (1989) "Retribution versus Restitution" Legal Notes No. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 5, Libertarian Alliance ISBN 1-870614-22-4 Retrieved 19 May 2005
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (1973) Interview Reason February 1973, Retrieved 10 August 2005
- ^ Thoreau, Henry David (1849) Civil Disobedience
- ^ Razeen, Sally. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Classical Liberalism and International Economic Order: Studies in Theory and Intellectual History, Routledge (UK) ISBN 0-415-16493-1, 1998, p. 17
- ^ Raico, Ralph (2004) Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS
- ^ Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism: Left, Right and Green, San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994, pp. 95–96
- ^ ". . . only a few individuals like Murray Rothbard, in Power and Market, and some article writers were influenced by these men. Most had not evolved consciously from this tradition; they had been a rather automatic product of the American environment. " DeLeon, David. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 127
- ^ "The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View", Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 7[4] (1965, 2000)
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. State Socialism and Anarchism
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin. "Instead of a Book" (1893)
- ^ Watner, Carl. Carl Watner (b 1948– is an American author and Historian of Libertarian studies and a Voluntaryist Spooner Vs. Liberty in The Libertarian Forum. March 1975. Volume VII, No 3. ISSN 0047-4517. pp. 5–6.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. [5], Retrieved 10 September 2006
- ^ a b Friedman, David D. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. (1979) Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case, Retrieved 12 August 2005
- ^ Anderson, Terry L. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. and Hill, P. J. An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West, The Journal of Libertarian Studies
- ^ Tame, Chris R. October 1983. The Chicago School: Lessons from the Thirties for the Eighties. Economic Affairs. p. 56
- ^ Lane, Tom. "Noam Chomsky On Anarchism" Znet (1996)
- ^ Linda & Morris Tannehill. The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something Market for Liberty (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes, 1993), p. 41. Originally published 1970.
- ^ Malatesta, Errico, 1921, in a letter to Venturini.
- ^ Linda & Morris Tannehill. The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something Market for Liberty, p. 81.
- ^ Linda & Morris Tannehill. The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something Market for Liberty, p. 84.
- ^ a b Bylund, Per. Anarchism, Capitalism, and Anarcho-Capitalism, anarchism. net. July 6, 2004.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Future of Peace and Capitalism, James H. Weaver, ed. , Modern Political Economy (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1973), pp. 419-430
- ^ Ibid.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard. The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. 25 February 1972.
- ^ William Landes and Richard Posner. "The Private Enforcement of Law. " 4 Journal of Legal Studies 1. [6]
- ^ David D. Friedman. "Efficient Institutions for the Private Enforcement of Law. " 13 Journal of Legal Studies 379. [7] [8]
- '^ Respecting the 'Sheeple article by Stefan Molyneux at Lew Rockwell. com [9]
- ^ Godwin, Mike; Neal Stephenson (February 2005). Michael Wayne Godwin (born October 26, 1956) is an American attorney and Author. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre Neal Stephenson's Past, Present, and Future; The author of the widely praised Baroque Cycle on science, markets, and post-9/11 America. (print article). Reason (magazine). Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
- ^ Roblimo; Neal Stephenson (2004-10-20). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Neal Stephenson Responds With Wit and Humor. (email exchange). Slashdot. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
- ^ On the Steppes of Central Asia. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
- ^ The Pure Logic of Choice. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
References
- Bruce Benson: The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without The State
- Hart, David M. : Gustave de Molinari and the Anti-Statist Liberal Tradition Retrieved 14 September 2005
- Hoppe, Hans-Hermann: A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism
- Hoppe, Hans-Hermann: Democracy: The God That Failed
- Rothbard, Murray: For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto
- Rothbard, Murray: The Ethics of Liberty
- Spooner, Lysander: (1867) No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority Retrieved 19 May 2005
- Tannehill, Linda and Morris: The Market For Liberty
- Tucker, Benjamin: (1888) State Socialism and Anarchism:How Far They Agree, and Wherein They Differ Liberty 5. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism is a treatise by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, a student of Jürgen Habermas, which uses the ethics of argumentation Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics Democracy The God That Failed is a controversial Book by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, containing a series of thirteen Essays on the subject of Democracy Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism The Ethics of Liberty, by American economist and historian Murray N Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism 16, no. 120 (10 March 1888), pp. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a 2–3. Retrieved 20 May 2005
- Tucker, Benjamin: (1926) Labor and its Pay Retrieved 20 May 2005
Sources that consider anarcho-capitalism a form of anarchism
As a form of individualist anarchism
- Bottomore, Tom. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Benjamin Ricketson Tucker ( April 17, 1854 &ndash June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American Individualist anarchism Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Anarchism entry, p. 21 1991
- Barry, Norman. Modern Political Theory, 2000, Palgrave, p. 70
- Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today, Manchester University Press (2002) ISBN 0-7190-6020-6, p. 135
- Grant, Moyra. Key Ideas in Politics, Nelson Thomas 2003 ISBN 0-7487-7096-8, p. 91
- Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism:Left, Right, and Green, City Lights, 1994. p. 3.
- Ostergaard, Geoffrey. Geoffrey Ostergaard (1926-1990 was a senior lecturer in government at Birmingham University. Resisting the Nation State - the anarchist and pacifist tradition, Anarchism As A Tradition of Political Thought. Peace Pledge Union Publications [13] ISBN 0902680358
- Avrich, Paul. Paul Avrich ( August 4, 1931 - February 16, 2006) was a professor and Historian. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Abridged Paperback Edition (1996), p. 282
- Brooks, Frank H. (ed) (1994) The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908), Transaction Publishers, Preface p. xi
- Tormey, Simon. Anti-Capitalism, One World, 2004, pp. 118–119
- Raico, Ralph. Ralph Raico is an American historian, libertarian, and specialist in European Classical liberalism and Austrian Economics Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS, 2004
- Offer, John. Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments, Routledge (UK) (2000), p. 243
- Busky, Donald. Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey, Praeger/Greenwood (2000), p. 4
- Heywood, Andrew. Politics: Second Edition, Palgrave (2002), p. 61
Sources claiming that individualist anarchism was reborn as anarcho-capitalism
- Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1991, ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p. 11
- Levy, Carl. Anarchism, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 [14] MS Encarta (UK).
As a form of anarchism in general
- Sylvan, Richard. Richard Sylvan, ( 13 December 1935 - 16 June 1996) was a Philosopher, Logician, Environmentalist, and Anarchist Anarchism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p. 231
- Perlin, Terry M. Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ 1979, p. 7
- DeLeon, David. The American as Anarchist: Reflections of Indigenous Radicalism, Chapter: The Beginning of Another Cycle, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 117 & 123
- Brown, Susan Love, The Free Market as Salvation from Government: The Anarcho-Capitalist View, Meanings of the Market: The * Free Market in Western Culture, edited by James G. Carrier, Berg/Oxford, 1997, p. 99
- Kearney, Richard. Continental Philosophy in the 20th Century, Routledge (UK) (2003), p. 336
- Sargent, Lyman Tower. Extremism in America: A Reader, NYU Press (1995), p. 11
- Sanders, John T. ; Narveson, For and Against the State, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1996, ISBN 0-8476-8165-3 review
- Goodwin, Barbara. Using Political Ideas, fourth edition, John Wiley & Sons (1987), p. 137
Sources that do not consider anarcho-capitalism to be a form of anarchism
- Marshall, Peter. Demanding the Impossible, London: Fontana Press, 1992 (ISBN 0 00 686245 4) Chapter 38
- Eatwell, Roger. Wright, Anthony. Contemporary Political Ideologies (1999) ISBN 1855676060 p. 142
- Meltzer, Albert. Anarchism: Arguments For and Against AK Press, (2000) p. 50
Further reading
- Murray Rothbard Father of modern anarcho-capitalism:
- Rothbard, Murray (1962). Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Man, Economy, and State; A Treatise on Economic Principles. Man Economy and State A Treatise on Economic Principles, first published in 1962 is a book on Economics by Murray Rothbard, and is one of the most important Princeton, N. J. : Van Nostrand. , A general book on Austrian economics. The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates
- Rothbard, Murray (1970). Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Power & Market; Government and the Economy. Menlo Park, Calif. : Institute for Humane Studies. The Institute for Humane Studies (IHS is a Libertarian Non-profit organization that assists students at the undergraduate and graduate levels , Classification of economic interventions by the state.
- Rothbard, Murray (2004). Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism Man, economy, and state with Power and market: government and economy. Man Economy and State A Treatise on Economic Principles, first published in 1962 is a book on Economics by Murray Rothbard, and is one of the most important Power and Market Government and the Economy is a 1970 book by Murray Rothbard in which he analyzes the negative effects of the various kinds of Government Auburn, Ala. : Ludwig von Mises Institute. The Ludwig von Mises Institute ( LvMI) based in Auburn Alabama, is a Libertarian academic organization engaged in research and scholarship in the fields ISBN 0-945466-30-7.
- Rothbard, Murray (1978). Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto. New York, New York: Collier Books. ISBN 0-02-074690-3.
- Rothbard, Murray [1982] (1998). Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism The Ethics of Liberty. New York, New York: University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7506-3. , Moral justification of a free society.
- Frederic Bastiat, The Law Radical classical liberalism
- Davidson & Rees-Mogg, The Sovereign Individual Historians look at technology & implications
- David D. Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom Classic utilitarian defense of anarchism
- Auberon Herbert, The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State
- Albert Jay Nock, Our Enemy the State Oppenheimer's thesis applied to early US history
- Juan Lutero Madrigal, anarcho-capitalism: principles of civilization An anarcho-capitalist primer (webbed)
- Franz Oppenheimer, The State Analysis of State; political means vs. Claude Frédéric Bastiat ( June 30, 1801 December 24, 1850) was a French classical liberal theorist political economist David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is a writer who became a leading figure in the anarcho-capitalist community with the publication of his The Machinery of Freedom is a 1973 nonfiction book by libertarian economist David D Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert ( Highclere, June 18 1838 — November 5 1906) was a Writer Albert Jay Nock ( October 13, 1870 or 1872 August 19, 1945) was an influential American libertarian author Franz Oppenheimer (born 30 March 1864 in Berlin; died 30 September 1943 in Los Angeles) was a German Sociologist economic means
- Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia Academic philosopher on libertarianism
- Herbert Spencer, Social Statics Includes the essay "The Right to Ignore the State"
- Morris and Linda Tannehill, The Market for Liberty Classic on private defense agencies (PDAs)
- Robert Paul Wolff, In Defense of Anarchism, influential defence of anarchism within contemporary analytical philosophy
- Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography
- Hans-Hermann Hoppe, The Economics and Ethics of Private Property
External links
Anarcho-capitalist websites and articles
- Kent For Liberty: Anarcho-Capitalism/Radical Libertarianism at its Finest
- Ideas is David D. Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938 &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill which according to Karl Hess has become "something A private defense agency (PDA is a conceptualized agency that provides personal protection and military defense services voluntarily through the Free market. Robert Paul Wolff (born 1933 is a contemporary political philosopher. In Defense of Anarchism is a 1970 book by Robert Paul Wolff regarded as a classical work in Anarchist scholarship Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born September 2, 1949) is an Austrian school Economist of the anarcho-capitalist tradition and a former economics The Economics and Ethics of Private Property Studies in Political Economy and Philosophy by Hans-Hermann Hoppe was first published in 1993 followed by a second edition Friedman's blog.
- Free market alternatives to the state Libertarian Nation Foundation
- Strike The Root is an anarcho-capitalist website featuring essays, news, and a forum.
- anti-state.com, has one of the more active forums and infrequent theoretical and practical articles, and hosts Private Property Anarchists and Anarcho-Socialists: Can We Get Along? by Gene Callahan
- Simply Anarchy is an anarcho-capitalist website with articles, links and a forum
- The Molinari Institute offers online resources for those interested in exploring the ideas of Market Anarchism
- Ancapistan Network comes with an ancap start-up, articles and links
- Bertrand Lemennicier, a renowned French anarcho-capitalist economist
- Cuthhyra is a resource promoting anarcho-capitalism through essays, humour, quotes, links and more.
- Invisible Molotov is a large archive of high quality printable booklets and pamphlets relating to market anarchism.
- Bryan Caplan's "Anarchism Theory FAQ" is written from the perspective of an anarcho-capitalist.
- Ludwig von Mises Institute is a research and educational center of classical liberalism; including anarcho-capitalism, libertarian political theory, and the Austrian School of economics.
- LewRockwell.com is a widely read anarcho-capitalist news site with the slogan "anti-state, anti-war, pro-market. LewRockwellcom (LRC is a widely read 501(c(4 Anarcho-capitalist and Paleolibertarian web magazine operated by Burton Blumert (publisher "
- Liberty Search, Specific search engine for classical liberalism and libertarianism
- A Legacy of Liberty and For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto by Murray N. Rothbard
- The American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not so Wild, Wild, West Anarcho-capitalism in the old "Wild West" in the U. S.
- The anarcho-capitalist political theory of Murray N. Rothbard in its historical and intellectual context by Roberta Modugno Crocetta
- Panarchy, another way of considering things that is considered by some ultimately equivalent to anarcho-capitalism.
- A Brief Introduction to Philosophical Anarchism from the viewpoint of an anarcho-capitalist
- Sovereign Life and Sovereign Individual at Sovereignlife. com
- Individualist Anarchist Society at UC Berkeley
- Anarcho-Capitalism Lifestyle guide for Anarcho-capitalists
- Infoliberalism: a variant of the concept based on web software development
- Sumit Dahiya "The home of the Anti-Government Pro-Enterprise Movement of India"
- Freedomain Radio anarcho-capitalism podcast and message board (Stefan Molyneux)
- Free Talk Live Anarcho-capitalist podcast, message board, and nationally syndicated radio program
- Adventures In Legal Land Anarcho-capitalist legal/court procedures consultant Marc Stevens, author of "Adventures in Legal Land" and host of RBNLive. Stefan Molyneux is an Anarcho-capitalist Blogger, essayist author and host of the Freedomain Radio series of Podcasts, living in Mississauga com radio program "The No State Project"
- The On Line Freedom Academy free online anarcho-capitalist educational program offered by Jim Davies (especially for educating supporters of "the state" as to its contrast with the free market)
- On Peter Sabatini's "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy" by Richard A. Gardner
- The Philosophy of Liberty (animated)
- Economic Means to Freedom - Part IV: 25 Anarcho-Capitalist Things You Can Do Now!, by Frederick Mann
- The Freedom Channel Portal for freedom media
- Who Needs Government? Pirates, Collapsed States, and the Possibility of Anarchy Series of essays on Cato Unbound. August 2007.
Other
- American Anarchism 19th Century Individualist Anarchist influence on Libertarianism by Wendy McElroy
- American Liberal-Anarchism from The Conquest of Power, by Albert Weisbord
Dictionary
anarcho-capitalism
-noun
- A philosophy that advocates the elimination of the state and the provision of all governmental services by self-regulating free market competitors.
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