Analytical chemistry is the study of the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. Materials are physical Substances used as inputs to production or Manufacturing. Unlike other major sub disciplines of chemistry such as inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry, analytical chemistry is not restricted to any particular type of chemical compound or reaction. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Properties studied in analytical chemistry include geometric features such as molecular morphologies and distributions of species, as well as features such as composition and species identity. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by The contributions made by analytical chemists have played critical roles in the sciences ranging from the development of concepts and theories (pure science) to a variety of practical applications, such as biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, quality control of industrial manufacturing and forensic science (applied science). Fundamental science is the part of Science that describes the most basic Objects Forces relations between them and laws governing them such that all other Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) in general simply known as medical research, is the Basic research or Applied research conducted Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. In Engineering and Manufacturing, quality control and quality engineering are involved in developing systems to ensure products or services For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" For the song by 311, see Grassroots. Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific

Contents 1 Overview 2 Modern analytical chemistry 3 History 4 Types 4.1 Qualitative 4.2 Quantitative 5 Approaches 5.1 By Analytical Targets 5.2 By Analytical Methods 6 Traditional analytical techniques 6.1 Titration 6.2 Gravimetry 6.3 Inorganic qualitative analysis 7 Instrumental Analysis 7.1 Spectroscopy 7.2 Mass Spectrometry 7.3 Crystallography 7.4 Electrochemical Analysis 7.5 Thermal Analysis 7.6 Separation 7.7 Hybrid Techniques 7.8 Microscopy 7.9 Lab-on-a-chip 8 Methods and data analysis 8.1 Standard Curve 8.2 Internal Standards 9 Trends 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

Overview

Analytical chemistry is a sub discipline of chemistry that has the broad mission of understanding the chemical composition of all matter and developing the tools to elucidate such compositions. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties This differs from other sub disciplines of chemistry in that it is not intended to understand the physical basis for the observed chemistry as with physical chemistry and it is not intended to control or direct chemistry as is often the case in organic chemistry and it is not necessarily intended to provide engineering tactics as are often used in materials science. Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Analytical chemistry generally does not attempt to use chemistry or understand its basis; however, these are common outgrowths of analytical chemistry research. Analytical chemistry has significant overlap with other branches of chemistry, especially those that are focused on a certain broad class of chemicals, such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry or biochemistry, as opposed to a particular way of understanding chemistry, such as theoretical chemistry. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Theoretical chemistry involves the use of physics to explain or predict chemical phenomena For example the field of bioanalytical chemistry is a growing area of analytical chemistry that addresses all analytical questions in biochemistry, (the chemistry of life). Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Analytical chemistry and experimental physical chemistry, however, have a unique relationship in that they are very unrelated in their mission but often share the most in common in the tools used in experiments. Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large

Analytical chemistry is particularly concerned with the questions of "what chemicals are present, what are their characteristics and in what quantities are they present?" These questions are often involved in questions that are more dynamic such as what chemical reaction an enzyme catalyzes or how fast it does it, or even more dynamic such as what is the transition state of the reaction. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst The transition state of a Chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the Reaction coordinate. Although analytical chemistry addresses these types of questions it stops after they are answered. The next logical steps of understanding what it means, how it fits into a larger system, how can this result be generalized into theory or how it can be used are not analytical chemistry. Since analytical chemistry is based on firm experimental evidence and limits itself to some fairly simple questions to the general public it is most closely associated with hard numbers such as how much lead is in drinking water.

Modern analytical chemistry

Modern analytical chemistry is dominated by instrumental analysis. There are so many different types of instruments today that it can seem like a confusing array of acronyms rather than a unified field of study. Many analytical chemists focus on a single type of instrument. Academics tend to either focus on new applications and discoveries or on new methods of analysis. The discovery of a chemical present in blood that increases the risk of cancer would be a discovery that an analytical chemist might be involved in. An effort to develop a new method might involve the use of a tunable laser to increase the specificity and sensitivity of a spectrometric method. A tunable laser is a Laser whose Wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner Many methods, once developed, are kept purposely static so that data can be compared over long periods of time. This is particularly true in industrial quality assurance (QA), forensic and environmental applications. Quality assurance, or QA for short refers to planned and systematic production processes that provide confidence in a product's suitability for its intended purpose Analytical chemistry plays an increasingly important role in the pharmaceutical industry where, aside from QA, it is used in discovery of new drug candidates and in clinical applications where understanding the interactions between the drug and the patient are critical.

History

Much of early chemistry (1661-~1900AD) was analytical chemistry since the questions of what elements and chemicals were present in the world around us and what are their fundamental natures is very much in the realm of analytical chemistry. There was also significant early progress in synthesis and theory which of course are not analytical chemistry. During this period significant analytical contributions to chemistry include the development of systematic elemental analysis by Justus von Liebig and systematized organic analysis based on the specific reactions of functional groups. Elemental analysis is a process where a sample of some material (e Justus von Liebig ( May 12, 1803 &ndash April 18, 1873) was a German Chemist The first instrumental analysis was flame emissive spectrometry developed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff who discovered rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs) in 1860. Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 &ndash 16 August 1899 was a German Chemist. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental Rubidium (ruːˈbɪdiəm /rəˈbɪdiəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Rb and Atomic number 37 Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 ^[1]

Most of the major developments in analytical chemistry take place after 1900. During this period instrumental analysis becomes progressively dominant in the field. In particular many of the basic spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques were discovered in the early 20th century and refined in the late 20th century. ^[2] The separation sciences follow a similar time line of development and also become increasingly transformed into high performance instruments. In Chemistry and Chemical engineering, a separation process is used to transform a Mixture of substances into two or more distinct products ^[3] In the 1970s many of these techniques began to be used together to achieve a complete characterization of samples. Starting in approximately the 1970s into the present day analytical chemistry has progressively become more inclusive of biological questions (bioanalytical chemistry), whereas it had previously been largely focused on inorganic or small organic molecules. The late 20th century also saw an expansion of the application of analytical chemistry from somewhat academic chemical questions to forensic, environmental, industrial and medical questions, such as in histology. Forensic chemistry is the application of Chemistry to law enforcement or the failure of products or processes Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals Clinical chemistry (also known as clinical biochemistry, chemical pathology or pure blood chemistry) is the area of Pathology that is generally Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and ^[4]

Types

Traditionally, analytical chemistry has been split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative:

Qualitative

• Qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given element or inorganic compound in a sample. Classical qualitative inorganic analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry which seeks to find elemental composition of inorganic compounds A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin
• Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon.

Quantitative

• Quantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a given element or compound in a sample. In chemistry quantitative analysis is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a Concentration) of one several or all particular substance(s

Approaches

Most modern analytical chemistry is categorized by two different approaches such as analytical targets or analytical methods. Analytical Chemistry (journal) reviews two different approaches alternatively in the issue 12 of each year. Analytical Chemistry (abbreviated as Anal Chem) is a Scientific journal for original contributions of fundamental research in Analytical chemistry

By Analytical Targets

• Bioanalytical chemistry
• Material analysis
• Chemical analysis
• Environmental analysis
• Forensics

By Analytical Methods

• Spectroscopy
• Mass Spectrometry
• Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
• Chromatography and Electrophoresis
• Crystallography
• Microscopy
• Electrochemistry

Traditional analytical techniques

Although modern analytical chemistry is dominated by sophisticated instrumentation, the roots of analytical chemistry and some of the principles used in modern instruments are from traditional techniques many of which are still used today. Forensic chemistry is the application of Chemistry to law enforcement or the failure of products or processes Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between Radiation and Matter as a function of Wavelength (λ Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Physics, spectrophotometry is the quantitative study of electromagnetic spectra. Colorimetry or Colourimetry can refer to the quantitative study of Color perception Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα chroma, color and γραφειν"graphein" to write is the collective term for a family of Laboratory Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects Electrochemistry is a branch of Chemistry that studies Chemical reactions which take place in a Solution at the interface of an electron conductor These techniques also tend to form the backbone of most undergraduate analytical chemistry educational labs. Examples include:

Titration

For more details on this topic, see Titration. Titration is a common laboratory method of Quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown Concentration of a known Reactant

Titration involves the addition of a reactant to a solution being analyzed until some equivalence point is reached. Often the amount of material in the solution being analyzed may be determined. Most familiar to those who have taken college chemistry is the acid-base titration involving a color changing indicator. There are many other types of titrations, for example potentiometric titrations. These titrations may use different types of indicators to reach some equivalence point.

Gravimetry

For more details on this topic, see Gravimetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods in Analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a solid

Gravimetric analysis involves determining the amount of material present by weighing the sample before and/or after some transformation. A common example used in undergraduate education is the determination of the amount of water in a hydrate by heating the sample to remove the water such that the difference in weight is due to the water lost.

Inorganic qualitative analysis

Inorganic qualitative analysis generally refers to a systematic scheme to confirm the presence of certain, usually aqueous, ions or elements by performing a series of reactions that eliminate ranges of possibilities and then confirms suspected ions with a confirming test. Sometimes small carbon containing ions are included in such schemes. With modern instrumentation these tests are rarely used but can be useful for educational purposes and in field work or other situations where access to state-of-the-art instruments are not available or expedient.

Instrumental Analysis

Spectroscopy

For more details on this topic, see Spectroscopy. Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between Radiation and Matter as a function of Wavelength (λ

Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic (EM spectrum is the range of all possible Electromagnetic radiation frequencies Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy and so on. In Analytical chemistry, atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample Emission spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths of Photons emitted by atoms or molecules during their transition from an Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible X-ray fluorescence (XRF is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Raman spectroscopy (pronounced S— is a spectroscopic technique used in Condensed matter physics and Chemistry to study vibrational rotational and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Photoemission Spectroscopy (PES, also known as photoelectron spectroscopy, refers to energy measurement of electrons emitted from solids gases or liquids by the Photoelectric Mössbauer spectroscopy (Mößbauer is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect.

Mass Spectrometry

For more details on this topic, see Mass Spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles

Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields. In Physics, the space surrounding an Electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying Magnetic field has a property called an electric field (that can In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges There are several ionization methods: electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray, fast atom bombardment, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization, and others. Also, mass spectrometry is categorized by approaches of mass analyzers: magnetic-sector,quadrupole mass analyzer, quadrupole ion trap, Time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and so on. A sector instrument is a general term for a class of Mass spectrometer that utilizes a static electric or magnetic sector or some combination of the two (separately in space The quadrupole mass analyzer is one type of mass analyzer used in Mass spectrometry. A quadrupole ion trap exists in both linear and 3D ( Paul Trap QIT) varieties and refers to an Ion trap that uses constant DC and Radio The time of flight (TOF describes the method used to measure the time that it takes for a particle object or stream to reach a detector while traveling over a known distance Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, also known as Fourier transform mass spectrometry, is a type of mass analyzer (or Mass spectrometer) for

Crystallography

For more details on this topic, see Crystallography. Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of Atoms in Solids In older usage it is the scientific study of Crystals The

Crystallography is a technique that characterizes the chemical structure of materials at the atomic level by analyzing the diffraction patterns of usually x-rays that have been deflected by atoms in the material. Diffraction is normally taken to refer to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. From the raw data the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.

Electrochemical Analysis

For more details on this topic, see Electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is a branch of Chemistry that studies Chemical reactions which take place in a Solution at the interface of an electron conductor

Electrochemistry measures the interaction of the material with an electric field. In Physics, the space surrounding an Electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying Magnetic field has a property called an electric field (that can

Thermal Analysis

Further information: Calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis

Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and heat. Calorimetry is the Science of measuring the Heat of Chemical Thermogravimetric Analysis or TGA is a type of testing that is performed on samples to determine changes in Weight in relation to change in Temperature In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature

Separation

Further information: Separation process, Chromatography, electrophoresis

Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures. In Chemistry and Chemical engineering, a separation process is used to transform a Mixture of substances into two or more distinct products Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα chroma, color and γραφειν"graphein" to write is the collective term for a family of Laboratory Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. Chromatography and electrophoresis are representative of this field. Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα chroma, color and γραφειν"graphein" to write is the collective term for a family of Laboratory Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon.

Hybrid Techniques

Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques. ^{[5][6][7][8][9]} Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development. For example, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS, GC-IR, LC-NMR, CE-MS, and so on. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS) is a method that combines the features of Gas-liquid chromatography and Mass spectrometry to identify different

Hyphenated separation techniques refers to a combination of two (or more) techniques to detect and separate chemicals from solutions. Most often the other technique is some form of chromatography. Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα chroma, color and γραφειν"graphein" to write is the collective term for a family of Laboratory Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as A slash is sometimes used instead of hyphen, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself. The slash ( /) is a punctuation mark It is also called a virgule, diagonal, stroke, forward slash, oblique dash, A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes

Examples of hyphenated techniques:

1. LC-MS (or HPLC-MS)
2. HPLC/ESI-MS
3. LC-DAD
4. CE-MS
5. CE-UV
6. GC-MS

Microscopy

For more details on this topic, see Microscopy. Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα chroma, color and γραφειν"graphein" to write is the collective term for a family of Laboratory Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles High-performance liquid chromatography (or High pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC) is a form of Column chromatography used frequently in Biochemistry Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles High-performance liquid chromatography (or High pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC) is a form of Column chromatography used frequently in Biochemistry Electrospray ionization (ESI is a technique used in Mass spectrometry to produce ions Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles Chromatography (from Greek χρώμα chroma, color and γραφειν"graphein" to write is the collective term for a family of Laboratory Capillary electrophoresis ( CE) also known as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE can be used to separate ionic species by their charge and frictional forces Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles Capillary electrophoresis ( CE) also known as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE can be used to separate ionic species by their charge and frictional forces Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC, or simply gas chromatography (GC, is a type of Chromatography in which the mobile phase is a carrier gas usually an Inert Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects

The visualization of single molecules, single cells, biological tissues and nano- micro materials is very important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also, hybridization with other traditional analytical tools is revolutionizing analytical science. Microscopy can be categorized into three different fields: optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope" is a type of Microscope which uses Visible light and a system of lenses to An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image Scanning probe microscopy (SPM is a branch of Microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen Recently, this field is rapidly progressing because of the rapid development of computer and camera industries.

Lab-on-a-chip

Further information: microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip

Devices that integrate (multiple) laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico liters. Microfluidics deals with the behavior precise control and manipulation of Fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small typically sub-millimeter scale A lab-on-a-chip (LOC is a device that integrates one or several Laboratory functions on a single Chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size

Methods and data analysis

For more details on this topic, see List of chemical analysis methods. A list of chemical analysis methods with acronyms List of methods Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS Atomic emission spectroscopy

Further information: List of materials analysis methods

Standard Curve

A standard method for analysis of concentration involves the creation of a calibration curve. List of materials analysis methods μSR - see Muon spin spectroscopy χ - see Magnetic susceptibility In Analytical chemistry, a calibration curve is a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard This allows for determination of the amount of a chemical in a material by comparing the results of unknown sample to those of a series known standards. If the concentration of element or compound in a sample is too high for the detection range of the technique, it can simply be diluted in a pure solvent. If the amount in the sample is below an instrument's range of measurement, the method of addition can be used. In this method a known quantity of the element or compound under study is added, and the difference between the concentration added, and the concentration observed is the amount actually in the sample.

Internal Standards

Sometimes an internal standard is added at a known concentration directly to an analytical sample to aid in quantitation. An internal standard in Analytical chemistry is a Chemical substance that is added in a constant amount to samples the blank and Calibration standards The amount of analyte present is then determined relative to the internal standard as a calibrant.

Trends

Analytical chemistry research is largely driven by performance (sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, linear range, accuracy, precision, and speed), and cost (purchase, operation, training, time, and space). The linear range is that range of input or output values for which an electronic Amplifier produces an output signal that is a direct Linear Among the main branches of contemporary analytical atomic spectrometry, the most widespread and universal are optical and mass spectrometry (see Prospects in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry). In the direct elemental analysis of solid samples, the new leaders are laser-induced breakdown and laser ablation mass spectrometry, and the related techniques with transfer of the laser ablation products into inductively coupled plasma. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS is a type of atomic emission Spectroscopy which utilises a highly energetic Laser pulse as the excitation source Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid surface by irradiating it with a Laser beam An inductively coupled plasma ( ICP) is a type of plasma source in which the Energy is supplied by Electrical currents which are produced by Advances in design of diode lasers and optical parametric oscillators promote developments in fluorescence and ionization spectrometry and also in absorption techniques where uses of optical cavities for increased effective absorption pathlength are expected to expand. Steady progress and growth in applications of plasma- and laser-based methods are noticeable. An interest towards the absolute (standardless) analysis has revived, particularly in the emission spectrometry.

A lot of effort is put in shrinking the analysis techniques to chip size. Although there are few examples of such systems competitive with traditional analysis techniques, potential advantages include size/portability, speed, and cost. (micro Total Analysis System (µTAS) or Lab-on-a-chip). Total Analysis System (TAS describes a device that automates and includes all necessary steps for chemical analysis of a sample e A lab-on-a-chip (LOC is a device that integrates one or several Laboratory functions on a single Chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size Microscale chemistry reduces the amounts of chemicals used. Microscale Chemistry (often referred to as Small-Scale Chemistry, in German Chemie im Mikromaßstab) is a Teaching method widely used at School

Much effort is also put into analyzing biological systems. Examples of rapidly expanding fields in this area are:

• Genomics - DNA sequencing and its related research. Genomics is the study of an organism's entire Genome. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale Genetic The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the Nucleotide bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine Genetic fingerprinting and DNA microarray are very popular tools and research fields. For terminology see glossary below A DNA microarray is a High-throughput technology used in Molecular biology and in
• Proteomics - the analysis of protein concentrations and modifications, especially in response to various stressors, at various developmental stages, or in various parts of the body. Proteomics is the large-scale study of Proteins particularly their structures and functions.
• Metabolomics - similar to proteomics, but dealing with metabolites. Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" - specifically the study of their small-molecule metabolite
• Transcriptomics- mRNA and its associated field
• Lipidomics - lipids and its associated field
• Peptidomics - peptides and its associated field
• Metalomics - similar to proteomics and metabolomics, but dealing with metal concentrations and especially with their binding to proteins and other molecules. The transcriptome is the set of all Messenger RNA (mRNA molecules or "transcripts" produced in one or a population of cells. Lipidomics is the large-scale study of non-water-soluble Metabolites ( Lipids or Lipidome)

Analytical chemistry has played critical roles in the understanding of basic science to a variety of practical applications, such as biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, quality control of industrial manufacturing, forensic science and so on.

The recent developments of computer automation and information technologies have innervated analytical chemistry to initiate a number of new biological fields. For example, automated DNA sequencing machines were the basis to complete human genome projects leading to the birth of genomics. Genomics is the study of an organism's entire Genome. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale Genetic Protein identification and peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry opened a new field of proteomics. Proteomics is the large-scale study of Proteins particularly their structures and functions. Furthermore, a number of ~omics based on analytical chemistry have become important areas in modern biology.

Also, analytical chemistry has been an indispensable area in the development of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular Surface characterization instruments, electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes enables scientists to visualize atomic structures with chemical characterizations. An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image

Analytical chemistry is pursuing the development of practical applications and commercial instruments rather than elucidating scientific fundamentals. This may be an arguable difference from overlapping science areas such as physical chemistry and biophysics, although there isn't any distinct boundaries among disciplines in contemporary science and technology. However, this aspect may attract many engineers' interest; thus, it is not difficult to see papers from engineering departments in analytical chemistry journals.

Among active contemporary analytical chemistry research fields, micro total analysis system is considered as a great promise of revolutionary technology. Total Analysis System (TAS describes a device that automates and includes all necessary steps for chemical analysis of a sample e In this approach, integrated and miniaturized analytical systems are being developed to control and analyze single cells and single molecules. This cutting-edge technology has a promising potential of leading a new revolution in science as integrated circuits did in computer developments.

See also

• List of chemical analysis methods
• List of materials analysis methods
• Important publications in analytical chemistry

References

External links

• American Chemical Society: Division of Analytical Chemistry
• Royal Society of Chemistry: Analytical Gateway

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