Anal cancer Classification and external resources
ICD-10	C21.
MeSH	D001005

Anal cancer is a type of cancer which arises from the anus, the distal orifice of the gastrointestinal tract. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. It is a distinct entity from the more common colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and The etiology, risk factors, clinical progression, staging, and treatment are all different. Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. Anal cancer is typically a squamous cell carcinoma that arises near the squamocolumnar junction. In Medicine, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC is a form of Cancer of the Carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs including the Skin

Contents 1 Risk factors 2 Prevention 3 Screening 4 Treatment 4.1 Localized disease 4.2 Metastatic or recurrent disease 5 Prognosis 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Risk factors

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: An examination of squamous cell carcinoma tumor tissues from patients in Denmark and Sweden showed a high proportion of anal cancers to be positive for the types of HPV that are also associated with high risk of cervical cancer (90% of the tumors from women, 100% of the tumors from homosexual men, and 58% of tumors from heterosexual men). A human papillomavirus ( HPV) is a Papillomavirus that infects the skin and Mucous membranes of Humans Approximately 130 HPV types have been ^[1] In another study done, high-risk types of HPV, notably HPV-16, were detected in 84 percent of anal cancer specimens examined. ^[2]
• Sexual activity: Having multiple sex partners or having anal sex, due to the increased risk of exposure to the HPV virus. Anal sex most often refers to the sex act involving insertion of the Penis into the Rectum. ^[3]
• Smoking: Current smokers are several times more likely to develop anal cancer compared with nonsmokers. Smoking is a practice where a substance most commonly Tobacco, is burned and the Smoke tasted or inhaled ^[3]
• Immunosuppression, which is often associated with HIV infection. Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or Efficacy of the Immune system. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ^[3]
• Benign anal lesions. (inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)^[4], hemorrhoids, fistulae or cicatrices) Inflammation resulting from benign anal lesions, such as hemorrhoids and anal fistulas, has been considered to cause a predisposition to anal cancer ^{[5] [6]}

Prevention

Since many, if not most, anal cancers derive from Human Papilloma Virus infections, and since the HPV vaccine prevents infection by several strains of the virus, scientists surmise that HPV vaccination will prevent anal cancer. In Medicine, inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and Small intestine Hemorrhoids ( AmE) haemorrhoids ( BrE) emerods, or piles are varicosities or swelling and Inflammation In medicine a fistula (pl fistulas or fistulae is an abnormal connection or passageway between two Epithelium -lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect A human papillomavirus ( HPV) is a Papillomavirus that infects the skin and Mucous membranes of Humans Approximately 130 HPV types have been Human papillomavirus (HPV vaccine is a Vaccine that targets certain strains of Human papillomavirus associated with the development of Cervical ^[7]

Screening

Anal pap smears similar to those used in cervical cancer screening have been studied experimentally for early detection of anal cancer in high-risk individuals. The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in Gynecology Cervical cancer is Malignant Cancer of the Cervix uteri or cervical area ^[8][9]

Treatment

Localized disease

Anal cancer is most effectively treated with surgery, and in early stage disease (i. e. , localized cancer of the anus without metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes), surgery is often curative. Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, In Anatomy, the inguinal region is one of the regions of the Abdomen, and the term inguinal refers to a structure belonging to this region A Lymph node ( lɪmf noʊd is an organ consisting of many types of cells and is a part of the Lymphatic system. The difficulty with surgery has been the necessity of removing the anal sphincter, with concomitant fecal incontinence. The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. For this reason, many patients with anal cancer have required permanent colostomies. A colostomy is a surgical procedure that involves connecting a part of the colon onto the Anterior abdominal wall, leaving the patient with an opening on the

In more recent years, physicians have employed a combination strategy including chemotherapy and radiation treatments to reduce the necessity of debilitating surgery. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant This "combined modality" approach has led to the increased preservation of an intact anal sphincter, and therefore improved quality of life after definitive treatment. Survival and cure rates are excellent, and many patients are left with a functional sphincter. Some patients have fecal incontinence after combined chemotherapy and radiation. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Biopsies to document disease regression after chemotherapy and radiation were commonly advised, but are not as frequent any longer. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Current chemotherapy active in anal cancer includes cisplatin and 5-FU; mitomycin has also been used, but is associated with increased toxicity. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis -diamminedichloridoplatinum(II (CDDP is a Platinum -based Chemotherapy drug used to treat Fluorouracil (5-FU or f5U is a Pyrimidine analog, which is used as a drug in the treatment of Cancer. The mitomycins are a family of Aziridine -containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae

Metastatic or recurrent disease

Up to 10% of patients treated for anal cancer will develop distant metastatic disease. Metastatic or recurrent anal cancer is difficult to treat, and usually requires chemotherapy. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Radiation is also employed to palliate specific locations of disease that may be causing symptoms. Chemotherapy commonly used is similar to other squamous cell epithelial neoplasms, such as platinum analogues, anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, and antimetabolites such as 5-FU and capecitabine. In Anatomy, squamous epithelium (from Latin squama, "scale" is an Epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting In biology and medicine epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body Anthracyclines (or anthracycline antibiotics) are a class of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy. Doxorubicin ( INN,; trade name Adriamycin; also known as hydroxydaunorubicin) is a drug used in cancer Chemotherapy. Fluorouracil (5-FU or f5U is a Pyrimidine analog, which is used as a drug in the treatment of Cancer. Capecitabine ( INN) (keɪpˈsaɪtəbiːn is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of Metastatic breast and Colorectal

Prognosis

See also

• Anal warts and itching

References

External links

• Anal Warts, Anal Cancer, and Anal Pap Smears
• Anal Cancer and HPV in Men Who Have Sex With Men
• National Cancer Institute (U.S.): Anal Cancer: Information for Health Professionals
• Cancer.Net: Anal Cancer
• Farrah Fawcett fighting cancer

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