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Anahim hotspot (British Columbia)
Anahim hotspot
Location of the Anahim hotspot in British Columbia

The Anahim hotspot is a Miocene-to-Holocene hotspot which is responsible for the volcanic activity which forms the volcanoes in central British Columbia, Canada. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC In Geology, a hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Contents

Background

Main article: Hotspot (geology)

A hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time. In Geology, a hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time This theory was first suggested by the Canadian geologist John Tuzo Wilson in 1963. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system John Tuzo Wilson PhD, CC, OBE, DSc, FRS, FRSC, FRSE ( October 24, 1908 &ndash [1] Hotspots record changes in tectonic plate motions because they are believed to be relatively stationary for tens of millions of years. Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere As the tectonic plate drifts across the hotspot, it creates new volcanoes and generally leave unmistakable evidence of their passage through the Earth's crust. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon Hotspots are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle – a mantle plume – convecting up the Earth's core-mantle boundary,[1] although some geologists prefer upper-mantle convection as a cause. The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided Convection in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within Fluids (i The core-mantle boundary (or CMB in the parlance of solid earth geophysicists lies between the Earth's Silicate mantle and its liquid Iron - Nickel [2][3] This in turn has re-raised the antipodal pair impact hypothesis, the idea that pairs of opposite hotspots may result from the impact of a large meteor. [4]

Geological history

13 to 12 million BP

The Anahim hotspot has a long history. About 13 and 12 million years ago, the Anahim hotspot created a peralkaline volcanic complex on the coast of British Columbia, now heavily eroded to from the ~20 km (12 mi) long Bella Bella and ~6 km (4 mi) long Gale Passage dike swarms. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind A dike swarm or dyke swarm in Geology is a major group of parallel linear or radially oriented dikes intruded within Continental crust Individual dikes are as thick as 20 m (66 ft) and have basalt, trachyte, and comendite compositions. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Trachyte is an Igneous, Volcanic rock with an Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture The converging dikes may mark the arrival of the Anahim hotspot. [5] During the early to middle Miocene, the central Coast Mountains were favored thermally-driven uplift arising from the Miocene passage of the Anahim hotspot beneath the range, and response to convergence in late Miocene-Pliocene time. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Coast Mountains are a Mountain range of the Pacific Cordillera, running along the north western shore of the North American continent extending south The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends [6]

8. 7 to 6. 5 million BP

Satelite photo of the three Anahim shield volcanoes. From left to right: Rainbow Range, Ilgachuz Range, and Itcha Range.
Satelite photo of the three Anahim shield volcanoes. From left to right: Rainbow Range, Ilgachuz Range, and Itcha Range. The Rainbow Range is a Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada, located northwest of Anahim Lake. The Ilgachuz Range is a name given to an extinct Shield volcano in British Columbia, Canada. The Itcha Range is a Mountain range on the Chilcotin Plateau of the West-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada.

During a period of approximately 2 million years, extrusion of highly fluid basic and silicic lava flows built up the gently sloping Late Miocene Rainbow Range. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Rainbow Range is a Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada, located northwest of Anahim Lake. It is one of three large peralkaline shield volcanoes that lie on an east-west trend in west-central British Columbia. A shield volcano is a large Volcano with shallow-sloping sides Alkaline and peralkaline lava flows from four volcanic episodes make up an 845 m (2,772 ft) composite section on the north flank of the shield volcano. Basel comenditic trachyte flows are unconformably overlain by flows and flow breccias of mugearite. Trachyte is an Igneous, Volcanic rock with an Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture Breccia (ˈbrɛtʃiə ˈbrɛʃiə breach is a rock composed of angular fragments of several Minerals or rocks in a matrix, that is a cementing material A sequence of 40-60-m-thick columnar-jointed comendite flows blankets the underlying units and gives the volcano its shield-like form. Hawaiite dikes, plugs, and minor capping flows are scattered over the north flank. A dike or dyke in Geology is a type of Sheet intrusion referring to any geologic body that cuts Discordantly ' across planar A volcanic plug, also called a volcanic neck or lava neck, is a volcanic landform created when Lava hardens within a Vent on Comenditie flows, which commonly have a glassy selvage at the base, account for 75% of the lavas in the flank zone. The Rainbow shield was erupting up until 6. 5 million years ago. [7]

6 to 4 million BP

During a period of 2 million years, extrusion of highly fluid basic and silcic lava flows built up the gently sloping Late Miocene-to-Early Pliocene Ilgachuz Range. The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends The Ilgachuz Range is a name given to an extinct Shield volcano in British Columbia, Canada. It is the seconed youngest of the three large peralkine shield volcanoes that lie on an east-west trend in west-central British Columbia. The Ilgachuz shield was created by two chemically separate magmatic periods; an early complex series of trachyte and rhyolite eruptions, and late extrusion of a sequence of basaltic lava flows. Trachyte is an Igneous, Volcanic rock with an Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. [8] The surface of the outher shield, cut by deeply incised radial valleys, rises to a complexly dissected summit area where remnants of a small central caldera and numerous felsic domes and basaltic feeders are exposed. A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption Felsic is a term used in Geology to refer to Silicate minerals, Magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as Silicon Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. [8] The outer flanks of the shield merge with flat-lying basalt of the Chilcotin Plateau Basalts, which is thought to have formed by a back-arc basin behind the Cascadia subduction zone. The Chilcotin Plateau Basalts, also called the Chilcotin Group, is a medium-sized Large igneous province that forms a Volcanic plateau running parallel Back-arc basins (or retro-arc basins are geologic features submarine basins associated with Island arcs and Subduction zones. The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to [9] The volcano was spewing out ash, cinder, pumice, rhyolite, trachyte and basaltic lava up until 4 million years ago. Volcanic ash consists of small Tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions less than in diameter A cinder is a pyroclastic material Cinders are extrusive Igneous rocks Cinders are similar to Pumice, which has so many cavities and is such low-density Pumice is a textural term for a volcanic rock that is a solidified frothy lava composed of highly microvesicular glass Pyroclastic with very thin translucent This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. Trachyte is an Igneous, Volcanic rock with an Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. [7]

3. 8 million to 80,000 BP

During a period of approximately 2 million years, extrusion of undersaturated trachyte flows built up the gently sloping Late Pliocene-to-Pleistocene Itcha Range. Trachyte is an Igneous, Volcanic rock with an Aphanitic to Porphyritic texture The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Itcha Range is a Mountain range on the Chilcotin Plateau of the West-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is the easternmost and youngest of the three large felsic shield volcanoes lie on an east-west trend in west-central British Columbia. Felsic is a term used in Geology to refer to Silicate minerals, Magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as Silicon The broad scale morphology of the Itcha shield is given by the extensive lateral distribution of thick (70-150 m) felsic flows which erupted from fissure vents around a central vent to cover an area of 330 km3. A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure or simply fissure, is a linear Volcanic vent through which Lava erupts usually without any Most late-stage lavas capping the Itcha shield complex were erupted from cinder cones, tuff rings, and fissures in the eastern half of the complex about 80,000 years ago. A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. Phreatomagmatic eruptions are defined as juvenile forming eruptions as a result of interaction between water and Magma. A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure or simply fissure, is a linear Volcanic vent through which Lava erupts usually without any [7][10]

340,000 to 7,200 BP

Nazko Cone, the youngest expression of the Anahim hotspot
Nazko Cone, the youngest expression of the Anahim hotspot

Throughout the Holocene epoch, the Anahim hotspot has fed activity to numerous volcanoes. Nazko Cone is a small potentially active Basaltic Cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC This volcanic activity has produced numerous Hawaiian eruptions, which created lava fountains, small cinder cones and lava flows. A Hawaiian eruption is a type of Volcanic eruption where Lava flows from the vent in a relative gentle low level eruption so called because it is characteristic A lava fountain is a volcanic phenomenon in which Lava is forcefully but non-explosively ejected from a crater, vent or fissure. The youngest expression of the Anahim hotspot is Nazko Cone, which formed about 340,000 years ago. Nazko Cone is a small potentially active Basaltic Cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel The most recent eruptive activity at Nazko Cone occurred about 7,200 years ago. [11] This is very recent in geological terms, suggesting that the volcano may yet have some ongoing volcanic activity. The Rainbow Range is the largest Anahim volcano, although Nazko Cone is now the site of the most intense volcanic activity,[12] located directly on top of the Anahim hotspot at coordinates 52°54′0″N, 123°44′0″W. [13][14] Its last eruption started with an eruption of two different progressions of runny lava flows and an older, grey basalt overlain by a younger, darker black basaltic lava flow. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The passive eruptions were followed by a period of explosive eruptions. An explosive eruption is a Volcanic term to describe a violent explosive type of Eruption. [11] This explosive activity built three overlying cinder cones that broke by the two lava flows near the end of the explosive phase of activity. The last phase of explosive activity spread tephra to the north and east of the cones. The deepest deposits near the cones is (>3 m) and thin to less than a few centimetres only a few kilometres away,[11] which suggests that the explosive eruptions at Nazko Cone were fairly small. However, the last eruption from Nazko Cone could have started forest fires, since there is charcoal inside the tephra layer. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation Tephra is air-fall material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition or fragment size [11]

Petrology and Geochemistry

Path of the Anahim hotspot over the past 13 million years, including the Anahim Volcanic Belt
Path of the Anahim hotspot over the past 13 million years, including the Anahim Volcanic Belt

Over the past 13 million years, the Anahim hotspot has created a line of volcanoes called the Anahim Volcanic Belt, which stretches from the coast of British Columbia, to the Interior Plateau near Quesnel. The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a 600- Kilometre -long Volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a 600- Kilometre -long Volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British Interior Plateau comprises a large region of central British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east and the Hazelton Quesnel (kwəˈnɛl is a small city that is part of the Cariboo District of British Columbia, Canada. [15] The volcanoes generally get younger along a line from the coast to the Interior. Each of the volcanoes was once over the hotspot, and migration of the North American Plate over the hotspot has pulled the volcanoes away from the hotspot's magmatic source at a rate of 2 to 3. The North American Plate is a Tectonic plate covering most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia. 3 centimetres per year. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth [16] As a result, the volcanoes are progressively older to the west. The supply and composition of magma to the volcanoes changes with time as the volcanoes grow over the hotspot and migrate away.

An Anahim eruption would be similar to those at Kīlauea in Hawaii
An Anahim eruption would be similar to those at Kīlauea in Hawaii

A few volcanic centers in the vicinity of the Bella Bella and Gale Passage dike swarms, such as Helmet Peak and Kitasu Hill, which are members of the Milbanke Sound Group, may represent the westernmost of the Anahim volcanoes, but there are significant differences in age and form compared to the other volcanoes in that range. Kīlauea (kiːlauea is an active Volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, one of five Shield volcanoes that together form the Island of Hawai{{okina}}i The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Helmet Peak is a monogenetic Cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada. Kitasu Hill is a young Basaltic Cinder cone on southwestern Swindle Island on the coast of the Canadian province of British Columbia Milbanke Sound Group is a group of young Basaltic Cinder cones in British Columbia, Canada. The questions about their origin and connection to other regional volcanic activity are the subject of ongoing research. However, many volcanoes in that center are believed to be monogenetic, suggesting a monogenetic volcanic field may be responsible. A monogenetic volcanic field is a Volcanic field of small scattered volcanic vents A monogenetic volcanic field is a Volcanic field of small scattered volcanic vents [17][18]

Analysis of the chemical composition of the lavas gives important clues about the source and dynamics of the hotspot plume. Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials. Where hotspots occur under thick continental crust, basaltic magma is trapped in the less dense continental crust, which is heated and melts to form rhyolites. The continental crust is the layer of granitic, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rocks which form the Continents and the areas of shallow seabed Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. These rhyolites can be quite hot and form violent eruptions, despite their low water content. Such rhyolitic magma can be found at the western part of the Anahim Volcanic Belt, which contrasts the more basaltic material in the Nazko Cone area. This suggests that as the North American Plate moves westwards, the Anahim hotspot underlies thinner continental crust. The continental crust is the layer of granitic, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rocks which form the Continents and the areas of shallow seabed This has been verified by observation of the crustal regime in other compression margins - the thickest granitic structures are found near the margin itself, with the North American Plate becoming less compressed with movement away from the margin. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. In this case, the thinner crust would result in lower travel time, thus reducing the time available for magma differentiation whose end products are rhyolites. As most magma is basaltic in origin, the eruption would therefor contain more basaltic materials. A few igneous rock types with composition unlike basalt, such as nephelinite, do occur at the small basaltic cinder cones and flows but are extremely rare. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Nephelinite is a fine-grained or Aphanitic Igneous rock made up almost entirely of Nepheline and Clinopyroxene (variety Augite) [16]

Colourful volcanic rocks in the Rainbow Range from heavy mineralization
Colourful volcanic rocks in the Rainbow Range from heavy mineralization

Basaltic lava flows have a high ferromagnesian content and erupt at temperatures between 1000°C and 1200°C; these values are higher than those of other common igneous rocks. The Rainbow Range is a Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada, located northwest of Anahim Lake. For other uses see Mineralization In geology mineralization is the Hydrothermal deposition of economically important Metals Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Due to the high temperature of this lava flow, the lava would be extremely fluid (it has low viscosity), allowing the lava to travel long distances from the magma source (the volcano or vent). FLUID ( F ast L ight '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface D esigner is a graphical editor that is used to produce FLTK Source code Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. These extremely fluid lavas have flow speeds that depend heavily on underlying terrain, with a maximum of almost 60 km (37 mi) per hour in underground lava channels. Flow independent of much channels and tubes moves quite slower, averaging speeds of 1. 6 km (1 mi) per hour. However, this flow speed changes considerably within the flow, with speeds depending heavily on depth and degree of cooling that the flow has experienced (essentially distance from the vent). Although the Nazko area flows would not be highly basaltic like Icelandic or Hawaiian eruptions, lower depths are unlikely as viscosity is normally higher. [19]

Origin

The source of the Anahim hotspot is not without controversy. Some geologists theorize that the Anahim hotspot is linked with an upper mantle plume (miniplume) rather than the more common deep mantle plume because of the small size of the Bella Bella and Gale Passage dike swarms. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system A mantle plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle. A mantle plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle. A dike swarm or dyke swarm in Geology is a major group of parallel linear or radially oriented dikes intruded within Continental crust [5] Others prefer tensional cracking of the lithosphere above the northern edge of the subducting Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates at the Cascadia subduction zone or interpreted as an edge effect of the subducting plates in the mantle. The lithosphere (IPA, from the Greek λίθος for "rocky" + σφαίρα for "sphere" is the solid outermost shell of a rocky Planet. In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other The Juan de Fuca Plate, named after the explorer, is a Tectonic plate arising from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and subducting under the northerly The Explorer Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided [16] No theory is close to airtight. Part of the controversy is due to the rather sudden appearance of the hotspot in the geologic record. A number of hotspot models have been suggested to explain tensional cracking origins however. Some of the more prominent hotspots on Earth were unified along with flood basalt volcanism and continential rifting. A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant Volcanic eruption or series of Eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the Ocean floor A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions In Geology, a rift is a place where the Earth 's crust and Lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of Extensional tectonics [20]

Future and present

Volcanism appears to have ceased in the western parts of the Anahim Volcanic Belt, but if the suggestion is correct, future eruptive activity can be expected in the Nazko Cone area and east of it. The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a 600- Kilometre -long Volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British Nazko Cone is a small potentially active Basaltic Cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel Future eruptions from the Anahim hotspot is most likely in the form of basaltic cinder cones, but eruptions of less mafic magma, typical of the eastern portions of the Anahim Volcanic Belt, cannot be ruled out. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. Mafic is an adjective describing a Silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron the term was derived by contracting "magnesium" and "ferric" [21]

Seismology

The Anahim hotspot is the only notable earthquake zone in the Canadian Cordillera away from the British Columbia Coast. The Pacific Coast Ranges are the series of Mountain ranges that stretch along the west coast of North America from Alaska to northern and central Mexico The British Columbia Coast is Canada 's western continental coastlines [22] A series of <3. 0 Magnitude earthquakes began October 9th, 2007 in the McNaughton Lake region near Nazko Cone which could signal the resumption of intense subterraenean volcanic activity in the area. [22] 34 such <3. 0 Magnitude earthquakes were observed on October 10th, 2007 alone. Since then more than 1000 small earthquakes have been recorded. [23] These earthquakes are thought to have originated 25 kilometers below the surface, but none of these earthquakes have been felt by people. The cause of this seismic activity is believed to be the upwelling of 500,000 m2[19] of magma because the area is not close to any faults or tectonic plate boundaries. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere [24] This is the first indication of potential volcanic activity in Canada since around 1830 to 1850 in northwestern British Columbia. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link [25]

The recent earthquake swarms of the Anahim hotspot have caused much interest from volcanologists and seismologists since the swarm began on October 9th, 2007. Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of Volcanoes, Lava, Magma, and related geological and Geophysical phenomena Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes These earthquakes have increased to over 1,000 with seven stations monitoring the region for further activity. The region's earthquake swarms have given cause to speculation of a possible eruption. However, the possibility of an eruption from current seismic activity is around 10%. [19] An eruption in the region would not cause many fatalities, due to the region's remoteness. There is active logging and ranching in the region, and people engaged in these activities are at risk. Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle The greatest threats would include forest fires and possible health warnings to those in the area if volcanic gasses or ash columns are released. A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, brush fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, Peat fire, Volcanic gases include a variety of substances given off by active (or at times by dormant Volcanoes These include gases trapped in cavities ( Vesicles) in An eruption column consists of hot Volcanic ash emitted during an explosive Volcanic eruption. The Anahim hotspot is situated in the immediate proximity of a major air route. If ash is taken into an aircraft system it can cause all engines to fail within a minute.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Hotspots": Mantle thermal plumes Retrieved on 2008-01-30
  2. ^ Earth's interior: Raising hot spots Retrieved on 2008-01-30
  3. ^ Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot Retrieved on 2008-01-30
  4. ^ Impact-induced decompression melting: A possible trigger for volcanism and mantle hotspots? Retrieved on 2008-01-30
  5. ^ a b Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time Retrieved on 2007-11-17
  6. ^ Exhumation and Uplift History of the Central Coast Mountains, British Columbia Retrieved on 2007-11-02
  7. ^ a b c A River Never Sleeps Retrieved on 2008-01-30
  8. ^ a b Report on Preliminary Geology and Geochemistry of the Ilga Claim group Retrieved on 2007-10-11
  9. ^ National Resources Canada - Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes: Chilcotin Plateau basalts Retrieved on 2008-03-15
  10. ^ Global Volcanism Program: Satah Mountain Retrieved on 2008-04-12
  11. ^ a b c d Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes: Nazko Cone Retrieved on 2007-11-17
  12. ^ Mover Mike - The Nazko Cone Retrieved on 2007-11-04
  13. ^ Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program: Anahim hotspot Retrieved on 2007-11-06
  14. ^ Anahim hotspot track Retrieved on 2007-11-06
  15. ^ Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes - Anahim volcanic belt Retrieved on 2008-03-08
  16. ^ a b c Miocene perlkaline volcanism in west-central British Columbia - Its temporal and plate-tectonics setting Retrieved on 2008-02-02
  17. ^ Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes - Kitasu Hill Retrieved on 2008-03-29
  18. ^ Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes: Helmet Peak Retrieved on 2008-03-29
  19. ^ a b c Effusive Volcanism Near Quesnel Retrieved on 2008-01-06
  20. ^ Antipodal hotspots and bipolar catastrophes: Were oceanic large-body impacts the cause? Retrieved on 2008-02-02
  21. ^ Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety Retrieved on 2008-05-09
  22. ^ a b Canadian Journal of Earch Sciences: McNaughton Lake seismicity-more evidence for an Anahim hotspot? Retrieved on 2008-05-09
  23. ^ America's Volcanoes: Nazko Cone Retrieved on 2007-11-17
  24. ^ Natural Resources Canada: Nazko Cone Retrieved on 2007-11-17
  25. ^ Canada's Scientists Shaking With Excitement Over Quakes Retrieved on 2007-11-04

External links

Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere See also List of volcanoes Western Canada is commonly thought to occupy a gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire, although that is not actually true The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a 600- Kilometre -long Volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British Canada has examples of almost every type of Volcano found on Earth, including Stratovolcanoes Calderas Cinder cones The Coast Mountains are a Mountain range of the Pacific Cordillera, running along the north western shore of the North American continent extending south Queen Charlotte Basin lies mostly beneath the continental shelf offshore between the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and the British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, bordered by the Pacific Ocean. The geology of the Pacific Northwest refers to the study of the composition (including rock, Minerals, and Soils) structure physical properties and the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
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