An anachronism (from the Greek "ανά", "against", and "χρόνος", "time") is anything that is temporally incongruous in the time period it has been placed in—that is, it appears in a temporal context in which it seems sufficiently out of place as to be peculiar, incomprehensible or impossible. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of The item is often an object, but may be a verbal expression, a technology, a philosophical idea, a musical style, a material, a custom, or anything else closely enough bound to a particular period as to seem odd outside it.

Types

An anachronist prefers older, often obsolete cultural artifacts over newer ones. For example, a modern-day anachronist might choose to wear a top-hat, use quill pens, or use a type-writer. This choice may reflect an eccentricity, aesthetic preference, or an ethical acceptance or rejection of the societal role of that artifact. In popular usage eccentricity refers to unusual or odd Behavior on the part of an individual Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life

Another sort of parachronism arises when a work based on a particular era's state of knowledge is read within the context of a later era with a different state of knowledge. A parachronism (from the Greek " παρά," "on the side" and " χρόνος," "time" is anything that appears in For example, many scientific works that rely heavily on theories that have later been discredited have become anachronistic with the removal of their underpinnings, and works of speculative fiction often find their speculation quickly outstripped by real-world technological development. Speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of Fiction Genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in (see Future anachronism below)

A prochronism, on the other hand, occurs when an item appears in a temporal context in which it could not yet be credibly present (the object had not yet been developed, the verbal expression had not been coined, the philosophy had not yet been formulated, the breed (especially of dogs or livestock) had not been bred, the technology had not yet been created). A mild example might be Western movies' tradition of placing firearms not introduced until the 1870s, such as the Winchester 1873 rifle or the Colt Single Action Army, in frontier society of antebellum and Civil War years. The Western is a fiction Genre seen in Film, Television, Radio, Literature, Painting and other Visual arts. The name Winchester rifle is frequently used to describe any of the Lever-action rifles manufactured in the U Colt's Manufacturing Company ( CMC --formerly Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company) is a United States Firearms manufacturer founded in The Colt Single Action Army Handgun (also known as the Colt Peacemaker, Single Action Army or SAA, Colt. " Antebellum " is an expression derived from Latin that means "before war" ( ante, "before" and bellum Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Mild prochronisms such as this may not be noticeable to the uninformed, but severe prochronisms are often comic in their effect (e. g. , a tenth-century British peasant earnestly explaining his village as an anarcho-syndicalist commune in the movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail, or a Beatlesque band called the "Bedbugs" appearing in the American Civil War–era TV comedy F-Troop). Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 film written and performed by the comedy group Monty Python ( Graham Chapman, John Cleese The Beatles ' influence on rock music and popular culture was&mdashand remains&mdashimmense F Troop is a satirical American Television Sitcom that originally aired from 1965-1967 on ABC.

Artifacts

An anachronism can be an artifact which appears out of place archaeologically, geologically or temporally. In Archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of It is sometimes called OOPArt, for "out of place artifact". An out-of-place artifact ( OOPArt) is a term coined by American zoologist Ivan T Anachronisms usually appear more technologically advanced than is expected for their place and period.

However, an apparent anachronism may reflect our ignorance rather than a genuine chronological anomaly. Definition A chronology may be either relative &mdashthat is locating related events relative to each other&mdashor ''absolute'' &mdashlocating A popular view of history presents an unfolding of the past in which humanity has a primitive start and progresses toward development of technology. Alleged anachronistic artifacts demonstrate contradictions to this idea. Some archaeologists believe that seeing these artifacts as anachronisms underestimates the technology and creativity available to people at the time, although others believe that these are evidence of alternate or "fringe" timelines of human history (e. g. Antikythera mechanism). The Antikythera mechanism (ˌæntɪkɪˈθɪərə an-ti-ki- theer -uh is an ancient mechanical Calculator (also described as the first known " mechanical

If one envisions human technological advancement as being roughly parallel to the expansion and decline of human civilizations — that is, progressing in a "three steps forward, two steps back" sort of manner — then at least some (perhaps even many) apparent "anachronisms" are to be expected. A good example of this would be concrete, being used in the past by various ancient cultures only to be forgotten about and then re-invented at a later time by another culture, until the present, at which point the technology is employed globally and unlikely to slip into obscurity again without major upheaval. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag

Art and fiction

Aristotle, a 4th-century-B. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. C. philosopher, is portrayed in the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle as a 15th-century-A. The Nuremberg Chronicle, written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, with a version in German translation by Georg Alt is one of the best documented early printed books D. scholar.

Anachronism is used especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis. Anachronisms may be introduced in many ways, originating, for instance, in disregard of the different modes of life and thought that characterize different periods, or in ignorance of the progress of the arts and sciences and other facts of history. They vary from glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation. It is only since the close of the 18th century that this kind of deviation from historical reality has jarred on a general audience. Anachronisms abound in the works of Raphael and Shakespeare, as well as in those of less celebrated painters and playwrights of earlier times. Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and William Shakespeare ( baptised

In particular, the artists, on the stage and on the canvas, in story and in song, assimilated their characters to their own nationality and their own time. Roman soldiers appear in Renaissance military garb. The Virgin Mary was represented in Italian works with Italian characteristics, and in Flemish works with Flemish ones. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Alexander the Great appeared on the French stage in the full costume of Louis XIV of France down to the time of Voltaire; and in England the contemporaries of Joseph Addison found unremarkable (in Pope's words)

"Cato's long wig, flower'd gown, and lacquer'd chair. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Joseph Addison (May 1 1672 – June 17 1719 was an English essayist and Poet. Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical Marcus Porcius Catō Uticensis (95 BC&ndash46 BC known as Cato the Younger ( Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather ( Cato the Elder "

Shakespeare's audience similarly did not ask whether the University of Wittenberg had existed in Hamlet's day, or whether clocks that struck time were available in Julius Caesar's ancient Rome. The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg also referred to as MLU, is a public University in the cities of Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 A striking clock is a Clock that sounds the Hours audibly on a bell or Gong. Julius Caesar is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1599 Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

However, in many works, such anachronisms are not simply the result of ignorance, which would have been corrected had the artist simply had more historical knowledge. Renaissance painters, for example, were well aware of the differences in costume between ancient times and their own, given the renewed attention to ancient art in their time, but they often chose to depict ancient scenes in contemporary garb. Renaissance painting bridges the period of European art history between the art of the Middle Ages and Baroque art. Rather, these anachronisms reflect a difference of emphasis from the 19th and 20th century attention to depicting details of former times as they "actually" were. Artists and writers of earlier times were usually more concerned with other aspects of the composition, and the fact that the events depicted took place long in the past was secondary. Such a large number of differences of detail required by historic realism would have been a distraction. (see Accidental and intentional anachronism below)

Authors sometimes telescope chronology for the sake of making a point. Definition A chronology may be either relative &mdashthat is locating related events relative to each other&mdashor ''absolute'' &mdashlocating Bolesław Prus does this at several junctures in his 1895 historical novel, Pharaoh, set in the Egypt of 1087–1085 B. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was An historical novel is a Novel in which the story is set among historical events or more generally in which the time of the action predates the lifetime of the Author Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now C. E. The ancient "Suez Canal," proposed by Prince Hiram (chapter 55),^[1] had existed in ancient Egypt's Middle Kingdom, centuries before the period of the novel. The Suez Canal is a Canal in Egypt. Opened in 1869 it allows Water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Conversely, the remarkably accurate calculation of the earth's circumference by Eratosthenes, and the invention of a steam engine by Heron, both ascribed in chapter 60 to the priest Menes,^[2] had historically occurred in Alexandrian Egypt, centuries after the period of the novel. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria ( Ήρων ο Αλεξανδρεύς) (c Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

In recent times, the progress of archaeological research and the more scientific spirit of history have encouraged audiences and artists to view anachronism as an offense or mistake.

Yet modern dramatic productions often rely on anachronism for effect. In particular, directors of Shakespeare's plays may use costumes and props not only of Shakespeare's day or their own, but of any era in between or even those of an imagined future. For instance, the musical Return to the Forbidden Planet crosses The Tempest with popular music to create a science fiction musical. Return to the Forbidden Planet is a Jukebox musical by director Bob Carlton based on Shakespeare 's The Tempest and the The Tempest is a comedy written by William Shakespeare. It is generally dated to 1610-11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although

A celebrated 1960 stage production of Hamlet, starring Richard Burton, was set on a bare New York stage in contemporary rehearsal clothes: the audience could have been watching the rehearsal before the dress rehearsal. Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 Richard Burton, CBE (10 November 1925 &ndash 5 August 1984 was a Welsh multiple award-winning Actor. The point of the staging was apparently that the story of Hamlet is a universal one that was equally credible in the 20th century as in the 17th.

Other popular adaptations of Shakespeare's plays that relied on anachronisms in props and setting were Titus (1999) and William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet (1996). Titus is a 1999 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's revenge tragedy Titus Andronicus, about the downfall of a Roman general A similar approach was used in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge!, in which a diverse selection of 20th-century music is used over a fin de siècle backdrop. This article is about the 2001 Motion picture. For other uses see Moulin Rouge (disambiguation Moulin Rouge! is a 2001 Musical film Fin de siècle (fɑ̃ dɛ si'ɛːkl French for ‛end of the century‘ was a cultural movement between 1880 and the beginning of World War I. Other films, such as Brazil, A Series of Unfortunate Events, or Richard III may create worlds so full of various conflicting anachronisms as to create a unique stylistic environment that lacks a specific period setting. Brazil is a 1985 Dystopian Black comedy film directed by Terry Gilliam. Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a 2004 Academy Award winning Film, directed by Brad Silberling Richard III is a 1995 film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's play of the same name, starring Sir Ian McKellen, This use of stylistic anachronism also often appears in children's movies, such as Shrek and Hoodwinked, where it is used for satirical effect. Shrek is a 2001 computer-animated American Comedy film, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson, and Hoodwinked! is a 2005 Computer-animated family comedy produced by Blue Yonder Films with Kanbar Entertainment Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human (see Comical anachronism below)

Sometimes a director may use anachronisms to offer a "fresh" angle on an already established story. Thus Andrew Lloyd Webber created two popular musicals, Jesus Christ Superstar and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, which filled traditional biblical stories with modern-day sensibilities; and on a similar note, Catherine Hardwicke's The Nativity Story shows a field of maize-corn in a Nazareth farming scene. Andrew Lloyd Webber Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948 is a British Composer of Musical theatre, the elder son of William Lloyd Webber Jesus Christ Superstar is a Rock opera by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat is the second British Musical theatre show written by the team of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Catherine Hardwicke (born Helen Catherine Hardwicke on October 21, 1955) is an American Production designer and Film director. Filming began on May 1, 2006 in Matera Italy and in Morocco. New Line Cinema released it on December 1, 2006 in the Maize-corn is native to Mesoamerica; until the late 15th century it was grown only in the Americas.

Comical anachronism

Comedic works of fiction set in the past may use anachronism for a humorous effect. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Humour or humor (see spelling differences) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke Laughter and provide Amusement One of the first major films to use anachronism was Buster Keaton's The Three Ages, which included the invention of Stone Age baseball and modern traffic problems in classical Rome. Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton ( October 4 1895 &ndash February 1 1966) was an Academy Award -winning American The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Mel Brooks' 1974 film Blazing Saddles, set in the Wild West in 1874, contains many blatant anachronisms from the 1970s, including a stylish Gucci costume for the sheriff, an automobile, a scene at Grauman's Chinese Theater, and frequent references to Hedy Lamarr (1913-2000). Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; June 28, 1926) is an American director, Writer, Composer, Lyricist Blazing Saddles ( 1974) is a satiric Western Comedy film directed by Mel Brooks. The House of Gucci, better known simply as Gucci, is an Italian iconic fashion and Leather goods label Grauman's Chinese Theatre is a movie theatre located at 6925 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood. Hedy Lamarr ( November 9, 1913 – January 19, 2000) was an Austrian born American actress The cartoon The Flintstones depicts many modern appliances in a prehistoric setting—and depicts a dinosaur as a household pet, even though the last dinosaur died 65 million years ago, and the earliest humans date to 7 million years ago; the Stone Age is usually dated between 1,000,000 and 5,000 years ago. The Flintstones is an animated American television sitcom that ran from 1960 to 1966 on ABC. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The Disney movie Aladdin, in particular, featured many brief jokes where the Genie briefly changed into caricatures of many famous people from all across time, including many twentieth-century figures and comedians, for the purpose of quoting lines to make jokes at the film. Walt Disney Animation Studios (as Walt Disney Feature Animation is a key element of The Walt Disney Company, and the oldest existing Animation studio in the world Aladdin is a 1992 animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, and released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 25 Series 3 of The Micallef Program included a sketch by the name of 'Billy Anachronism' in which a janitor was sent back to multiple time periods before returning to the 1970s with several items of clothing depicting the places he had been. The Micallef Program is an Australian Sketch comedy TV series hosted by Shaun Micallef that ran from 1998 to 2001 on ABC TV In The Boondocks episode The Story of Catcher Freeman an example of the use of anachronism is the mention of Batman by one of the slaves, as Batman was created in 1939. The Boondocks is an American animated series created by Aaron McGruder for the Adult Swim programming block of Turner Broadcasting " The Story of Catcher Freeman " is the twelfth episode of the second season of the Adult Swim Animated television series The Boondocks Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a fictional Comic book Superhero co-created

Future anachronism

Anachronisms in stories set in the future can be either unintentional or intentional.

Unintentional

Even with careful research, science fiction writers risk anachronism as their works age. For example, many books nominally set in the mid-21st century or later depict the continued existence of the Soviet Union, defunct in 1991, or that the city in northwestern Russia is still known as Leningrad, as appears in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Star Trek IV The Voyage Home ( Paramount Pictures, 1986) is the fourth feature Film based on the Star Trek Science fiction Stories published before the invention of solid-state electronics often depict characters in futuristic settings still using vacuum tube radios and slide rules. H. Beam Piper's novels, largely set in the 7th century "Atomic Era" (circa 2600 A. D. ) envision anti-gravity drives and super-luminal travel, but still depict analog tape-based recording. Futuristic films, such as A Clockwork Orange, sometimes have anachronisms, such as the fact that in that film a 1960s Volkswagen Beetle is run off the road, and listening to microcassettes in a film set deep in the late 20th century. A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 Satirical Science fiction Film adaptation of a 1962 novel of the same name, by Anthony The Volkswagen Beetle, officially known as the type 1 and originally called ‘Käfer’ is an Economy car produced by the German auto maker Volkswagen A Microcassette (often written generically as microcassette) is an Audio storage medium introduced by Olympus in 1969. (Similarly, in the 1982 anime series Super Dimension Fortress Macross, set in the year 2009, '80s style pop music is still favored and LP records are still widely available. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) (anime in Japanese, is an Anime Television series According to story creator Shoji Kawamori, it depicts "a small love triangle against the backdrop of great battles" This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. ) This can happen another way as well: William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy depicts a cyberpunk world of fantastically advanced technology in which personal mobile phones do not exist and characters rely extensively on pay phones or exotic satellite-based communication. William Ford Gibson (born March 17 1948 is an American - Canadian writer who has been called the "noir prophet" of the Cyberpunk subgenre The Sprawl trilogy (also Neuromancer trilogy, Cyberspace trilogy) is William Gibson 's first set of Novels composed of Neuromancer Cyberpunk is a Science fiction genre noted for its focus on " High tech and low life. (Mobile phones already existed at the time of the works, but they were big, clunky, and expensive; and Gibson did not foresee their miniaturization and ubiquity. ) A more subtle example may be found in the 1989 film Back to the Future II, where it is assumed that fax machines are ubiquitous as of 2015 instead of email. Back to the Future Part II is a 1989 film and a Sequel to the 1985 film Back to the Future. Shows like The Jetsons also tend to have a number of them, like visiphones (which never officially came to be), or that 1960s style rock music would still be unacceptable to adults, or that media of any kind would still be recorded on tape. The Jetsons is a prime-time animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions.

One work where anachronisms are "annoying" but not fatal to credibility is David Brin's 1990 novel Earth. Glen David Brin, PhD (born October 6, 1950) is an American scientist and award-winning author of Science fiction. Earth is a 1990 Science fiction novel written by David Brin. The book was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel Brin foresees the ubiquity of the computer networks (but not the term Internet), but he was writing the year before the World Wide Web was introduced. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. He therefore refers to documents that are readily available to computer users but called by clumsy numeric identifiers, rather than URLs. Uniform Resource Locator is an URI which also specifies where the identified resource is available and the protocol for retrieving it He also imagines that personal video recorders, like camcorders, would influence civil liberties by making it possible for ordinary citizens to film crimes committed by police, as well as by hooligans. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. He does not foresee the ways in which both still photographs and video can be transmitted, making it possible for amateur reporters to cover breaking news stories and get their stories televised.

Intentional

Anachronisms are sometimes intentionally used in stories about the future. This can function to make the story seem comical or help a contemporary audience to relate to a story set in the future. Firefly (TV series)'s vision of a pioneer culture dominant in the outer regions of the galaxy mirrors the mid-West pioneer culture of 19th century United States. Firefly is an American Science fiction Television series created by writer/director Joss Whedon, creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This can be seen as an anachronism, but one which helps an audience to identify with characters and even see the story as allegory, as the creator wanted the story to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war and their experiences afterwards as pioneers and immigrants on the outskirts of civilization, much like the post-American Civil War era of Reconstruction and the American Old West culture. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Also, floppy disks are used in the Futurama TV series (set in the 31st century), even though such disks are already obsolete. A floppy disk is an increasingly Obsolete data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin flexible ("floppy" Magnetic storage medium encased Futurama is an Emmy Award -winning animated American sitcom created by Matt Groening, and developed by Groening and (However, Futurama began airing in 1999, long after floppies were obsolete in real-time; such an anachronism is obviously intentional. )

Accidental and intentional

With the detail required for a modern historical movie it is easy to introduce anachronisms. The 1995 hit film Apollo 13 contains numerous errors, including the use of the incorrect NASA logo and the appearance of The Beatles' Let It Be album a month before it was actually released. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Let It Be is the twelfth and final original album released by The Beatles. Another example is the film Grounding, about the collapse of the airline Swissair. Grounding - Die letzten Tage der Swissair is a film about the collapse in 2001 of Swissair, Switzerland's national airline by Michael Steiner and Tobias Fueter Swissair ( Swiss Air Transport Company Limited) was the former national Airline of Switzerland. The film is set in September 2001, yet computers are shown using Windows XP, released a month later, and some VW Phaetons are being used, which were released a year later. Windows XP is a family of 32-bit and 64-bit Operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on Personal computers including home and The Volkswagen Phaeton (pronounced "fay-ton" is a large luxury sedan manufactured by German car manufacturer Volkswagen. ^[3] Many movies about World War II depict CPR being performed, despite the fact that cardiopulmonary resuscitation was more widely described and popularized in the late 1950s. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Cinematic anachronisms that result from inappropriate objects in a film or television program are commonplace even if they are unintentional. Often these are faults of costume, especially for a television series filmed with a low budget. Thus episodes of a 1960s series relating to the frontiersman Daniel Boone have been shown with 20th-century hairdos and clothing with plastic buttons. Daniel Boone ( &ndash September 26 1820 was an American pioneer and hunter whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes At times some modern actor unwilling to put aside a prized wristwatch during a filming of an epic of ancient times is shown with the bulge of the wristwatch under a toga even if the watch or its band is not partially exposed. This article is about the aviation term for the Roman garment see Toga.

A number of accidental anachronisms occur in Franc Roddam's 1979 film Quadrophenia. Francis George Roddam (born April 29, 1946, Norton, Stockton-on-Tees) is an English film director and documentary maker Quadrophenia is a 1979 British Film based on the 1973 Rock opera album Quadrophenia by The Who. Based on Pete Townshend and The Who's 1973 double album about a troubled London teenager trying to fit into the hedonistic early 1960s Mod scene, the film is widely believed to be set in 1964, as it depicts the Mods v Rockers seaside battle on Brighton beach and shows Jimmy's newspaper cuttings of similar battles at Hastings and Margate that same year. Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend (born 19 May 1945 in Chiswick, London) is an English rock Guitarist, Singer, The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The primary lineup consisted of guitarist Pete Townshend Mod (originally modernist, sometimes capitalised is a Subculture that originated in London in the late 1950s and peaked in the early to mid 1960s The Mods and Rockers were two conflicting British youth Subcultures of the early-mid 1960s Brighton ( is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbour Hove, forms the city of Brighton and Hove. The numerous mirrors, lamps and chromed frames adorning Jimmy's Lambretta scooter also suggest 1964 rather than the stripped-down scooters of later years. This page is very closely monitored and additions of external links if not discussed first are removed quickly However, 1970's car models are seen in street scenes, such as the Austin Allegro. The Austin Allegro is a Small family car that was manufactured by British Leyland under the Austin name from 1973 until 1983 At a house party, the sleeve of Who LP A Quick One is on the top of the record player, yet it was not released until the end of 1966. A Quick One is the second album by English rock band The Who, released in 1966 Also, in a scene on Brighton promenade, a cinema is advertising the film Heaven Can Wait which was made over a decade later than Quadrophenia's setting. Heaven Can Wait is a 1978 Comedy film directed by Warren Beatty and Buck Henry. Further, while Jimmy is watching an episode of Ready Steady Go! on TV in 1964 (a pop-music programme aired 1963-66), The Who appear, singing Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere, a song not released until May 1965. This article referes to the TV show For the song go to READY STEADY GO (Song: Ready Steady Go! or simply RSG! was " Anyway Anyhow Anywhere " was a single released by The Who in 1965

Sometimes movie anachronisms are intentional, while appearing accidental. An example is the musical score of The Sting. The Sting is a 1973 Caper film set in September 1936 and revolving around a complicated plot by two professional grifters ( Paul The ragtime piano music by Scott Joplin was composed in the 1890s and 1900s, while the setting of the movie was the 1930s Great Depression. Ragtime (alternately spelled Rag-time) is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918 Scott Joplin (between June 1867 and January 1868 &ndash April 1 1917 was an American musician and Composer of Ragtime music Although Joplin's music is not contemporary with the 1930s, its use in The Sting evokes a 1930s gangster film, The Public Enemy, which had also used Scott Joplin theme music. The Public Enemy is a 1931 Pre-Code American crime drama Film starring James Cagney and directed The presence of Joplin's music might give the impression that the movie's backdrop and music are from the same period or, conversely, be mistaken as an unintentional anachronism by viewers unaware of the allusion to the earlier film.

Technical advances can also cause anachronisms, especially in movies set in the future. Numerous examples of this can be seen in the 1995 film Harrison Bergeron, set in 2051. Harrison Bergeron is a 1995 cable Television movie film loosely adapted from Kurt Vonnegut 's 1961 Short story of the same name (see Throughout the film, numerous analog CRT television sets are visible, along with other anachronisms, such as the analog nature and hardware-level programming of handicapping headbands. (One would expect the headbands to be programmable using a computer, as opposed to adjusting by hand. )

Anachronisms can show up when filming on location, since buildings or natural features may be present that would not have been at the time the film was set (think of movies that have already been filmed, that are set in the future and contain footage of the World Trade Center in New York, such as Vanilla Sky), or may be missing in the film while they existed at the time the movie was set. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The City of New York Vanilla Sky is a 2001 American Psychological thriller Film, which has been variously characterized by published film critics as "an odd Another example is the Coen brothers movie "No Country For Old Men", in which a modern-day "Carl's Jr. " is visible in the background of the hotel scene, set in early 1980's Texas, there would not have been a Carl's Jr. there, let alone one with current markings.

In the case of films made in the past but set in the future, a building or feature may be seen that is known to no longer exist. Especially with regards to historical items and vehicles, anachronisms can stem from convenience, for example a historically accurate item might be replaced with a later but fairly similar item, especially if a historically accurate item cannot be sourced. In the case of replicas, signs of modern construction techniques may be visible. In some cases, though, due to technological entrenchment, anachronisms cannot be helped, such as in the British television show Life on Mars (set in the 1970s), where removing present-day public amenities like park benches and satellite dishes in outdoor scenes would be impossible or absurd. Life on Mars is

There are directors who have made valiant and generally successful efforts to recreate the past. For example, Francis Ford Coppola's Godfather movies have scenes set in New York City in the first two decades of the 20th century. Francis Ford "Frank" Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is a five-time Academy Award -winning American Film director, The Godfather is a 1972 Crime drama film based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Mario Puzo and directed The City of New York In the 1970s, Coppola took over several blocks in Manhattan, covering storefronts with period replicas, replacing streetlamps, and keeping inhabitants from their homes and businesses for weeks at a time. It would have been much easier to use a Hollywood backlot, as was done in the Back to the Future trilogy where Courthouse Square was used to represent downtown Hill Valley in various time periods. A backlot is an area behind or adjoining a Movie studio with space to build or with permanent exterior sets for outdoor scenes in motion picture and/or The Back to the Future trilogy is a comedic Science fiction Film Trilogy written by Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis Courthouse Square is a Backlot located at Universal Studios. It has been severely damaged by fire several times including in 1957 1990 and 2008 Downtown is a term primarily used in North America to refer to a city's core usually in a geographical commercial and community sense Hill Valley is a Fictional California Town that serves as the setting of the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy and its animated spin-off However, there would have been visible differences; so his team (and the local inhabitants) went to unprecedented lengths for realism. (He explains his methods in detail in the Bonus Materials DVD of the Godfather DVD Collection boxed set. )

Many computerized adventure games featuring characters solving puzzles that are set at a given historical date often have brazen technological anachronisms. An adventure game is a type of Video game characterized by investigation exploration puzzle-solving, interaction with game characters and a focus on Narrative The reason for this is that mechanisms, such as instant-message pagers and GPS devices from which one's coordinates on the globe can be instantly read out, are useful devices for gameplay, and the players could be expected to have knowledge of them, so that an equivalent based on antiquated media can be hypothesized. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth The backdrop and style of the items are considered just a sort of "local color".

Language anachronism

Language anachronisms in films are quite common. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them They can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms let us understand more readily a film set in the past. Language changes so fast that most modern people (even many scholars) would not easily be able to understand a film set anywhere in the English-speaking world of the 18th century; thus, we willingly accept characters speaking an updated language. Unintentional anachronisms include putting modern slang and figures of speech into the mouths of characters from the past. Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. Modern audiences want to understand George Washington when he speaks, but if he starts talking about "the bottom line" (a figure of speech that did not come into popular language until almost two centuries after Washington's time), that is an unintentional anachronism. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the A figure of speech, sometimes

At the most blatant, linguistic anachronisms can demonstrate the fraudulence of a document purportedly from an earlier time. The use of terminology from 19th Century and 20th Century antisemites demonstrates that the so-called Franklin Prophecy is a forgery, as Benjamin Franklin died in 1790. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility "The Franklin Prophecy", sometimes called "The Franklin Forgery" is an Antisemitic speech falsely attributed to Benjamin Franklin, warning of Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.

Other

Other possible anachronisms include:

• References to places that did not exist at the time of the story. Amsterdam, Prague, Munich and Madrid might be large cities today, but in a story set in Imperial Rome, references to any of them would be anachronisms because those cities were not founded until after the Roman Empire had been toppled. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Similarly, a dispatch from Chicago during the American Revolution would be impossible because the city was not founded until 1833. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"
• Juxtapositions of people who could not have ever met, for example Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical The anachronism could include people of the wrong age; for example a physical meeting between Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking, the latter as an adult, would be inappropriate because Albert Einstein died when Stephen Hawking was twelve years old. Stephen William Hawking CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942 is a British theoretical physicist.
• Affiliations and organizations from a later time. Barring time travel in a science-fiction setting, an FBI agent could never interrogate Jesse James for a bank robbery because the FBI did not come into existence before Jesse James died. This article details time travel itself For other uses see Time Traveler. Jesse Woodson James (September 5 1847—April 3 1882 was an American Outlaw in the border state of Missouri and the most famous member of the Likewise, a Roman Catholic priest could not have given Last Rites to Julius Caesar or his assassins.
• Objects and creatures geographically misplaced in time. Potatoes, tomatoes, and maize in any form or such a creature as a cougar anywhere in Europe before 1492 are anachronisms even if they were commonplace in North America and South America. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family
• Indirect evidence of technologies then not in existence occasionally appears in film. Vapor trails from jet aircraft occasionally appear in films set long before the time of jet aircraft. Tracks from modern automobile or truck tires would be inappropriate at any time before about 1900. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. Aluminum objects, often objects of inexpensive trade in the latter part of the 20th century, would be prohibitively expensive for common commerce before the 20th century, and any objects made of plastics would not exist at all. WikipediaNaming Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products An ATM receipt as trash picked up in 1965 (when automated teller machines did not exist) might not be as blatant as an ATM itself, but it would be evidence of cinematic carelessness.
• Misplaced breeds of domesticated animals, such as a Golden Retriever at any time before the late 19th century. The

Sometimes a lack of understanding of language differences can lead the reader to detect a false anachronism. For example, the Oxford World Classics translation of Julius Caesar's Commentaries on the Civil War mentions the 'corn situation' in Rome. Commentarii de Bello Civili (literally Commentaries on the Civil War in Latin is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against To North American ears this might sound anachronistic (since American corn or maize did not reach Europe until over 1,500 years after Caesar's death), but in British English the word corn is a synonym of the word grain and normally refers to wheat.

Scholarship

In academic writing, there is no place for deliberate anachronism, and here anachronism is regarded as an error of scholarly method. For example, we now know that the concept of Translatio imperii was first formulated in the 12th century. Translatio imperii, Latin for "transfer of rule" is a concept invented in the Middle Ages for describing History as a Linear To use it to interpret 10th century literature, as early 20th century scholarship did, is anachronistic, an error which (once we see it) is obvious as such. Other examples are less obvious: to refer to the Holy Roman Empire as "the First Reich" is to view medieval history through National Socialist glasses and as such is anachronistic. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in (ˈraɪk German ˈʁaɪç is a German Loanword cognate with the English Reign, Region, and Rich, but used most to designate Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German However, the boundaries are often difficult to draw. Some would suggest that Marxist, feminist, or Freudian approaches to literature written before these philosophies were developed are necessarily anachronistic; others argue that modern insights on the human condition are applicable to all times and cultures.

A common example is the critique of ancient science by Carl Sagan:

"Writings about fossils, gems, earthquakes, and volcanoes date back to the Greeks, more than 2300 years ago. Certainly, the most influential Greek philosopher was Aristotle. Unfortunately, Aristotle's explanations of the natural world were not derived from keen observations and experiments, as in modern science. Instead, they were arbitrary pronouncements based on the limited knowledge of his day. "

Indeed, Aristotle stated many things in conflict with both modern science and the findings of pre-Socratic philosophers like Democritus, as Carl Sagan observed in Episode 7 of Cosmos: A Personal Voyage and in Chapter 7 of the book Cosmos. The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca Carl Edward Sagan ( November 9 1934 &ndash December 20 1996) was an American Astronomer, astrochemist, author Cosmos A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan Cosmos (1980 published by Random House, is a book by Carl Sagan based on his TV series Cosmos A Personal Voyage.

See also

• Anatopism
• Ancient astronaut theory
• Antikythera mechanism
• Blackadder
• A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, by Mark Twain
• History Bites
• Nonlinear (arts)
• Parachronism
• Parachrony
• Presentism (literary and historical analysis)
• Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome
• Society for Creative Anachronism
• Steampunk

Notes

References

• Bolesław Prus, Pharaoh, translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek, Warsaw, Polestar Publications, and New York, Hippocrene Books, 2001. Bolesław Prus (pronounced [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus]; Hrubieszów, August 20 1847 &ndash May 19 1912 Warsaw) whose actual name was Pharaoh (Faraon is the fourth and last major Novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Christopher Kasparek (born 1945 is a Physician, Writer and Polish -to- English translator. Hippocrene Books are a US Publishing press located at 171 Madison Avenue New York City, NY 10016

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

• To Doubt The Search: How Anachronisms Creep Into Academic Trend Studies