| Amsterdam | |||
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| Nickname: Mokum, Venice of The North, Damsko | |||
| Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Heroic, Determined, Merciful) |
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| Coordinates: | |||
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| Country | Netherlands | ||
| Province | North Holland | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Job Cohen[1] (PvdA) | ||
| - Aldermen | Lodewijk Asscher Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos |
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| - Secretary | Erik Gerritsen | ||
| Area [2][3] | |||
| - Total | 219 km² (84. The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" The flag of Amsterdam is the official Flag for Amsterdam, the Capital city of the Netherlands. The Coat of arms of Amsterdam is the official symbol of the city of Amsterdam A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group The Coat of arms of Amsterdam is the official symbol of the city of Amsterdam In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the This is a list of mayors of Amsterdam. Since 1824 only one mayor governs Amsterdam at a time Marius Job Cohen (born 18 October 1947) is the current Mayor of Amsterdam, the capital of The Netherlands. An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions Lodewijk Frans Asscher ( Amsterdam, 27 september 1974) is a Dutch Politician. Maria Bernadina (Marijke Vos (born in Leidschendam May 4, 1957) is a Dutch Politician. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 6 sq mi) | ||
| - Land | 166 km² (64. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 1 sq mi) | ||
| - Water | 53 km² (20. 5 sq mi) | ||
| - Urban region | 1,896 km² (732 sq mi) | ||
| Population (January 1, 2006)[4][5] | |||
| - Total | 751,757 | ||
| - Density | 4,459/km² (11,548. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 8/sq mi) | ||
| - Urban region | 1,468,122 | ||
| - Randstad | 6,659,300 | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Website: www.amsterdam.nl | |||
Amsterdam (IPA: [ɑmstərˈdɑm]) is the capital and the largest city of The Netherlands. ImageRandstad_with_scalepng|400px|thumb|right|Schematic map of the Randstadcircle 528 380 26 Schiphol rect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeer rect 399 166 479 245 Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Its name is derived from Amstel dam,[6] pointing to the city's origin: a dam on the river Amstel. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. The city is known for its historic port, the Rijksmuseum, the Van Gogh Museum, its red-light district, its liberal coffee shop policy, and its many canals which have led to Amsterdam being called the "Venice of the North". Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. The Van Gogh Museum is a Museum in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, featuring the works of the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh and his contemporaries A red-light district is a neighborhood where Prostitution and other businesses in the Sex industry flourish A cannabis Coffeeshop is a place where the sale of cannabis and Hashish for personal consumption by the public is tolerated by the local Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways
Founded as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, because of its innovative developments in trade. This article focuses on social and cultural history For political events see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt (1568–1648 During this time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. [7]
The city proper comprises 751,251 inhabitants, of at least 175 nationalities. [8][9] Amsterdam and its surrounding metropolitan area has a population of 1 to 1. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology 5 million people, depending on definition. This area is part of the Randstad conurbation, which has a population of 6,659,300. ImageRandstad_with_scalepng|400px|thumb|right|Schematic map of the Randstadcircle 528 380 26 Schiphol rect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeer rect 399 166 479 245 A conurbation is an Urban area or Agglomeration comprising a number of Cities, large Towns and larger urban areas that through Population Moreover, Amsterdam is a six-point Gamma Global City. [10]
Contents |
History
The first known record of Amsterdam is 27 October 1275, when the inhabitants of a late 12th century fishing village, who had built a bridge with a dam across the Amstel, were exempted from paying a bridge toll by count Floris V. Amsterdam has a short and eventful history The origins of the city lie in the 13th century when fisherman living along the banks of the River Amstel built a bridge across the waterway near the IJ Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. A toll bridge is a Bridge over which Traffic may pass upon payment of a fee or toll. Count Floris V of Holland and Zeeland ( June 24, 1254 &ndash June 27, 1296) "der Keerlen God" (God of the Peasants is one of [11] The certificate's wording homines manentes apud Amestelledamme (people living near Amestelledamme) gives the first known use of the name Amsterdam, which by 1327 had developed into Aemsterdam. [11] A local romance has the city being founded by two fishermen, who landed on the shores of the Amstel in a small boat with their dog. Amsterdam's origin is relatively recent when compared to other Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of Utrecht ( city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht.
Amsterdam was granted city rights in 1300 or 1306. City rights are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries. [12] From the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely due to the trade with the Hanseatic League. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade In 1345, an alleged Eucharistic miracle in the Kalverstraat rendered the city an important place of pilgrimage until the alteration to the protestant faith. The Blessed Sacrament, or the Body and Blood of Christ, is a devotional name used in the Roman Catholic Church, Old Catholic and Anglican The Kalverstraat is the busiest shopping street of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Stille Omgang—a silent procession in civil attire—is a remnant of the rich pilgrimage history. A stille omgang (silent "procession" or circambulation is an informal ritual as substitute for the Roman Catholic processions that were prohibited after the Reformation A procession (via Middle English processioun, French procession, derived from Latin processio, itself from procedere, to go forth advance [13]
In the 16th century, the Dutch rebelled against Philip II of Spain and his successors. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Main reasons for the uprise were the imposition of new taxes, the tenth penny, and the religious persecution of Protestantism by the Spanish Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The revolt escalated into the Eighty Years' War, which ultimately led to Dutch independence. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries [14] Strongly pushed by Dutch Revolt leader William the Silent, the Dutch Republic became known for its relative religious tolerance. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries William I Prince of Orange ( April 24 1533 — July 10 1584) also widely known as William the Silent (Willem de Zwijger or simply "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The history of Religion in the Netherlands has been characterized by considerable diversity of religious thought and practice Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, Huguenots from France, prosperous merchants and printers from Flanders as well as economic and religious refugees from the Spanish controlled parts of the Low Countries found safety in Amsterdam. Most history of the Jews in the Netherlands was generated between the end of the sixteenth century and World War II. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The influx of Flemish printers and the city's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a hotbed of the European free press. [15]
The 17th century is considered Amsterdam's Golden Age when it became one of the wealthiest cities in the world. Dam Square, or simply the Dam (de Dam is a Town square in Amsterdam, the capital of The Netherlands. Gerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde (1638 Haarlem - 1698 Amsterdam was a Dutch artist of the 17th century active in Haarlem, Amsterdam, and The Hague and Ships sailed from Amsterdam to the Baltic Sea, North America, Africa as well as present-day Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka and Brazil, forming the basis of a worldwide trading network. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Amsterdam's merchants had the largest share in both, the VOC (Dutch East India Company) and the WIC (Dutch West India Company). The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Dutch West India Company ( Dutch: Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie or GWC; English: Chartered West India Company was a company of These companies acquired overseas possessions that later became Dutch colonies. The Dutch Empire was the territories controlled by The Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century Amsterdam was Europe's most important point for the trans-shipment of goods and the leading financial centre of the world. In 1602, the Amsterdam office of the VOC became the first stock exchange in the world by trading in its own shares. A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock [16]
Amsterdam's prosperity declined during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The wars of the Dutch Republic with England and France took their toll on Amsterdam. The Anglo-Dutch Wars ( Dutch: Engels-Nederlandse Oorlogen or Engelse Zeeoorlogen) were fought in the 17th and 18th centuries between England "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. During the Napoleonic Wars, Amsterdam's fortunes reached their lowest point. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions However, the establishment of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 marks a turning point. United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial New developments, by people such as city planner Samuel Sarphati, drew their inspiration from Paris. Samuel Sarphati (( 31 January 1813 – 23 June 1866) was a Dutch physician and Amsterdam city planner
The end of the 19th century is sometimes called Amsterdam's second Golden Age. The Munttoren ("Mint Tower" or Munt is a tower in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [17] New museums, a train station, and the Concertgebouw were built. At this time, the Industrial Revolution reached Amsterdam. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal was dug to give Amsterdam a direct connection to the Rhine, and the North Sea Canal to give the port a shorter connection to the North Sea. The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal or Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal is a Canal in the Netherlands that was built to connect the port city of Amsterdam to the The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The North Sea Canal (in Dutch Noordzeekanaal) is a Dutch Ship canal from Amsterdam to the North Sea at IJmuiden The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Both projects improved the exchange with the rest of Europe and the world dramatically. In 1906, Joseph Conrad gives a brief description of Amsterdam as seen from the seaside, in The Mirror of the Sea. Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 was a Polish-born English novelist Shortly before World War I, the city began expanding and new suburbs were built. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. These riots are known as the Aardappeloproer. People started looting stores and warehouses in order to get supplies, mainly food. [18]
Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 and took control of the country within five days of fighting. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Battle of the Netherlands (Slag om Nederland was part of Case Yellow (Fall Gelb the German invasion of the Low Countries ( Belgium Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Germans installed a Nazi civilian government in Amsterdam that cooperated in the persecution of Jews. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to the high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, too. More than 103,000 to 105,000 Dutch Jews were deported to concentration camps. See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young German girl Anne Frank, who died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank ( (12 June 1929 – early March 1945 was a Jewish girl born in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany Belsen redirects here For other meanings see Belsen (disambiguation. [19] Only 5,000 Dutch Jews survived the war. At the end of World War II, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and food and fuel became scarce. Many citizens traveled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, raw sugar beets, and Tulip bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumed to stay alive. Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a Genus of about 150 species of bulbous Flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. [20] Most of the trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and all the wood was taken from the apartments of deported Jews. After the war approximately 120,000 Dutch were prosecuted for their collaboration with Germany.
Many new suburbs, such as Osdorp, Slotervaart, Slotermeer, and Geuzenveld, were built in the years following World War II. [21] These suburbs contained many public parks and wide open spaces, while the new buildings provided improved housing conditions with larger and brighter rooms, gardens, and balconies. Due to the war and other incidences of the 20th century, almost the whole city centre had fallen into disrepair. As society was changing, politicians and other influential figures made plans to redesign large parts of it. There was an increasing demand for office buildings and new roads as the automobile became available to most common people. [22] A metro started operating between the new suburb of Bijlmer and the centre of Amsterdam. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Further plans were to built a new highway atop of the metro to connect the central station and city centre with other parts of the city.
The incorporated large scale demolitions began in the formerly Jewish neighborhood of Amsterdam. Smaller streets like the Jodenbreestraat were widened and saw almost all their houses demolished. When the destructions culminated, the Nieuwmarktrellen (Nieuwmarkt riots) broke out. Nieuwmarkt ("New market" is a square in the centre of the Dutch capital Amsterdam. [23] Therein, people expressed their fury about the demolitions accorded to the restructuring of the city. As a result, demolitions were ceased, the highway never accomplished, and only the metro was finished. Only a few streets remained widened. The destroyed buildings were replaced by new ones corresponding to the medieval street plan of the neighborhood. The new city hall was built on the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein. In the meanwhile, large private organizations, such as Stadsherstel Amsterdam, were founded with the aim to restore the entire city centre. While the success of this struggle is convincingly visible today, efforts for further restorations are still ongoing. [24] The entire city centre has attained its former splendor and—as a whole—is now a protected area. Many of its buildings have become monuments and plans exist to make the Grachtengordel (Herengracht, Keizersgracht, and Prinsengracht) a Unesco World Heritage site. The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [25]
Geography and climate
Being part of the province North-Holland, Amsterdam is located in the northwest of the Netherlands next to the provinces Utrecht and Flevoland. Satellite imagery consists of photographs of Earth or other planets made by means of Artificial satellites. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country Flevoland is a province of the Netherlands. Located in the centre of the country at the location of the former Zuiderzee, the province was established on The river Amstel terminates in the city center into a large number of canals that eventually terminate in the IJ. The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. The IJ (sometimes shown on old Maps as " Y " or " Ye " is a River, formerly a Bay, in the Dutch Amsterdam is situated 2 meters above sea level. [26] The surrounding land is flat as it is formed of large polders. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with To the southwest of the city lies a man-made forest called het Amsterdamse Bos. Amsterdam is connected to the North Sea through the long North Sea Canal. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. The North Sea Canal (in Dutch Noordzeekanaal) is a Dutch Ship canal from Amsterdam to the North Sea at IJmuiden
Amsterdam is intensely urbanized, as is the urban area surrounding the city. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Comprising 219. 4 square kilometers of land, the city proper has a population density of 4457 inhabitants and 2275 houses per square kilometer. [27] Amsterdam consist for 12% out of parks and nature reserves. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human nature reserve ( natural reserve, nature preserve, natural preserve) is a Protected area of importance for Wildlife, flora [28] The concentrations of both carbon dioxide and small particles were above the limits the European Union directives. [29]
Amsterdam enjoys a temperate climate, strongly influenced by its proximity to the North Sea to the west with prevailing north-western winds and gales. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Winter temperatures are mild, seldom below 0°C. Frosts merely occur during spells of eastern or northeastern winds from the inner European continent, i. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air e. , from Scandinavia, Russia, and even Siberia. Summers are warm but rarely hot. Days with measurable precipitation are common. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Nevertheless, Amsterdam's average annual precipitation is less than 760 mm. Most of it pours as protracted drizzle or light rain, making cloudy and damp days common during the cooler months, October through March. Only the occasional Western storm may bring a lot of water at once, requiring all of it to be pumped out to higher grounds or to the seas around the city.
| Weather averages for Amsterdam | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
| Average high °C (°F) | 5 (41) | 6 (43) | 9 (48) | 13 (55) | 17 (63) | 19 (66) | 22 (72) | 22 (72) | 19 (66) | 14 (57) | 9 (48) | 6 (43) | |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1 (34) | 1 (34) | 3 (37) | 5 (41) | 8 (46) | 11 (52) | 13 (55) | 13 (55) | 11 (52) | 8 (46) | 5 (41) | 2 (36) | |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 48 (1. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 9) | 42 (1. 7) | 42 (1. 7) | 34 (1. 3) | 35 (1. 4) | 47 (1. 9) | 56 (2. 2) | 61 (2. 4) | 64 (2. 5) | 63 (2. 5) | 66 (2. 6) | 58 (2. 3) | |
| Source: Foreca[30] 2008 | |||||||||||||
Cityscape and architecture
Amsterdam fans out south from the Amsterdam Centraal railway station. Amsterdam Centraal (Asd is the Central station of Amsterdam. It is one of the main railway nodes of the Netherlands and is used by approximately 150000 The Damrak is the main street and leads into the street Rokin. The Damrak is a partly filled in Canal at the centre of Amsterdam, between Amsterdam Centraal railway station and Dam Square, running north-south Main Street is the generic Street name (and often the official name of the primary retail street of a Village, Town, or small City ||-||-||} Rokin is a major street in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The oldest area of the town is known as de Wallen (the walls), after the medieval city walls. De Wallen, is the largest and best-known Red-light district in Amsterdam, a major tourist attraction It lies to the east of Damrak and contains the city's famous red light district. To the south of de Wallen is the old Jewish quarter of Waterlooplein. The 17th century girdle of concentric canals, known as the Grachtengordel, embraces the heart of the city. Beyond the Grachtengordel are the formerly working class areas of Jordaan and de Pijp. The Jordaan is a district of the city of Amsterdam in The Netherlands. The Museumplein with the city's major museums, the Vondelpark, a 19th century park named after the Dutch writer Joost van den Vondel, and the Plantage neighborhood, with the zoo, are also located outside the Grachtengordel. The Vondelpark is a public Urban park of 47 hectares (120 acres in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Joost van den Vondel ( November 17, 1587 - February 5, 1679) was a Dutch writer and playwright Natura Artis Magistra ( Latin for "Nature is the teacher of art" commonly known simply as Artis, is a Zoo in the centre of Amsterdam
Several parts of the city and the surrounding urban area are polders. A polder is a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments known as dikes, that forms an artificial hydrological entity meaning it has no connection with Etymologically, this can be recognized by the suffix -meer which means lake, as in Aalsmeer, Bijlmermeer, Haarlemmermeer, and Watergraafsmeer. In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word Aalsmeer ( is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The Bijlmermeer (bɛilməʁmeːʁ or colloquially Bijlmer ( is one of the neighborhoods that form the Amsterdam Zuidoost ('Amsterdam South-East' borough (or Haarlemmermeer is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The Watergraafsmeer is a Polder in The Netherlands. It was reclaimed in 1629
Canals
.jpg/180px-1885_NZVoorburgwal_(Christiaan_le_Blansch).jpg)
The Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious city planning. The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways [31] In the early 17th century—when immigration was at a height—a comprehensive plan was developed that was based on four concentric half-circles of canals with their ends resting on the IJ bay. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term The IJ (sometimes shown on old Maps as " Y " or " Ye " is a River, formerly a Bay, in the Dutch Known as the Grachtengordel, three of the canals are mostly for residential development: Those are the Herengracht (Gentleman's Canal), Keizersgracht (Emperor's Canal), and Prinsengracht (Prince's Canal’). The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" The more than one hundred kilometers of canals in Amsterdam, about 90 islands and 1500 bridges have led the city to being termed the "Venice of the North" The fourth and most outer canal, the Singelgracht (not to be confused with the Single), served purposes of defense and water management. The defensive purpose was established by moat and earthen dikes, with gates at transit points, but otherwise no masonry superstructures. A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline [32] Furthermore, the plan envisaged: (1) Interconnecting canals along radii; (2) creating a set of parallel canals in the Jordaan quarter, primarily for transportation purposes; (3) converting the defensive purpose of the Single—an already existing inner perimeter canal—to a residential and commercial purpose; (4) constructing more than one hundred bridges. The Jordaan is a district of the city of Amsterdam in The Netherlands.
Construction started in 1613 and proceeded from west to east, across the breadth of the lay–out, like a gigantic windshield wiper as the historian Geert Mak calls it—and not from the centre outwards as a popular myth has it. Geert Ludzer Mak (born 4 december 1946 in Vlaardingen, Zuid-Holland) is a Dutch Journalist and Historian. The canal constructions in the southern sector were accomplished by 1656. Subsequently, the construction of residential buildings commenced slowly. The eastern part of the concentric canal plan, covering the area between the Amstel river and the IJ bay, has never been implemented. The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. In the following centuries, the land was used for parks, old people homes, theaters, other public facilities, and waterways without much planning. [33]
Over the years, several canals have been filled up becoming streets or squares, such as the Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal and the Spui. The Spui is a square in the centre of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [34]
Expansion of Amsterdam
After the development of the canals of Amsterdam in the 17th century Amsterdam did not grow beyond its borders for two centuries. The Dutch city of Amsterdam has had many planned expansions over the past two centuries As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar During the 19th century the first of many plans were devised to expand Amsterdam. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The first one to do so was Samuel Sarphati. Samuel Sarphati (( 31 January 1813 – 23 June 1866) was a Dutch physician and Amsterdam city planner He devised a plan based on the grandeur of Paris and London of that time. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The plan consisted of the construction of new houses, public buildings and streets just outside the grachtengordel. The main aim of the plan however was to improve public health, since people became frequently ill of a lack of it. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Although the plan did not expand the city that much, it did produce some of the largest public buildings Amsterdam ever saw, like the Paleis voor Volksvlijt. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made [35][36][37]
Following Sarphati were Van Niftrik and Kalff who designed a whole ring of 19th century neighborhoods surrounding the city’s center. Most of these neighborhoods became the home for many of the working class. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types [38]
By the beginning of the 20th century Amsterdam became too populated and a shortage of living space became a reality. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In response to this two plans were designed, which were very different from anything Amsterdam had ever seen before: Plan Zuid and West. The first plan was designed by an architect named Berlage. These plans consisted of new neighborhoods consisting of housing blocks for all social classes. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. [39][40]
After the World War II large new neighborhoods were built in the western, southeastern and northern parts of the city. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including These new neighborhoods were built to relieve the city from its large shortage of living space and give people affordable houses with modern day conveniences. These neighborhoods consisted mainly of large housing blocks situated within a lot of greenery connected to wide roads making these neighborhoods easily accessible by automobile. The western suburbs which were built in that period of time are collectively called the Westelijke Tuinsteden. The area to the southeast of the city build during the same period is known as the Bijlmer. [41][42]
Architecture
Amsterdam has a rich architectural history. ||-||-||} Rokin is a major street in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Philips Vingboons (or Vinckboons, Vinckeboons, Vinckbooms) ( c The Amsterdam School (Dutch Amsterdamse School) is a style of Architecture that arose in the early part of the 20th Century in The Netherlands The oldest building in Amsterdam is het Houten Huys[43] at the Begijnhof in Amsterdam. The Begijnhof is one of the oldest inner courts in the city of Amsterdam. This wooden building was built around 1425 and is one of the two still existing wooden buildings in Amsterdam. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs It is also one of the few rare examples of gothic architecture in Amsterdam. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. In the sixteenth century wooden buildings were broken down and replaced by brick ones. A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. During this age many buildings were built according to the architecture of the Renaissance. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Buildings build during this period are very recognizable, since they all have a façade which ends at the top in the shape of a stairway. This is however the common Dutch Renaissance style. Amsterdam quickly developed its own Renaissance architecture. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a These buildings were built according to the principles of the architect Hendrick de Keyser. Hendrick de Keyser ( 15 May 1565 – 15 May 1621) was a Dutch sculptor and architect [44] One of the most striking buildings designed by Hendrick de Keyer is the Westerkerk. The Westerkerk ("western church" is a Protestant church in Amsterdam, built in 1620 - 1631 after a design by Hendrick de Keyser In the seventeenth century baroque architecture became very popular as it did elsewhere in Europe. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical This was roughly in the same period as was Amsterdam’s Golden Age. The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below The leading architects of this style in Amsterdam were Jacob van Campen as well as Philip Vingboons and Daniel Stalpaert. Jacob van Campen ( February 2 1596, Haarlem - September 13 1657, Amersfoort) was a Dutch artist and architect Philips Vingboons (or Vinckboons, Vinckeboons, Vinckbooms) ( c Daniël Stalpaert (1615 Amsterdam - buried 3 December 1676, Amsterdam aka Daniel Stalpert, was a Dutch Architect who [45] Philip Vingboons designed splendid merchant’s houses throughout the city. A famous building in baroque style in Amsterdam is the Royal Palace on Dam Square. The Royal Palace in Amsterdam ( Koninklijk Paleis te Amsterdam in Dutch) is one of three palaces in the Netherlands which is at the disposal Dam Square, or simply the Dam (de Dam is a Town square in Amsterdam, the capital of The Netherlands. Throughout the eighteenth century Amsterdam was heavily influenced by French culture. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This is reflected in the architecture from that period. At around 1815 architects broke with the baroque style and started building in different neo-styles[46]. Most gothic style buildings date from that era and are therefore said to be built in a neo-gothic style. At the end of the nineteenth century the Jugendstil or Art Nouveau style became popular and a lot of new buildings were constructed in this architectural style. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Since Amsterdam rapidly expanded during this period, new buildings adjacent to the city’s center were also built in this style. The houses in the vicinity of the Museum Square in Amsterdam Oud-Zuid are an example of Jugendstil. The Museumplein ( English: Museum Square is a square in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The last style that was popular in Amsterdam before the modern era was Art Deco. The term modern period or modern era (sometimes also modern times) is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages between c Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial Amsterdam had its own version of the style, which was called the Amsterdamse School. The Amsterdam School (Dutch Amsterdamse School) is a style of Architecture that arose in the early part of the 20th Century in The Netherlands Whole districts were built in Amsterdamse School, such as the Rivierenbuurt. [47] A notable feature the facades of buildings build in Amsterdamse School, is that they are highly decorated with decorative ornaments and the windows and doors are oddly shaped.
The old city’s center is the epicenter of all the architectural styles before the end of the nineteenth century. Jugendstil and Art Deco are mostly found outside the city’s century in the neighborhoods built in the early twentieth century, although there are some striking examples of these styles present in the city’s center. Most historic buildings in the city’s center and near it are houses, such as the famous merchant’s houses lining the canals.
Government
The administration of the municipality of Amsterdam is divided into 15 boroughs or stadsdelen; the central one, Centrum, being circled by Westerpark, Bos en Lommer, De Baarsjes, Oud-West, Oud-Zuid, Oost/Watergraafsmeer, Zeeburg and Amsterdam-Noord, with the six outer boroughs creating a further encirclement. A stadsdeel (pl stadsdelen) is a Country subdivision in the Netherlands. The Oud West district of Amsterdam roughly covers the area between the Overtoom, a major thoroughfare to the West of the centre and the parallel De Clercqstraat Oud-Zuid is one of the 14 boroughs of Amsterdam. it was formed in 1998 by merging the boroughs of Zuid and De Pijp. Oost/Watergraafsmeer is a Stadsdeel ( Borough) of Amsterdam. It borders to Diemen, Duivendrecht, and the boroughs Amsterdam-Centrum Zeeburg is one of the Boroughs of Amsterdam. It has 42243 residents (January 2005 and is 19 Amsterdam-Noord ( English: Amsterdam-North) is an autonomous Stadsdeel ( Borough) of Amsterdam. [48]
Definitions
Amsterdam is usually understood to be the municipality of Amsterdam. Colloquially, some areas within the municipality, such as the village of Durgerdam, may not be considered part of Amsterdam. Durgerdam ( is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. Statistics Netherlands uses three other definitions of Amsterdam: metropolitan agglomeration Amsterdam (Grootstedelijke Agglomeratie Amsterdam, not to be confused with Grootstedelijk Gebied Amsterdam, a synonym of Groot Amsterdam), Greater Amsterdam (Groot Amsterdam, a COROP region) and the urban region Amsterdam (Stadsgewest Amsterdam). Statistics Netherlands, founded in 1899, is a Dutch governmental institution that gathers statistical information about the Netherlands. A COROP-region is a regional area within the Netherlands. These regions are used for analytical purposes by among others Statistics Netherlands. [4] These definitions are not synonymous with the terms urban area and metropolitan area, which are commonly used in English speaking countries for the purpose of defining large conurbations. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics uses a fourth conurbation, namely the City region Amsterdam. This region is similar to Greater Amsterdam, but includes the municipalities Zaanstad and Wormerland. Zaanstad is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Wormerland is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It excludes Graft-De Rijp. Graft-De Rijp is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
The smallest of these areas is the municipality, with a population of 742,981 in 2006. [49] The metropolitan agglomeration had a population of 1,021,870 in 2006. [49] It includes the municipalities of Zaanstad, Wormerland, Oostzaan, Diemen and Amstelveen only, as well as the municipality of Amsterdam. Greater Amsterdam includes 15 municipalities[50], and had a population of 1,211,503 in 2006. [49] Though much larger in area, the population of this area is only slightly larger, because the definition excludes the relatively populous municipality of Zaanstad. Zaanstad is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The largest area by population, the urban region Amsterdam, has a population of 1,468,122. [49] It includes Zaanstad, Wormerveer, Muiden and Abcoude, but excludes Graft De Rijp, Uithoorn and Aalsmeer. Amsterdam is also part of the conglomerate metropolitan area Randstad, with a total population of 6,659,300 inhabitants. ImageRandstad_with_scalepng|400px|thumb|right|Schematic map of the Randstadcircle 528 380 26 Schiphol rect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeer rect 399 166 479 245 [5]
City government
As all Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and the municipal council. The Government of Amsterdam is the government of the municipality and city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. This is a list of mayors of Amsterdam. Since 1824 only one mayor governs Amsterdam at a time However, unlike most other Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is subdivided into fifteen stadsdelen (boroughs), a system that was implemented in the 1980s to improve local governance. A stadsdeel (pl stadsdelen) is a Country subdivision in the Netherlands. The stadsdelen are responsible for many activities that previously had been run by the central city. Fourteen of these have their own council, chosen by a popular election. The fifteenth, Westpoort, covers the harbour of Amsterdam, has very few inhabitants, and is governed by the central municipal council. Local decisions are made at borough level, and only affairs pertaining to the whole city, such as major infrastructure projects, are handled by the central city council.
National government
The present version of the Dutch constitution mentions "Amsterdam" and "capital" only in one place, chapter 2, article 32: The king's confirmation by oath and his coronation take place in "the capital Amsterdam" ("de hoofdstad Amsterdam"). The Constitution of the Netherlands is the Fundamental law of the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Previous versions of the constitution spoke of "the city of Amsterdam" ("de stad Amsterdam"), without mention of capital. In any case, the seat of the government, parliament and supreme court of the Netherlands is (and always has been, with the exception of a brief period between 1808 and 1810) located at The Hague. The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a The States-General ( Staten-Generaal) is the Parliament of the Netherlands. The Hoge Raad der Nederlanden ( High Council of the Netherlands) is the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, situated in The Hague. Foreign embassies too are in The Hague. Although capital of the country, Amsterdam is not the capital of the province in which it is located, North Holland, whose capital is located at Haarlem. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. [51]
Symbols
The coat of arms of Amsterdam is composed of several historical elements. The Coat of arms of Amsterdam is the official symbol of the city of Amsterdam The flag of Amsterdam is the official Flag for Amsterdam, the Capital city of the Netherlands. First and centre are three St Andrew's crosses, aligned in a vertical band on the city's shield. St Andrew's Cross redirects here For the item of BDSM furniture see Saint Andrew's Cross (BDSM A saltire, Saint Andrew's Cross These St Andrew's crosses can also be found on the cityshields of neighbours Amstelveen and Ouder-Amstel. is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Ouder-Amstel is a Municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. This part of the coat of arms is the basis of the flag of Amsterdam, flown by the city government, but also as civil ensign for ships registered in Amsterdam. The flag of Amsterdam is the official Flag for Amsterdam, the Capital city of the Netherlands. The civil Ensign (also known as merchant flag or merchant ensign) is the National flag flown by civil ships (merchant ships and others to denote Second is the Imperial Crown of Austria — in 1489, out of gratitude for services and loans, Maximilian I awarded Amsterdam the right to adorn its coat of arms with the king's crown, in 1508 replaced with Maximilian's imperial crown when he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Crown of the Austrian Empire (Österreichische Kaiserkrone or Krone des Kaisertums Österreich was originally the personal crown of emperor Rudolf II King of the Romans ( Latin: Rex Romanorum) was the title used by the elected ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the Imperator futurus The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states In the early years of the 17th century, Maximilian's crown in Amsterdam's coat of arms was replaced with the crown of Emperor Rudolph II, a crown that also would become the Imperial Crown of Austria. Rudolf II ( July 18, 1552, Vienna, Austria - January 20, 1612, Prague, Bohemia, now part of The lions date from the late 16th century, when city and province became part of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Last came the city's official motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig ("Valiant, Determined, Compassionate"), bestowed on the city in 1947 by Queen Wilhelmina, in recognition of the city's bravery during World War II. Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Marie 31 August 1880 &ndash 28 November 1962) was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Economy
Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands. The Zuidas (meaning South Axis in Dutch) is a large business district that is developing rapidly for the city of Amsterdam in The Netherlands [52] Amsterdam is currently one of the best cities in Europe to locate an international business in. It is ranked fifth in this category and is only surpassed by London, Paris, Frankfurt and Barcelona. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia [53] Many large Dutch corporations and banks have their headquarters in Amsterdam, including ABN AMRO, Akzo Nobel, Heineken International, ING Group, Ahold, TomTom, Delta Lloyd Group and Philips. ABN AMRO is a Dutch bank currently owned by RFS Holdings BV, a consortium of Royal Bank of Scotland Group, Fortis Bank Nederland, and Banco Santander Akzo Nobel NV, trading as AkzoNobel, is a multinational company active in the fields of decorative Paints performance Coatings and specialty Chemicals Heineken International is a Dutch Brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. ING Groep NV () (known as ING Group) is a Financial institution of Dutch origin offering Banking Insurance and Ahold, (in full Koninklijke Ahold NV, Royal Ahold NV) (, SWX AHO is a major international Supermarket operator based in Amsterdam TomTom NV ( is a Dutch manufacturer of Automotive navigation systems including both stand-alone units and software for Personal digital assistants Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. KPMG International's global headquarters is located in nearby Amstelveen. KPMG is one of the largest Professional services firms in the world
Though many small offices are still located on the old canals, companies are increasingly relocating outside the city centre. The Zuidas (English: South Axis) is the new financial and legal hub. The Zuidas (meaning South Axis in Dutch) is a large business district that is developing rapidly for the city of Amsterdam in The Netherlands [54] The five largest law firms of the Netherlands and Dutch subsidiaries of large consulting firms like Boston Consulting Group, McKinsey & Co and Accenture have their offices here. “BCG” redirects here For other uses see BCG (disambiguation. McKinsey & Company is a global Management consulting firm that focuses on solving issues of concern to senior management Accenture () is a global Management consulting, Technology services, and Outsourcing company The World Trade Center Amsterdam stands here.
There are also three other smaller financial districts in Amsterdam. The first one is the area surrounding Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station. Amsterdam Sloterdijk is a major railway junction situated to the west of Amsterdam Centraal station A lot of newspapers like De Telegraaf have their offices here. De Telegraaf ("The Telegraph" is the largest Dutch daily morning Newspaper, with a daily circulation of approximately 800000 Also Gemeente Vervoersbedrijf and the Dutch tax offices are located there. The second other financial district is the area surrounding Amsterdam Arena. Amsterdam ArenA is a Stadium in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The stadium was built from 1993 to 1996 at a cost of € 140 million and was Last the area surrounding Amsterdam Amstel railway station. The highest building in Amsterdam (Rembrandttoren)[55] is situated there and it is the location of the headquarters of Philips. Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV ( Royal Philips Electronics Inc. [56]
The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX), nowadays part of Euronext, is the world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. This entry is on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange before it merged into Euronext. Euronext NV is a pan- European Stock exchange based in Paris and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands It is situated near Dam Square in the city's centre. Dam Square, or simply the Dam (de Dam is a Town square in Amsterdam, the capital of The Netherlands.
Tourism
Amsterdam is the 5th busiest tourist destination in Europe with more than 4. Amsterdam, one of Europe 's smaller capitals has many attractions for visitors The Anne Frank House on the Prinsengracht in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, is a Museum dedicated to Jewish wartime diarist 2 million international visitors. [57] This number of visitors has been growing rapidly and steadily over the past decade. 41743 beds were located in 19400 rooms in 351 hotels as of 2007. Two thirds of these hotels are located in the city's center. Hotels with 4 or 5 stars contribute 42% of the total beds available and 41% of the overnight stays in Amsterdam. The room occupation rate was 78% in 2006, up from 70% in 2005. [58] The origin of tourists visiting Amsterdam is largely European: 74%. The growth in recent years can be attributed to an increase in the number of visitors from Europe too. The largest group of non-European visitors came from the United States, with 14% of the total. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [58] Certain years have a theme in Amsterdam to bring extra tourists. For example, the year 2006 was designated "Rembrandt 400" to celebrate the 400th birthday of Rembrandt van Rijn. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. Some hotels offer special arrangements or activities due to these years. The average number of guests per year staying on the four campsites around the city numbers from 12,000 to 65,000.
Retail
Amsterdam shops range from large department stores such as Metz & Co, founded in 1740, De Bijenkorf founded in 1870, and Maison de Bonneterie a Parisian style store founded in 1889, to small specialty shops. Metz & Co is an exclusive Department store in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, founded in 1740 by Mozes Samuels who sold his company to his three sons in De Bijenkorf (literally The Beehive is a chain of Upmarket Department stores in The Netherlands with its Flagship store on Dam Square Maison de Bonneterie is an upscale Department store in The Netherlands with Flagship stores in Amsterdam and The Hague and a smaller Amsterdam's high-end shops are found in the streets Pieter Cornelisz Hooftstraat and Cornelis Schuytstraat, which are located in the neighborhood of the Vondelpark. The Vondelpark is a public Urban park of 47 hectares (120 acres in Amsterdam, Netherlands. One of Amsterdam's busiest high streets is the narrow, medieval Kalverstraat in the heart of the city. Another shopping area are the Negen Straatjes: nine narrow streets within the Grachtengordel, the concentric canal system of Amsterdam. The Negen Straatjes differ from other shopping districts by displaying a large diversity of privately owned shops. [59] The city features also a large number of open-air markets such as the Albert Cuypmarkt, Westermarkt, Ten Katemarkt, and Dappermarkt. The Albert Cuyp Market is a street market in Amsterdam on the Albert Cuypstraat between Ferdinand Bolstraat and Van Woustraat in the De Pijp area of the "Oud-Zuid" [60]
Demography
In the 16th and 17th century non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostly Huguenots, Flemings, Sephardi Jews and Westphalians. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Westphalia (Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Bielefeld, Bochum, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster Hugenots came after 1685's Edict of Fontainebleau, while the Flemish Protestants came during the Eighty Years' War. The Edict of Fontainebleau (October 1685 was an Edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons – their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries.
The first mass immigrants in the 20th century were people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the Dutch East Indies in the 1940s and 1950s. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below In the 1960s guest workers from Turkey, Morocco, Italy and Spain migrated to Amsterdam. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. After the independence of Suriname in 1975 a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the Bijlmer area. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by The Bijlmermeer (bɛilməʁmeːʁ or colloquially Bijlmer ( is one of the neighborhoods that form the Amsterdam Zuidoost ('Amsterdam South-East' borough (or Other immigrants, including asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, come from Europe, America, Asia and Africa. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America In the seventies and eighties many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like Almere and Purmerend, prompted by the third planological bill of the Dutch government. Almere is a city and Municipality in Flevoland, the Netherlands bordering Lelystad and Zeewolde. Purmerend is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Land use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient This bill promoted suburbanization and arranged for new developments in so called "groeikernen", literally "cores of growth". Suburbanization (or suburbanisation) is a term used to describe the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe Young professionals and artists moved into neighbourhoods de Pijp and the Jordaan abandoned by these Amsterdammers. The Jordaan is a district of the city of Amsterdam in The Netherlands. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the social housing projects in Amsterdam-West and the Bijlmer. Non-Western immigrants make up approximately one in three residents of Amsterdam and more than 50% of the children in Amsterdam have a non-western background. [61][62][63]
.jpg/140px-Sint-Nicolaaskerk_(Amsterdam).jpg)
Amsterdam's largest religious group are the Christians followed by Islam, mainly Sunni Islam. The Sint Nicolaaskerk (Church of St Nicholas is a Roman Catholic church in the centre of Amsterdam. The Esnoga ( Ladino: אסנוגה) also known as the Snoge or Portuguese Synagogue, is a 17th-century Sephardic Synagogue A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [64]
In 1578 the previously Roman Catholic city of Amsterdam joined the revolt against Spanish rule, late in comparison to other major northern Dutch cities. In line with Protestant procedure of that time, all churches were "reformed" to the Protestant worship. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Calvinism became the dominant religion and although Catholicism was not forbidden and priests allowed to serve, the Catholic hierarchy was prohibited. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos This led to the establishment of schuilkerken, covert churches, behind seemingly ordinary canal side house fronts, one of them the current debate centre de Rode Hoed.
A large influx of foreigners of many religions came to 17th-century Amsterdam, in particular Sefardic Jews from Spain and Portugal, Huguenots from France, and Protestants from the Southern Netherlands, led to the establishment of many non-Dutch-speaking religious churches. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname In 1603 the first notification is made of Jewish religious service. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In 1639 the first Jewish synagogue was consecrated.
As they became established in the city, other Christian denominations used converted Catholic chapels to conduct their own services. The oldest Church of England building outside the United Kingdom is found at the Begijnhof. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Begijnhof is one of the oldest inner courts in the city of Amsterdam. Regular services there are still offered in English. [65] The Huguenots accounted for nearly 20% of Amsterdam's inhabitants in 1700; being Calvinists, they soon integrated into the Dutch Reformed Church, though often retaining their own congregations. Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe Some, commonly referred by the moniker 'Walloon', and are recognizable today as they offer occasional services in French. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people
In the second half of the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced an influx of Ashkenazim, Jews from Central and Eastern Europe, which continued into the 19th century. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing Jews often fled the pogroms in those areas. They not only founded their own synagogues, but had a strong influence on the 'Amsterdam dialect' adding a large Yiddish local vocabulary. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Amsterdam's nickname of Mokum, the Yiddish word for the Hebrew makom ("town"), stems from this immigration.
Despite an absence of an official Jewish ghetto, most Jews preferred to live in the eastern part of the old medieval heart of the city. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure The main street of this Jewish neighborhood was the Jodenbreestraat. The neighborhood comprised the Waterlooplein and the Nieuwmarkt. Nieuwmarkt ("New market" is a square in the centre of the Dutch capital Amsterdam. [66] Buildings in in this neighborhood fell into disrepair after World War II and a large section of the neighbourhood was demolished during the construction of the new subway. This led to riots and as a result a small part of the old neighborhood was saved. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other
Catholic churches in Amsterdam have been constructed since the restoration of the bishopric hierarchy in 1853. One of the principal architects behind the city's Catholic churches, Cuypers, was also responsible for the Amsterdam Central Station and the Rijksmuseum, which led to a refusal of Protestant King William III to open 'that monastery'. Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. William III ( Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk, anglicised William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis of Orange-Nassau) ( February 19, In 1924 the Roman Catholic Church of the Netherlands hosted the International Eucharistic Congress in Amsterdam, and numerous Catholic prelates visited the city, where numerous festivities were held in churches and stadiums; Catholic processions on the public streets however were still forbidden under law at the time. Eucharistic Congresses are gatherings of Clergy and Laymen for adoring and evangelising the Holy Eucharist. A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries A modern stadium (plural stadiums or stadia in English is a place or venue for (mostly outdoor Sports Concerts or other events consisting Only in the twentieth century was Amsterdam's relation to Catholicism normalized, but despite its far larger population size, the Catholic clergy chose to place its bishopric seat of the city in the nearby provincial town of Haarlem. in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. [67]
The most recent religious changes in Amsterdam are due to large-scale immigration from former colonies. Immigrants from Suriname have introduced Evangelical Protestantism and Lutheranism, from the Hernhutter variety, Hinduism, from South East Asia and a liberal branch of Islam from various parts of the world. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Turks, Kurds and Moroccans have introduced other Islamic sects. Islam has now become the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam. The large community of Ghanaian and Nigerian immigrants have established African churches, often in parking garages in the Bijlmer area, where many have settled. The Bijlmermeer (bɛilməʁmeːʁ or colloquially Bijlmer ( is one of the neighborhoods that form the Amsterdam Zuidoost ('Amsterdam South-East' borough (or In addition, a broad array of other religious movements have been established congregations, including Buddhism, Confucianism and Hinduism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent.
| 1300 | 1400 | 1500 | 1600 | 1675 | 1796 | 1810 | 1850 | 1879 | 1900 | 1930 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,000[68] | 3,000[69] | 15,000[69] | 54,000[69] | 206,000[70] | 200,600[70] | 180,000[71] | 224,000[72] | 317,000[72] | 523,577[6] | 757,000[71] | 742,981[4] |
Transport
Amsterdam is one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world and is a centre of bicycle culture with good provision for cyclists such as bike paths and bike racks, which are ubiquitous throughout the city. Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over Transportation in Amsterdam is a selection of ways of transportation in and around Amsterdam " Bicycle-friendly " describes policies and practices which may help some people feel more comfortable about traveling by Bicycle with other traffic Bicycle culture is a phrase most associated with cities and countries that feature a high rate of bicycle usage sometimes called Utility cycling, as part of their cultural identity There are an estimated one million bicycles in the city. Bike theft is common, so cyclists use large secure locks. Approximately 100 000 bicycles get stolen a year in Amsterdam. [73] People use their bicycles for a lot of different purposes, which range from going to work to picking up the children from school and doing groceries with. A wide variety of bicycles can be found throughout the city. Most people use a common bicycle, but some use mountain bikes, racing bikes or even recumbent bikes. A mountain bike or mountain bicycle (abbreviated MTB or ATB (all terrain bicycle is a Bicycle designed for off-road cycling including CNC Cruzbike 2007jpg|thumb|300px|Cruzbike Sofrider (a PBFWD recumbent and woman at end of the "Ride Across North Carolina" 2007]] A recumbent bicycle is a Bicycle
In the city centre, driving a car is discouraged. Parking fees are steep and a great number of streets are closed to cars or are one-way. Parking is the act of stopping a Vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time [74] The local government sponsors carsharing and carpooling initiatives such as Autodelen and Meerijden. This article deals with the use of shared cars for Public transport purposes Carpooling (also known as car-sharing, ride-sharing, lift-sharing) is the shared use of a car by the driver and one or more passengers usually nu. [75]
Public transport in Amsterdam mainly consists of bus and tram lines, operated by Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf, Connexxion and Arriva. The Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf (GVB is the municipal transport company of Amsterdam. Connexxion is the largest Public transport Bus company in the Netherlands, operating in the west middle east and far northern part of the country Arriva plc ( is a British -based international public transport operator headquartered in Sunderland. Currently, there are 16 different tramlines and a freight tram operation is being developed; there are four metro lines, with a fifth line, the North/South line, under construction. The Amsterdam Metro is a Rapid transit system in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The Amsterdam Metro is a Rapid transit system in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Three free ferries carry pedestrians and cyclists across the IJ to Amsterdam-Noord, and two fare charging ferries go east and west along the harbour. See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and The IJ (sometimes shown on old Maps as " Y " or " Ye " is a River, formerly a Bay, in the Dutch Amsterdam-Noord ( English: Amsterdam-North) is an autonomous Stadsdeel ( Borough) of Amsterdam. [76] There are also water taxis, a water bus, a boat sharing operation and canal cruises, that transport people along Amsterdam's waterways. Some 35% of all people travelling in Amsterdam uses public transport.
The A10 Ringroad surrounding the city connects Amsterdam with the Dutch national network of freeways. Interchanges on the A10 allow cars to enter the city by transferring to one of the eighteen city roads, numbered S101 through to S118. In the field of Road transport, an interchange is a road junction that typically These city roads are regional roads without grade separation, and sometimes without a central reservation. Grade separation is the process of aligning a junction of two or more transport axes at different heights ( On divided roads including Expressways Motorways or Autobahns the central reservation (British English, median (North American Most are accessible by cyclists. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind The S100 Centrumring is a smaller ringroad circumnavigating the city's centre.
Amsterdam was intended in 1932 to be the hub, a kind of Kilometre Zero, of the highway system of the Netherlands,[77] with freeways numbered one through eight planned to originate from the city. In many countries Kilometre Zero (also written km 0) or similar terms in other languages is a particular location (often in the nation's capital city from which distances These are the Motorways (Dutch Autosnelweg) with the most important towns at or near the motorways A1: Amsterdam - Hilversum [77] The outbreak of the Second World War and shifting priorities led to the current situation, where only roads A1, A2, and A4 originate from Amsterdam according to the original plan. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The A4 motorway is a Motorway in the Netherlands from Amsterdam to the Belgian border near Zandvliet. The A3 road to Rotterdam was cancelled in 1970 in order to conserve the Groene Hart. Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of The Groene Hart (English Green Heart is a relatively thinly populated area in the Dutch Randstad. Road A8, leading north to Zaandam and the A10 Ringroad were opened between 1968 and 1974. Zaandam ( is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad, and received city rights [78] Besides the A1, A2, A4 and A8, several freeways, such as the A7 and A6, carry traffic mainly bound for Amsterdam.
Amsterdam is served by eight stations of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways). The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. There are 386 railway stations in the Netherlands, including 6 railway stations which are only served during events 1 which exists only to facilitate Pilgrimage Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Dutch Railways) or NS, is the principal passenger Railway operating company in the Netherlands. [79] Five are intercity stops: Sloterdijk, Zuid, Amstel, Bijlmer ArenA and Amsterdam Centraal. Sloterdijk ( is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. Amsterdam Zuid is a railway station situated in the Zuidas ("south axis" area of Amsterdam in The Netherlands, formerly known as Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA (Asb is a railway station in the Bijlmermeer Neighbourhood of the Amsterdam Zuidoost Stadsdeel (borough Amsterdam Centraal (Asd is the Central station of Amsterdam. It is one of the main railway nodes of the Netherlands and is used by approximately 150000 Many other stations exist in the Amsterdam urban area.
Eurolines has coaches from Amsterdam to destinations all over Europe. Eurolines is a coach (long distance bus organisation operating international bus routes within Europe to over 500 destinations in over 25 countries In British English and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers
Amsterdam Centraal is an international train station. Amsterdam Centraal (Asd is the Central station of Amsterdam. It is one of the main railway nodes of the Netherlands and is used by approximately 150000 From the station there are regular services with destinations in Belgium, France, Germany, and Switzerland. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Among these trains are international trains of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen and the Thalys, CityNightLine, and InterCityExpress. Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Dutch Railways) or NS, is the principal passenger Railway operating company in the Netherlands. Thalys is an international high-speed train operator built around the high-speed lines between Paris, Brussels, Cologne and Amsterdam CityNightLine (timetable and platform sign abbreviation CNL is a Swiss night train service The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and neighbouring countries [80]
Amsterdam Schiphol Airport is less than 20 minutes by train from Amsterdam Central Station. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the Netherlands ' main Airport, located 20 minutes (17 It is the biggest airport in the Netherlands, the fourth largest in Europe and the twelves largest in the world by passengers. It handles about 44 million passengers a year and is the home of the airline KLM. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines ( Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, literally Royal Aviation Company; usual English translation Schiphol is the third busiest airport in the world measured by international passengers. The following is a list of the world's busiest airports by international passenger traffic. [81][82]
Education
Amsterdam has two universities: the University of Amsterdam (Universiteit van Amsterdam), and the VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit or "VU"). The University of Amsterdam ( Universiteit van Amsterdam in Dutch) is a comprehensive research University located in the heart of the city of Amsterdam The VU University Amsterdam (in Dutch Vrije Universiteit, literal translation is "Free University" is a University in Amsterdam, The Netherlands Other institutions for higher education include an art school, De Rietveldacademie, the Hogeschool van Amsterdam and the Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten. Amsterdam's International Institute of Social History is one of the world's largest documentary and research institutions concerning social history, and especially the history of the labour movement. The International Institute of Social History ( Dutch: Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, abbreviation IISG) is a historical Amsterdam's Hortus Botanicus, founded in the early 1600s, is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world, with many old and rare specimens, among them the coffee plant that served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America. Hortus Botanicus is a Botanical garden in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes This article discusses the coffee plant for information on the beverage see Coffee. [83]
Amsterdam is thought to have excellent elementary schools. Some of these schools base their teachings on particular pedagogic theories like the various Montessori schools. Maria Montessori ( August 31 1870 &ndash May 6 1952) was an Italian physician educator philosopher humanitarian and devout Many however are based on religion. This used to be primarily Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations, but with the influx of Muslim immigrants there is a rise in the number of Islamic schools. You can also find Jewish schools in the southern suburbs of Amsterdam. In addition to these schools based on distinct beliefs there are public schools.
The same goes for secondary education. Amsterdam is noted for having three independent grammar schools (Dutch: gymnasia), the Vossius Gymnasium, Barlaeus Gymnasium and St. Vossius Gymnasium is one of the four categorial gymnasia in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, the other being Barlaeus Gymnasium, Ignatius Gymnasium Barlaeus Gymnasium is a well-known secondary school in Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ignatius Gymnasium, where a classical curriculum including Latin and classical Greek is taught. The Ignatius Gymnasium ( Ignatiusgymnasium) is one of the five categorial gymnasia in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is together with the Though believed until recently by many to be an anachronistic and elitist concept that would soon die out, the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival leading to the formation of a fourth grammar school in which the three aforementioned schools participate. Most secondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety of different levels of education on the same school.
Culture
During the later part of the 16th century Amsterdams Rederijkerskamer (Chamber of Rhetoric) organized contests between different Chambers in the reading of poetry and drama. The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam or Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is a Dutch National museum in Amsterdam, located on the Museumplein Chambers of rhetoric (rederijkerskamers were dramatic societies in the Low Countries. Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. In 1638 Amsterdam got its first theatre. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Ballet performances were given in this theatre as early as 1642. Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance In the 18th century French theatre became popular. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Opera could be seen in Amsterdam from 1677, first only Italian and French operas, but in the 18th century German operas. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto The Culture of Italy can be found in the Roman ruins remaining in much of the country the precepts of the Roman Catholic Church, the spirit of the The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. In the 19th century popular culture was centred around the Nes area in Amsterdam (mainly vaudeville and music-hall). Nes may refer to In Norway: Nes Akershus, a municipality in the county of Akershus in Norway Nes Buskerud, a municipality Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s The metronome, one of the most important advances in European classical music was invented here in 1812 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel. A metronome is any device that produces a regulated aural visual or tactile pulse to establish a steady Tempo in the performance of music Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel (1780 - 1826 was the Inventor of the first successful Metronome. At the end of this century the Rijksmuseum and Gemeentelijk Museum were built. Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. In 1888 the Concertgebouworkest was established. The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (In Dutch: Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest) is the best-known and most respected Symphony orchestra of the With the 20th century came cinema, radio and television. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Though the studios are in Hilversum and Aalsmeer, Amsterdam's influence on programming is very strong. is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Aalsmeer ( is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Many people who work for television broadcasters live in Amsterdam. Also, the headquarters of SBS 6 are located in Amsterdam. SBS 6 is a commercial TV channel in the Netherlands owned by ProSiebenSat [84]
Museums
The most important museums of Amsterdam are located on het Museumplein (Museum Square). The Museumplein ( English: Museum Square is a square in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. This square is the largest square of Amsterdam and lies adjacent to the southern side of the city's centre. It was created in the last quarter of the 19th century on the grounds of the former World Exposition. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the The northern part of the square is bordered by the very large Rijksmuseum. In front of the Rijksmuseum on the square itself you can find a man-made pond. This is transformed in winter time into a ice rink. [85] The western part of the square is bordered by the Van Gogh Museum, Stedelijk Museum, House of Bols Cocktail & Genever Experience and Coster Diamonds. The southern border of the Museum Square is the Van Baerlestraat, which is a major thoroughfare in this part of Amsterdam. The Concertgebouw is situated across this street from the square. To the east of the square are situated a couple of villas, one of which houses the American consulate. A parking garage can be found underneath the square, as well as a supermarket. Het Museumplein is covered almost entirely with a lawn, except for the northern part of the square which is covered with gravel. The current appearance of the square was realized in 1999, when the square was remodeled. The square itself is the most prominent site in Amsterdam for festivals and outdoor concert, especially in the summer. Plans have been made this year (2008) to remodel the square again, because many inhabitants of Amsterdam are not happy with its current appearance. [86]
The Rijksmuseum possesses the largest and most important collection of classical Dutch art. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. The Rijksmuseum Amsterdam or Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is a Dutch National museum in Amsterdam, located on the Museumplein It opened it's doors to the public in 1885. It collection consists of one million pieces of art. The artist most associated with Amsterdam is Rembrandt, whose work, and the work of his pupils, is displayed in the Rijksmuseum. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (July 15 1606 &ndash October 4 1669 was a Dutch painter and etcher. Rembrandt's masterpiece the Nightwatch is one of top pieces of art of the museum. Night Watch or The Night Watch (De Nachtwacht is the common name of one of the most famous works by Dutch painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon It also houses paintings from artists like Van der Helst, Vermeer, Frans Hals, Ferdinand Bol, Albert Cuijp, Van Ruysdael and Paulus Potter. Bartholomeus van der Helst (1613 Haarlem &ndash buried December 16 1670, Amsterdam) was a Dutch Portrait painter Johannes or Jan Vermeer (baptized in Delft with the name Joannis on October 31 1632, and buried in the same city under the name Jan Frans Hals (c 1580– August 26, 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter especially famous for portraiture. Ferdinand Bol ( June 24, 1616 &ndash August 24, 1680) was a Dutch Artist, Etcher, and draftsman Paulus Potter (1625–1654 was a Dutch painter, specialized in animals in landscapes Besides paintings the collection consists of a large variety of decorative art. This ranges from Delftware to giant dollhouses from the 17th century. Delftware, or Delft Pottery, denotes blue and white pottery made in and around Delft in the Netherlands and the tin-glazed Pottery A dollhouse is a Toy home made in miniature For the last century dollhouses have primarily been the domain of children but their collection and crafting have also fascinated The architect of the gothic revival building was P. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began J. H. Cuypers. Only one wing of the Rijksmuseum is currently open to the public, where the 200 most important pieces of art are on display. The museum will open again after the year 2010. The Rijksmuseum is being expanded, renovated and a new main entrance for the museum is being created. [87][88][89][90]
Van Gogh lived in Amsterdam for a short while, so there is a museum dedicated to his early work. The museum is housed in one of the few modern buildings in this area of Amsterdam. The building was designed by Gerrit Rietveld. Gerrit Thomas Rietveld ( June 24, 1888 – June 26, 1964) was a Dutch Furniture Designer and Architect This building is where the permanent collection is shown to the public. A new building was added to the museum in 1999. This building, known as the performance wing, was designed by a Japanese architect. It's purpose is to house temporary exhibitions of the museum. Some of Van Gogh's most famous paintings like the Aardappeleters and Zonnenbloemen are present in the collection of the museum. The Potato Eaters (De Aardappeleters is a painting by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh that he painted in April 1885 while in Nuenen, The Van Gogh museum is the most visited museum in Amsterdam. [91][92][93]
Next to the Van Gogh museum stands the Stedelijk Museum. The Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (lit City Museum Amsterdam) is a Museum for Modern art in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. This is Amsterdam's most important museum concerning modern art. The museum opened it's doors at around the same time the Museum Square was created. The permanent collection consists of works of art from artists like Piet Mondriaan, Karel Appel, and Kasimir Malewitsj. Pieter Cornelis (Piet Mondriaan, after 1912 Mondrian, (pronounced Dutch pit 'mɔndrian later pit 'mɔndɹiɔn ( March 7, 1872 &ndash February Christiaan Karel Appel ( 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter, sculptor, and Poet This museum is also currently being renovated and expanded. The main entrance will be relocated from the Paulus Potterstraat to the Museum Square itself. It will be open again to public in 2009. The current exhibition of this museum is housed in a former post office near the central station. [94]
Amsterdam contains a lot more museums then just those on the Museum Square. The Museumplein ( English: Museum Square is a square in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. These museums range from little ones, such as the Verzetsmuseum, the Anne Frank House, and the Rembrandthuis, to very large ones like the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdams Historisch Museum, and Joods Historisch Museum. The Anne Frank House on the Prinsengracht in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, is a Museum dedicated to Jewish wartime diarist The Rembrandt House Museum (Museum het Rembrandthuis is a house in Jodenbreestraat in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, where Rembrandt lived The Tropenmuseum (Tropical Museum is an anthropological Museum located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The Amsterdams Historisch Museum is a Museum about the History of Amsterdam. The Joods Historisch Museum ( Jewish Historical Museum) is a museum in Amsterdam dedicated to Jewish history culture and religion in The Netherlands These museums are all located in the city's center or nearby.
Performing arts
Amsterdam has a world-class symphony orchestra, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Concertgebouw is the home of across the Van Baerlestraat from the Museum Square. The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (In Dutch: Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest) is the best-known and most respected Symphony orchestra of the It is considered by critics to be a concert hall with one of the best acoustics in the world. A concert hall is a cultural building which serves as performance venue chiefly for classical instrumental music Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids The building contains three halls: Grote Zaal, Kleine Zaal and Spiegelzaal. 800 concerts a year are performed here for a audience of approximately 850. 000 people.
The main theatre building of Amsterdam is the Stadsschouwburg Amsterdam at the Leidseplein. The Stadsschouwburg (Dutch - city theatre of Amsterdam is the name held by the Theatre building at the Leidseplein in Amsterdam in the The Leidseplein is a square in central Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It is the home base of the Toneelgroep Amsterdam. The current building dates from 1894. Most plays are performed in the Grote Zaal (Great Hall). The normal programm of events encompasses all sorts of theatrical forms, mostly by Dutch writers. The Stadsschouwburg is currently being renovated and expanded.
The opera house of Amsterdam is situated adjacent to the city hall. Therefore, the two buildings combined are often called the Stopera. The Stopera is a building complex in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, housing both the city hall of Amsterdam and the Muziektheater, the principal Opera This word is derived from the Dutch words stadhuis (city hall) and opera. The building was officially opened in 1986. This huge modern complex lies in the former Jewish neighborhood at Waterlooplein next to the river Amstel. The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. The Stopera is the homebase of De Nederlandse Opera, Het Nationale Ballet and the Holland Symfonia. De Nederlandse Opera (DNO (The Netherlands Opera in Amsterdam, is the leading Opera company of the Netherlands. Dutch National Ballet was formed in 1961 when the Amsterdams Ballet and the Nederlands Ballet merged
Het Muziekgebouw aan 't Ij is a new concert hall, which is situated in the Ij near the central station. A concert hall is a cultural building which serves as performance venue chiefly for classical instrumental music Its concerts are mostly modern interpretations of classical music. A concert is a live Performance, usually of Music, before an Audience. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Adjacent to it, the Bimhuis, a concert hall for Jazz music, is located. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States
The Heineken Music Hall is a concert hall located near the Amsterdam ArenA. Heineken Music Hall (or commonly abbreviated as HMH is a concert hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands, near the Amsterdam ArenA (Amsterdam South-East Amsterdam ArenA is a Stadium in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The stadium was built from 1993 to 1996 at a cost of € 140 million and was It main purpose is to serve as a podium for pop concerts. Many famous international artists like Armin van Buuren, James Blunt and Rihanna have performed there. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Armin van Buuren (born December 25, 1976) is a Trance music producer and DJ James Blunt (born James Hillier Blount, 22 February 1974 is an English Acoustic / Folk rock Singer-songwriter whose debut album Rihanna (pronounced /riːˈɑːnə/ born Robyn Rihanna Fenty; February 20 1988 is a Barbadian singer, model and Fashion designer
Nightlife, festivals
Amsterdam has a vibrant and diverse nightlife scene and is famous for it. The two main epicentres for nightlife are the Leidseplein and Rembrandtplein. The Leidseplein is a square in central Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Rembrandtplein (Rembrandt Square is a major square in central Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The Rembrantplein is more visited by Dutchmen from outside Amsterdam and the Leidseplein tends to be more for the locals and tourists from outside the country. [95]
Amsterdam contains a lot of cafes. A coffeehouse ( French / Portuguese: café; Spanish: cafetería; Italian: caffè They range from large cafes, like the ones on the Leidseplein itself to smaller cafes sought after by locals in the smaller streets of this city. You can sit down in a old fashion cafe, which are called a bruin kroeg by Dutchmen. These bruine kroegen contain a pleasant, relaxed atmosphere and the interior is lit with dim lights. You could also choose to sit down in one of the many trendy, stylish new cafes Amsterdam has to offer. These cafes are more sought after by a younger crowd, who drink cocktails or mixed drinks. Most cafes have terraces in summertime. A common sight on the Leidseplein during summer is a square full of terraces packed with people drinking beer or wine. [96][97][98]
Many restaurants can be found in Amsterdam. Since Amsterdam is a multicultural city a lot of different ethnic restaurants can be found here. Restaurants range from being rather luxurious and expensive to being normal and affordable. Some of the best restaurants in the Netherlands are located in Amsterdam. Many hotels have an adjacent restaurant.
Amsterdam also possesses many discothèques. A discothèque, diskoˈtɛk̚ compare the Spanish "discoteca" is an Entertainment venue or Club with recorded music played by "Discaires" Most of the discothèques are situated near or on the Leidseplein or Rembrandtplein. A example of a discothèque near the Leidseplein is the Jimmy Woo. This is a trendy club were you have to be on the guest list to get in. The Paradiso and Melkweg are cultural centres, which turn into discothèques on some nights. Those nights in the Paradiso are popular with students. [99] Large discothèques near the Rembrandtplein are the Escape, Club Home and Cineac (currently closed). There are in addition to these also a lot of cafes with a dance floor throughout the city. Various other large discothèques in Amsterdam are located outside these two epicentres. Panama is located near the Ij, which also is a restaurant. The Powerzone is a discothèque, which used to be an office building. House music is a popular category of music in the Powerzone. Club Arena is situated near the Oosterpark and used to be a chapel. A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a Now it is place where people dance and drink all night long. You mostly have to be 21 years or older to get in, but they are not always that strict and for some parties you have to be 18 years or older. The Reguliersdwarsstraat is the main street for gay bars and clubs. In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. [100] It can get very crowded in this small street on weekend nights.
The cinemas of Amsterdam which feature Hollywood productions are all part of a larger chain of cinemas in the Netherlands owned by Pathe. Koninginnedag ( or Queen's Day is a National holiday in the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, and Aruba on Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue They have two cinemas in the city's centre, one of which (Tuschinski) is a beautiful old art deco style building in the Reguliersbreestraat. Pathé Tuschinski is a movie theater in the Netherlands, in Amsterdam, originally exploited by Abraham Icek Tuschinski, who had it built in 1921 Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial Scattered throughout the city's centre are a lot of smaller cinemas, which show a various selection of movies from documentaries to movies for children.
Amsterdam is a city of festivals. In the last year alone there were 140 festivals in Amsterdam. [101] Famous festivals in Amsterdam are the events taking place during Koninginnedag, Amsterdam Gay Pride and the Uitmarkt. Koninginnedag ( or Queen's Day is a National holiday in the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, and Aruba on LGBT pride or gay pride refers to a world wide movement and philosophy asserting that LGBT ( Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and The Uitmarkt is the opening of the cultural season in Amsterdam held every year over a weekend at the end of August usually on and around the Leidseplein, Museumplein On Koninginnedag, hundreds of thousands of people travel to Amsterdam to join the inhabitant to celebrate and party. The entire city will be overcrowded with people who are buying products from the freemarket or visit one of the many music concerts. It is held on the 30th of April. April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United [102] During Gay Pride, there is a very long parade of boats with extravagant people floating on Amsterdam's canals and there are various events taking place in the city elsewhere. It is held in August. Other names In Arabic, the month is called أغسطسص ʾUġusṭuṣ or آب ʾĀb; usage varies from place to place and [103] Finally the Uitmarkt is a cultural event which lasts three days. It consists of many podia with a lot of different artist on them, like musicians and poets. For the 2004 film directed by Yann Moix see Podium (film. A podium (plural podia) is a Platform that A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a POETS day is a term used by workers in England and Australia, to jocularly refer to Friday as the last day of the Work week. It is held in late August. [104]
Fashion
Fashion brands like G-star, Gsus, BlueBlood, 10 feet and Warmenhoven & Venderbos and fashion designers like Mart Visser, Viktor & Rolf, Marlies Dekkers and Frans Molenaar are based in Amsterdam. G-Star RAW (commonly called just G-Star) is a Dutch clothing company and which produces fashionable urban clothing Warmenhoven & Venderbos is a Netherlands based clothing label founded in 1996 by Sascha Warmenhoven and Babette Venderbos Viktor & Rolf is an Amsterdam -based Fashion brand The company was founded in 1993 by designers Viktor Horsting (born 1969 and Rolf Snoeren Model agencies Elite Models, Touche models and Tony Jones have opened branches in Amsterdam. Elite Model Management ( Elite) is a Modeling agency founded in Paris, France, in 1972 by John Casablancas and Alain Supermodels Yfke Sturm, Doutzen Kroes and Kim Noorda started their career in Amsterdam. Yfke Sturm (born November 19, 1981 in Almere, The Netherlands) is a Dutch Supermodel. Doutzen Kroes (Pronounced Doubt-son Crows (born January 23, 1985 in Oostermeer, Netherlands) is a Dutch Supermodel. Kim Noorda (born April 22, 1986) is a Dutch fashion model. She started modeling in 2003 after being approached by talent scout Wilma Amsterdam has its garment center in the World Fashion Center. Buildings formerly housing brothels in the red light district have been converted to ateliers for young upcoming fashion designers. [105]
Red light district
De Wallen, also known as Walletjes or Rosse Buurt, is the largest and best-known red-light district in Amsterdam, a major tourist attraction. De Wallen, is the largest and best-known Red-light district in Amsterdam, a major tourist attraction A red-light district is a neighborhood where Prostitution and other businesses in the Sex industry flourish It is a network of alleys containing several hundred tiny one-room apartments rented by female prostitutes (and some ladyboys) who offer their services from behind a window or glass door, typically illuminated with red lights. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. The area also has a number of sex shops, sex theatres, peep shows, a sex museum, a cannabis museum, and a number of Cannabis coffee shops offering various cannabis products. sex shop, erotic shop is a shop that sells products such as Sex toys Pornography, erotic Lingerie, erotic books and Safer sex Sex industry is the internationalisation of commercial enterprises which supply Sex workers in various capacities A peep show or peepshow is an exhibition of pictures or objects viewed through a small hole or Magnifying glass. A sex museum is a Museum that displays Erotic art, historical Sexual aids and documents on the history of Erotica. Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp A cannabis Coffeeshop is a place where the sale of cannabis and Hashish for personal consumption by the public is tolerated by the local The city administration is actively pursuing a policy of reducing the number of venues.
Sports
Amsterdam is the hometown of the Eredivisie football club Ajax. The Eredivisie ( English: Honorary Division) is the highest football league in the Netherlands. Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( also referred to as AFC Ajax, or simply Ajax, is a professional football club from Amsterdam The stadium Amsterdam ArenA is the home of Ajax. Amsterdam ArenA is a Stadium in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The stadium was built from 1993 to 1996 at a cost of € 140 million and was It is located in the south-east of the city next to the new Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station. Amsterdam Zuidoost is one of the 15 boroughs (stadsdelen of the city of Amsterdam, that consists of four residential areas Bijlmermeer, Venserpolder Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA (Asb is a railway station in the Bijlmermeer Neighbourhood of the Amsterdam Zuidoost Stadsdeel (borough Before it moved to its current location in 1996, Ajax played their regular matches in De Meer Stadion. De Meer is the name of the former Stadium of AFC Ajax. It was opened in 1934 as a result of the club's former stadium being too small
In 1928, Amsterdam hosted the Games of the IXth Olympiad. The 1928 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1928 The Olympic Stadium built for the occasion has been completely restored and is now used for cultural and sporting events, such as the Amsterdam Marathon. The Amsterdam Marathon is an annual Marathon race over the classic distance of 42
The ice hockey team Amstel Tijgers play in the Jaap Eden ice rink. IJshockeyvereniging Amstel Tijgers is the Ice hockey team of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Jacobus Johannes "Jaap" Eden ( October 19, 1873 &ndash February 2, 1925) was a Dutch athlete An Ice rink is a frozen body of Water where people can Ice skate or play winter sports The team competes in the Dutch ice hockey premier league. Ice hockey, often referred to simply as hockey, is a team Sport played on Ice. Speed skating championships have been held on the 400-metre (1,310 ft) lane of this ice rink. Speed skating or speedskating is a competitive form of Skating in which the competitors race each other in travelling a certain distance Amsterdam is also a major destination for many skateboard competitions.
The baseball team the Amsterdam Pirates competes in the Dutch Major League. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Amsterdam Pirates is a Baseball team in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Honkbal Hoofdklasse, Dutch for Major League Baseball, is the highest level of professional Baseball in the Netherlands. There are three field hockey teams, Amsterdam, Pinoké and Hurley, who play their matches around the Wagener Stadium in the nearby city of Amstelveen. Field hockey is a Team sport in which players attempt to score goals by hitting the Ball across the pitch with a stick Wagener Stadium is a multi-use Stadium in Amstelveen, Netherlands. is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. These teams are often referred to as playing in Amsterdam. The basketball team MyGuide Amsterdam competes in the Dutch premier division and play their games in the Sporthallen Zuid, near the Olympic Stadium. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m My Guide Amsterdam is a Dutch professional Basketball club based in Amsterdam.
Since 1999 the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen and -women at the Amsterdam Sports Awards. The Amsterdam Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year is an annual election organised since 1999 by the city's division for topsport named Topsport Amsterdam in cooperation Boxer Raymond Joval and field hockey midfielder Carole Thate were the first to receive the awards in 1999. Raymond Joval (born 15 September, 1968 in Amsterdam, Noord-Holland) is a professional boxer from The Netherlands Carole Helene Antoinette Thate (born December 6, 1971 in Utrecht) is a former Dutch Field hockey player who played 168 international
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- ^ History of Amsterdam, The Early History. Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie (Office of Monuments and Archeology). Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ a b c Bairoch, Paul; Jean Batou, Pierre Chèvre [1988]. La Population des villes Europeennes. Banque de donnees et analyse sommaire des resultats (in French). Geneva: Droz, p. 53. OCLC 19650044. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- ^ a b History of Amsterdam, The Golden Age. Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie (Office of Monuments and Archeology). Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ a b History of Amsterdam, Recovery and Expansion. Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie (Office of Monuments and Archeology). Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ a b The 19th century Urban Expansions. Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie (Office of Monuments and Archeology). Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Amsterdam wint publieksprijs voor aanpak fietsendiefstal (Dutch). Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
- ^ Amsterdam Fietst (Dutch). Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Amsterdam.nl - Auto (Dutch). Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ The official site of Amsterdam Tourism & Convention BoardFerry rides across the IJ
- ^ a b Autosnelweg.nl - Geschiedenis Autosnelwegen in Nederland (Dutch). Autosnelweg. nl. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Autosnelweg.nl - Geschiedenis Autosnelwegen in Nederland (Dutch). Autosnelweg. nl. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Stationsweb-Noord Holland (Dutch). Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Bestemmingen. NS internationaal.nl. Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( Dutch Railways) or NS, is the principal passenger Railway operating company in the Netherlands. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Busiest Airports (English). About. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Busiest Airports by International Passengers (English). Miami International Airport. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Higher Education in Amsterdam (English). Amsterdam. info. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Contact SBS 6 (Dutch). Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Ijsbaan Museumplein (Dutch). Evenementennieuws. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ Museumplein krijgt facelift (Dutch). Gemeente Amsterdam. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (Dutch). Kunstbus. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (English). Amsterdam. info. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (English). Yahoo Travel. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum closed until at least 2012 (English). Worldhum. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam (Dutch). Museum. nl. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam (English). Amsterdam. info. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Architectuur Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam (Dutch). Architectuur. org. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (Dutch). Kunstbus. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Leidseplein Amsterdam (English). Amsterdam. info. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
- ^ Amsterdam Cafes (English). Amsterdam. info. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
- ^ Amsterdam Cafes and Restaurants Guide (Dutch). Booza. nl. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
- ^ List of Amsterdam's cafes (Dutch). Channels. nl. Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
- ^ Noodlanding Paradiso (Dutch). Kindamuzik. net. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Reguliersdwarsstraat (English). Reguliers. net. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Amsterdam kans op 'evenementenstad' (Dutch). Retrieved on 2008-05-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
- ^ Queensday in Amsterdam (English). Amsterdam. info. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Gay Pride in Amsterdam (Dutch). Municipality Amsterdam. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Uitmarkt in Amsterdam (English). IAmsterdam. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Fashion in Amsterdam (Dutch). Municipality Amsterdam. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
External links
Government
- Amsterdam.nl - Official government site (Dutch)
- I amsterdam - Portal for international visitors
- The Amsterdam Site - Official tourism board site
Media
- Amsterdam Weekly - English language weekly newspaper
Other
- Amsterdam travel guide from Wikitravel
- Flickr: Photos tagged with "Amsterdam"
- Amsterdam at the Open Directory Project
- WikiSatellite view of Amsterdam at WikiMapia
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Flickr is an image and video hosting Website, Web services suite and Online community platform The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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