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Vitis labrusca
Vitis labrusca

Ampelography (Αμπελος, "vine" + γραφος, 'writing') is the field of botany concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines, Vitis spp.. Vitis labrusca ( Fox grape) is a Species of Grape native to the eastern United States. Ampelos (grc ἄμπελος is the Ancient Greek for " Vine " Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Vitis is a genus of about 60 species of vining plants in the Flowering plant family Vitaceae. Traditionally this has been done by comparing the shape and colour of the vine leaves and grape berries, more recently the study of vines has been revolutionised by DNA fingerprinting.

Contents

Early history

The grape vine is an extremely variable species, and some varieties, such as Pinot, mutate particularly frequently. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism At the same time, the wine and table grape industries have been important since ancient times, and so large sums of money can depend on the correct identification of different varieties and clones of grapevines.

The science of ampelography began seriously in the 19th Century, when it suddenly became important to understand more about the different species of vine, as they had very different resistance to disease and pests such as phylloxera. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar This article is about the grape phylloxera For the Genus, see Phylloxera (genus.

Many vine identification books were published at this time, of which one of the greatest is Victor Rendu's Ampélographie française of 1857, featuring beautiful hand-coloured lithographs by Eugene Grobon.

Pierre Galet

Up until the Second World War, ampelography had been an art. Then Pierre Galet of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier made a systematic assembly of criteria for the identification of vines. Pierre Galet (1921-) is a French ampelographer and author who was an influential figure within ampelography in the 20th century and before DNA typing was Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. The Galet system was based on the shape and contours of the leaves, the characteristics of growing shoots, shoot tips, petioles, the sex of the flowers, the shape of the grape clusters, and the colour, size and pips of the grapes themselves. The grapes are less affected by environmental factors than the leaves and the shoots, but are obviously not around for as long. He even included grape flavour as a criterion, but this is rather subjective.

Galet then published the definitive book, Ampélographie Pratique, in 1952, featuring 9600 types of vine. Ampélographie Pratique was translated into English in 1979, and was updated in 2000.

DNA

Carole Meredith at the University of California, Davis pioneered the use of genetic fingerprinting for vine identification. Carole P Meredith is an American Grape Geneticist who was a Professor at the Department of Viticulture and Enology of University The University of California Davis, commonly known as UC Davis, or just UCD, is a public coeducational university located in the city of Davis, Famous successes with the technique include proving the identity of Zinfandel, Primitivo, and Crljenak Kaštelanski, and identifying the parents of Sangiovese as Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. Zinfandel is a variety of red Grape planted in over 10 percent of California wine vineyards Sangiovese is a Red wine Grape variety originating in Italy whose name derives from sanguis Jovis, "the blood of Jove " Such exercises are giving valuable insight into historical patterns of trade and migration.

DNA fingerprinting uses segments of DNA that don't affect the look or taste of the grapes. More recent work has identified the genes responsible for the differences between grape varieties, such as the VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour, or the VvGAI1 gene that is mutated in some cells of Pinot meunier compared to Pinot noir. Pinot meunier, also known as Meunier, Schwarzriesling, Müllerrebe, and Miller's Burgundy, is a variety of black Wine Grape Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera. [1]

See also

The original Galet Ampélographie Pratique is the definitive book, either in French or in English translation, but has long been out of print and of course does not include any of the DNA evidence.

References

  1. ^ Paul K. Boss and Mark R. Thomas Association of dwarfism and floral induction with a grape 'green revolution' mutation Boss & Thomas, Nature 416, 847-850 (25 April 2002)

Dictionary

ampelography

-noun

  1. The science of description and identification of grapevine cultivars from the genus Vitis
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