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For the explosive "Ammonite", see Amatol. Amatol is a highly Explosive material made from a mixture of TNT and Ammonium nitrate.
For other uses, see Ammonite (disambiguation).
Ammonites
Fossil range: Late Silurian - Cretaceous
Artist's reconstruction of Douvilleiceras and Hoplites
Artist's reconstruction of Douvilleiceras and Hoplites
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: Ammonoidea
Zittel, 1884
Orders and Suborders

Order Ammonitida

Order Goniatitida

Order Ceratitida

  • Ceratitina
  • Prolecanitina

Ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals of the subclass Ammonoidea in the class Cephalopoda, phylum Mollusca. The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 The cephalopods ( Greek plural (kephalópoda "head-feet" are the Mollusc class Cephalopoda characterized by Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel ( September 25, 1839 - January 5, 1904) German Palaeontologist, was born at Bahlingen Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms Ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals of the subclass Ammonoidea in the class Cephalopoda phylum The Ancyloceratina were a diverse suborder of Ammonite most closely related to the ammonites of order Lytoceratina. The Phylloceratina suborder of Ammonites are a group extending from the Lower Triassic to Upper Cretaceous periods Lytoceratina is a Suborder belonging to the extinct Cephalopod subclass Ammonoidea. Goniatites are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled Cephalopods related to Squids Belemnites Octopuses Goniatitina is one of two suborders of the Goniatitida order They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled Cephalopods Ceratitida is an order belonging to the extinct Cephalopod subclass Ammonoidea. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. The cephalopods ( Greek plural (kephalópoda "head-feet" are the Mollusc class Cephalopoda characterized by A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 They are excellent index fossils, and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which they are found to specific geological time periods. Index fossils (also known as guide fossils or zone fossils are Fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other Ammonites' closest living relative is probably not the modern Nautilus (which they outwardly resemble), but rather the subclass Coleoidea (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish). Nautilus (from Greek ναυτίλος, 'sailor' is the common name of any marine creatures of the Cephalopod family Nautilidae, the sole Subclass Coleoidea is the grouping of Cephalopods containing all the primarily soft-bodied creatures The Squid are marine Cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida belonging to the Cephalopoda class (which also includes Squid, Octopuses Their fossil shells usually take the form of planispirals, although there were some helically-spiraled and non-spiraled forms (known as "heteromorphs"). FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Their name came from their spiral shape as their fossilized shells somewhat resemble tightly-coiled rams' horns. Plinius the Elder (died 79 A. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author D. near Pompeii) called fossils of these animals ammonis cornua ("horns of Ammon") because the Egyptian god Ammon (Amun) was typically depicted wearing ram's horns. Amun, reconstructed Egyptian Yamānu (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Ἄμμων [1] Often the name of an ammonite genus ends in ceras, which is Greek (κέρας) for "horn" (for instance, Pleuroceras). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

Contents

Classification

See also: List of ammonites

Originating from within the bactritoid nautiloids, the ammonoid cephalopods first appeared in the Late Silurian to Early Devonian (circa 400 million years ago) and became extinct at the close of the Cretaceous (65 m. This list of ammonites is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the subclass † Ammonoidea, excluding purely The Bactritida form a small order of more or less straight-shelled (orthoconic Cephalopods that first appeared during the Emsian Stage of the Devonian The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to  million years ago. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of y. a. ) along with the dinosaurs. The classification of ammonoids is based in part on the ornamentation and structure of the septa comprising their shells' gas chambers; by these and other characteristics we can divide subclass Ammonoidea into three orders and eight known suborders. For other uses of the term see Ornament In Architecture, ornament is a decorative detail used to embellish parts of a building or interior While nearly all nautiloids show gently curving sutures, the ammonoid suture line (the intersection of the septum with the outer shell) was folded, forming saddles (or peaks) and lobes (or valleys).

Suture patterns

Three major types of suture patterns in Ammonoidea have been noted:

Orders and suborders

An ammonitic ammonoid with the body chamber missing, showing the septal surface (especially at right) with its undulating lobes and saddles.
An ammonitic ammonoid with the body chamber missing, showing the septal surface (especially at right) with its undulating lobes and saddles.

The three orders and various suborders of Ammonoidea are herein listed from most primitive to more derived.

Life

Jeletzkytes, a Cretaceous ammonite from the USA
Jeletzkytes, a Cretaceous ammonite from the USA

Because ammonites and their close relatives are extinct, little is known about their way of life. Goniatites are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled Cephalopods related to Squids Belemnites Octopuses Goniatites are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled Cephalopods related to Squids Belemnites Octopuses Ceratitida is an order belonging to the extinct Cephalopod subclass Ammonoidea. Their soft body parts are very rarely preserved in any detail. Nonetheless, much has been worked out by examining ammonoid shells and by using models of these shells in water tanks.

Many ammonoids probably lived in the open water of ancient seas, rather than at the sea bottom. This is suggested by the fact that their fossils are often found in rocks that were laid down under conditions where no bottom-dwelling life is found. The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a Body of water such as an Ocean or a Lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface Many of them (such as Oxynoticeras) are thought to have been good swimmers with flattened, discus-shaped, streamlined shells, although some ammonoids were less effective swimmers and were likely to have been slow-swimming bottom-dwellers. Ammonites and their kin probably preyed on fishes, crustaceans and other small creatures; while they themselves were preyed upon by such marine reptiles as mosasaurs. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the ' Meuse river ' in the Netherlands and Greek sauros meaning 'lizard' were serpentine marine Fossilized ammonoids have been found showing teeth marks from such attacks.

The soft body of the creature occupied the largest segments of the shell at the end of the coil. The smaller earlier segments were walled off and the animal could maintain its buoyancy by filling them with gas. Thus the smaller sections of the coil would have floated above the larger sections. Many illustrations make the mistake of placing the larger end of the coil at the top for aesthetic reasons but this is factually incorrect. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called [2]

Shell anatomy and diversity

Basic shell anatomy

The chambered part of the ammonite shell is called a phragmocone. The phragmocone is the chambered portion of the shell of a Cephalopod. The phragmocone contains a series of progressively larger chambers, called camerae (sing. In Biology, Camera can refer to Camera (anatomy, spaces or chambers enclosed between two adjacent septa in the Phragmocone camera) that are divided by thin walls called septa (sing. Septa (singular septum) are thin walls or partitions between the internal chambers ( Camerae) of the shell of a Cephalopod, namely Nautiloids septum). Only the last and largest chamber, the body chamber, was occupied by the living animal at any given moment. The body chamber, also called the living chamber, is the outermost or last chamber in the shell of a Nautiloid or ammonoid Cephalopod As it grew, it added newer and larger chambers to the open end of the coil.

A variety of ammonite forms, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature).
A variety of ammonite forms, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 Kunstformen der Natur (Artforms of Nature). Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel ( February 16, 1834 — August 9, 1919)also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German

A thin living tube called a siphuncle passed through the septa, extending from the ammonite's body into the empty shell chambers. The siphuncle is a strand of tissue passing longitudinally through the shell of a Cephalopod Mollusk. Through a hyperosmotic active transport process, the ammonite emptied water out of these shell chambers. This enabled it to control the buoyancy of the shell and thereby rise or descend in the water column. In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is

A primary difference between ammonites and nautiloids is that the siphuncle of ammonites (excepting Clymeniina) runs along the ventral periphery of the septa and camerae (i. e. , the inner surface of the outer axis of the shell), while the siphuncle of nautiloids runs more or less through the center of the septa and camerae.

Sexual dimorphism

Ammonite species, Jurassic period
Ammonite species, Jurassic period

One feature found in shells of the modern Nautilus is the variation in the shape and size of the shell according to the gender of the animal, the shell of the male being slightly smaller and wider than that of the female. Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social This sexual dimorphism is thought to be an explanation for the variation in size of certain ammonite shells of the same species, the larger shell (called a macroconch) being female, and the smaller shell (called a microconch) being male. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. This is thought to be because the female required a larger body size for egg production. A good example of this sexual variation is found in Bifericeras from the early part of the Jurassic period of Europe. The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to  Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning

It is only in relatively recent years that the sexual variation in the shells of ammonites has been recognized. The macroconch and microconch of one species were often previously mistaken for two closely related but different species occurring in the same rocks. However, these "pairs" were so consistently found together that it became apparent that they were in fact sexual forms of the same species.

Variations in shape

The majority of ammonite species feature a shell that is a planispiral flat coil, but other species feature a shell that is nearly straight (as in baculites). Baculites ("walking stick rock" is a Genus of extinct marine animals in the Phylum Mollusca and Class Still other species' shells are coiled helically - superficially like that of a large gastropod (as in Turrilites and Bostrychoceras). The class Gastropoda or the gastropods, also previously known as gasteropods, or univalves, and more commonly known as Snails Some species' shells are even initially uncoiled, then partially coiled, and finally straight at maturity (as in Australiceras). These partially uncoiled and totally uncoiled forms began to diversify mainly during the early part of the Cretaceous and are known as heteromorphs.

Perhaps the most extreme and bizarre looking example of a heteromorph is Nipponites, which appears to be a tangle of irregular whorls lacking any obvious symmetrical coiling. Nipponites ("Stone of Nippon " is an extinct Genus of Heteromorph Ammonites The species of Nipponites (primarily However, upon closer inspection the shell proves to be a three-dimensional network of connected "U" shapes. Nipponites occurs in rocks of the upper part of the Cretaceous in Japan and the USA. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Ammonites vary greatly in the ornamentation (surface relief) of their shells. Some may be smooth and relatively featureless, except for growth lines, and resemble that of the modern Nautilus. In others various patterns of spiral ridges and ribs or even spines are shown. This type of ornamentation of the shell is especially evident in the later ammonites of the Cretaceous.

Aptychus

Like the modern nautilus, many ammonites were probably able to withdraw their body into the living chamber of the shell and developed either a single horny plate or a pair of calcitic plates with which they were able to close the opening of the shell. The opening of the shell is called the aperture. The plates are collectively termed the aptychus or aptychi in the case of a pair of plates, and anaptychus in the case of a single plate. An aptychus is either a two-valved closing hatch on the shells of extinct Ammonites or a jaw-piece of some modern Cephalopods When only a single plate is present The aptychi were identical and equal in size.

Asteroceras, a Jurassic ammonite from England
Asteroceras, a Jurassic ammonite from England

Anaptychi are relatively rare as fossils. They are found representing ammonites from the Devonian period through those of the Cretaceous period.

Calcified Aptychi only occur in ammonites from the Mesozoic era and are normally found detached from the shell and are rarely preserved in place. The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. Still, sufficient numbers have been found closing the apertures of fossil ammonite shells as to leave no doubt as to their intended purpose. (This long-standing and wide-spread interpretation of the function of the aptychus has long been disputed. The latest studies suggest that the anaptychus may have in fact formed part of a special jaw apparatus).

Large numbers of detached aptychi occur in certain beds of rock (such as those from the Mesozoic in the Alps). These rocks are usually accumulated at great depths. The modern Nautilus lacks any calcitic plate for closing its shell, and only one extinct nautiloid genus is known to have borne anything similar. Nautiloids are a group of marine Mollusks in the subclass Nautiloidea, which all possess an external shell the best-known example being the modern Nautiluses Nautilus does, however, have a leathery head shield (the hood) which it uses to cover the opening when it retreats inside.

There are many forms of aptychus, varying in shape and the sculpture of the inner and outer surfaces, but because they are so rarely found in position within the shell of the ammonite it is often unclear to which species of ammonite many aptychi belong. A number of aptychi have been given their own genus and even species names independent of their unknown owners' genus and species, pending future discovery of verified occurrences within ammonite shells.

Size

Large ammonite fossil
Large ammonite fossil

Few of the ammonites occurring in the lower and middle part of the Jurassic period reach a size exceeding 23 centimetres (9 inches) in diameter. Much larger forms are found in the later rocks of the upper part of the Jurassic and the lower part of the Cretaceous, such as Titanites from the Portland Stone of Jurassic of southern England, which is often 53 centimetres (2 feet) in diameter, and Parapuzosia seppenradensis of the Cretaceous period of Germany, which is one of the largest known ammonites, sometimes reaching 2 metres (6. Parapuzosia seppenradensis is the largest known species of Ammonite. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 5 feet) in diameter. The largest documented North American ammonite is Parapuzosia bradyi from the Cretaceous with specimens measuring 137 centimetres (4. 5 feet) in diameter, although a new British Columbian specimen, if authentic, would appear to trump even the European champion. [3]

Distribution

Starting from the late Silurian, ammonoids were extremely abundant, especially as ammonites during the Mesozoic era. The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. Many genera evolved and ran their course quickly, becoming extinct in a few million years. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Due to their rapid evolution and widespread distribution, ammonoids are used by geologists and paleontologists for biostratigraphy. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system Palaeontology redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Palaeontology (journal. Biostratigraphy is the branch of Stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the Fossil assemblages contained They are excellent index fossils, and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which they are found to specific geological time periods. Index fossils (also known as guide fossils or zone fossils are Fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other

A specimen of Hoploscaphites from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Much of the original shell has survived.
A specimen of Hoploscaphites from the Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Much of the original shell has survived.

Due to their free-swimming and/or free-floating habits, ammonites often happened to live directly above seafloor waters so poor in oxygen as to prevent the establishment of animal life on the seafloor. Nekton refers to the aggregate of actively swimming aquatic organisms in a body of water (usually oceans or lakes able to move independently of water currents Plankton consist of any drifting Organisms ( Animals Plants Archaea, or Bacteria) that inhabit the Pelagic zone of When upon death the ammonites fell to this seafloor and were gradually buried in accumulating sediment, bacterial decomposition of these corpses often tipped the delicate balance of local redox conditions sufficiently to lower the local solubility of minerals dissolved in the seawater, notably phosphates and carbonates. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. The resulting spontaneous concentric precipitation of minerals around a fossil is called a concretion and is responsible for the outstanding preservation of many ammonite fossils. A concretion is a volume of Sedimentary rock in which a Mineral cement fills the porosity (i

When ammonites are found in clays their original mother-of-pearl coating is often preserved. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Nacre, also known as mother of pearl, is an organic-inorganic Composite material produced by some Mollusks as an inner shell layer This type of preservation is found in ammonites such as Hoplites from the Cretaceous Gault clay of Folkestone in Kent, England. The Gault Clay is a formation of stiff blue Clay deposited in a calm fairly deep water marine environment during the Lower Cretaceous Period (Upper and Middle England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

The Cretaceous Pierre Shale formation of the United States and Canada is well known for the abundant ammonite fauna it yields, including Baculites, Placenticeras, Scaphites, Hoploscaphites, and Jeletzkytes, as well as many uncoiled forms. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Scaphites ( Greek skafh, "a boat or anything dug or scooped out" is a Genus of extinct Cephalopod belonging to the Many of these also have much or all of the original shell, as well as the complete body chamber, still intact. Many Pierre Shale ammonites, and indeed many ammonites throughout earth history, are found inside concretions. A concretion is a volume of Sedimentary rock in which a Mineral cement fills the porosity (i

An iridescent ammonite from Madagascar.
An iridescent ammonite from Madagascar.

Other fossils, such as many found in Madagascar and Alberta (Canada), display iridescence. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Iridescence is an Optical phenomenon in which Hue changes with the angle from which a surface is viewed These iridescent ammonites are often of gem quality (ammolite) when polished. Ammolite is a rare and valuable Opal -like organic Gemstone found primarily along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of the United States In no case would this iridescence have been visible during the animal's life; additional shell layers covered it.

The majority of ammonoid specimens, especially those of the Paleozoic era, are preserved only as internal molds; that it to say, the outer shell (composed of aragonite) has been lost through fossilization. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" Aragonite is a Carbonate mineral, one of the two common naturally occurring polymorphs of Calcium carbonate, Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 It is only in these internal-moldic specimens that the suture lines can be observed; in life the sutures would have been hidden by the outer shell.

The ammonoids survived several major extinction events, with often only a few species surviving. An extinction event (also known as mass extinction; extinction-level event, ELE is a sharp decrease in the number of Species in a relatively short period Each time, however, this handful would diversify into a multitude of forms. Ammonite fossils became less abundant during the latter part of the Mesozoic, with none surviving into the Cenozoic era. The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" The last surviving lines disappeared along with the dinosaurs 65 million years ago in the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which occurred approximately ( Ma) was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically That no ammonites survived the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous, while some nautiloid cousins survived, might be due to differences in ontogeny. An extinction event (also known as mass extinction; extinction-level event, ELE is a sharp decrease in the number of Species in a relatively short period Ontogeny, as opposed to Phylogeny, refers to the history of an organism from birth as opposed to its genetic makeup If their extinction was due to a meteor strike, plankton around the globe could have been severely diminished, thereby dooming ammonite reproduction during its planktonic stage. Plankton consist of any drifting Organisms ( Animals Plants Archaea, or Bacteria) that inhabit the Pelagic zone of

Mythology

In medieval Europe, fossilised ammonites were thought to be petrified snakes, and were called "snakestones". A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. They were taken to be evidence for the actions of saints such as St Hilda and St Patrick. Hilda of Whitby (c 614&ndash680 is a Christian Saint. The source of information about Hilda is The Ecclesiastical History of the English Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint Traders would occasionally carve the face of a snake into the empty, wide end of the ammonite fossil and sell them to the public. Ammonites from the Gandaki river in Nepal are known as saligrams, and are believed by Hindus to be a concrete manifestation of God or Vishnu. The Gandaki River also known as the Kali Gandaki, Narayani (after confluence with Trisuli in Nepal and the Gandak in India is a tributary of the Ganga or Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Sila, (also spelt as Shila or Sheela) refers to a Vaishnava ( Hindu) Murti in the form of a spherical usually black-coloured stone A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific [4]

Terminological note

The words "ammonite" and "ammonoid" are both used quite loosely in common parlance to refer to any member of subclass Ammonoidea. However, in stricter usage the term "ammonite" is reserved for members of suborder Ammonitina (or sometimes even order Ammonitida).

See also

References and further reading

  1. ^ NH 37. Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 40. 167
  2. ^ Introduction to Ammonoidea. The Geology of Portsdown Hill. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy.
  3. ^ Ammonites. Hanman's Fossil Replicas and Minerals.
  4. ^ Fossils: myths, mystery, and magic. The Independent.

External links

Dictionary

ammonite

-noun

  1. An explosive prepared from ammonium nitrate; amatol
  2. Any of an extinct group of cephalopods of the subfamily Ammonoidea; a fossil shell of such an animal

Ammonite

-proper noun

  1. Extinct Canaanite language of the Ammonite people who used to live in modern-day northwest Jordan, and after whom its capital Amman is named. Extinct since 5th century BCE.
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