Ammonia
IUPAC name	Azane
Other names	Ammonia Hydrogen nitride Spirit of Hartshorn Nitro-Sil Vaporole[1]
Identifiers
CAS number	[7664-41-7]
PubChem	222
UN number	anhydrous:1005 solutions:2672, 2073, 3318
RTECS number	BO0875000
SMILES	N
InChI	1/H3N/h1H3
Properties
Molecular formula	NH3
Molar mass	17. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component UN numbers or UN IDs are four-digit numbers that identify Hazardous substances, and articles (such as explosives flammable liquids toxic substances etc List of UN Numbers UN 1001 to UN 1100 List of UN Numbers UN 2601 to UN 2700 List of UN Numbers UN 2001 to UN 2100 List of UN Numbers The UN numbers from UN3301 to UN3400 as assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier ( InChI, pronounced "INchee" is a textual Identifier for Chemical substances designed to provide a A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 0306 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless gas with strong pungent odour
Density	0. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 6942[2]
Melting point	-77. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 73 °C (195. 42 K)
Boiling point	-33. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 34 °C (239. 81 K)
Solubility in water	89. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 9 g/100 mL at 0 °C
Basicity (pKb)	4. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 75 (reaction with H2O)
Refractive index (nD)	εr
Structure
Molecular shape	Trigonal pyramid
Dipole moment	1. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. In Chemistry, a trigonal pyramid is a Molecular geometry with one atom at the Apex and three atoms at the corners of a Trigonal base In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a 42 D
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	Hazardous gas, caustic, corrosive
NFPA 704	1 3 0
R-phrases	R10, R23, R34, R50 (S1/2), S16, S36/37/39, S45, S61
Flash point	None[3]
Autoignition temperature	651 °C
Related compounds
Other anions	hydroxide (NH3. The debye (symbol D) is a non- SI, CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance This page provides supplementary chemical data on Ammonia. Structure and properties Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge See also Ammonia Ammonium hydroxide (NH3 also known as ammonia water, aqua ammonia, or aqueous ammonia, is a solution of H2O)
Other cations	Ammonium (NH4+)
Related	chloride (NH4Cl)
Related compounds	Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydroxylamine Chloramine
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry Hydrazoic acid, H[[nitrogen N3]] is a colorless volatile and extremely explosive liquid at room temperature and pressure Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH It can be considered a hybrid of Ammonia and Water due to parallels it shares Chloramine (monochloramine is a Chemical compound with the formula NH2Cl This page provides supplementary chemical data on Ammonia. Structure and properties This page provides supplementary chemical data on Ammonia. Structure and properties The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH₃. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Ammonia. Structure and properties This page provides supplementary chemical data on Ammonia. Structure and properties Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, also is a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.

Ammonia, as used commercially, is often called anhydrous ammonia. This term emphasizes the absence of water in the material. Because NH₃ boils at -33 °C, the liquid must be stored under high pressure or at low temperature. Its heat of vaporization is, however, sufficiently great that NH₃ can be readily handled in ordinary beakers in a fume hood. The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required A fume hood or fume cupboard is a large piece of Scientific equipment common to Chemistry laboratories designed to limit a person's exposure to hazardous "Household ammonia" or "ammonium hydroxide" is a solution of NH₃ in water. See also Ammonia Ammonium hydroxide (NH3 also known as ammonia water, aqua ammonia, or aqueous ammonia, is a solution of The strength of such solutions is measured in units of baume (density), with 26 degrees baume (about 30 weight percent ammonia at 15. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 5 °C) being the typical high concentration commercial product. ^[4] Household ammonia ranges in concentration from 5 to 10 weight percent ammonia. (See Baumé scale)

Contents 1 Structure and basic chemical properties 1.1 Natural occurrence 2 History 3 Synthesis and production 4 Biosynthesis 5 Properties 5.1 Formation of salts 5.2 Acidity 5.3 Formation of other compounds 5.4 Ammonia as a ligand 6 Uses 6.1 Nitric Acid production 6.2 Fertilizer 6.3 Refrigeration - R717 6.4 Neutralizer of Diesel engine emissions 6.5 Disinfectant 6.6 Fuel 7 Use as a diesel / gasoline / petrol replacement 7.1 Cigarettes 7.2 Illicit Drug Manufacture 8 Ammonia's role in biologic systems and human disease 8.1 Excretion 8.2 Theoretical role in alternative biochemistry 9 Liquid ammonia as a solvent 9.1 Solubility of salts 9.2 Solutions of metals 9.3 Redox properties of liquid ammonia 10 Detection and determination 10.1 Interstellar space 11 Safety precautions 11.1 Toxicity and storage information 11.2 Household use 11.3 Laboratory use of ammonia solutions 11.4 Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid) 12 Safety 13 References 14 See also 15 Bibliography 16 External links

Structure and basic chemical properties

The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape, as predicted by VSEPR theory. The Baumé scale is a pair of Hydrometer scales developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé in 1768 to measure Density of various liquids In Chemistry, a trigonal pyramid is a Molecular geometry with one atom at the Apex and three atoms at the corners of a Trigonal base Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR theory (1957 is a model in Chemistry, which is used for predicting the shapes of individual Molecules based The nitrogen atom in the molecule has a lone electron pair, and ammonia acts as a base, a proton acceptor. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and This shape gives the molecule a dipole moment and makes it polar so that ammonia readily dissolves in water. In physics there are two kinds of dipoles ( Hellènic: di(s- = two- and pòla = pivot hinge An electric dipole is a "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as The degree to which ammonia forms the ammonium ion increases upon lowering the pH of the solution— at "physiological" pH (~7), about 99% of the ammonia molecules are protonated. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances In chemistry protonation is the addition of a proton ( H[[Cation +]] to an Atom, Molecule, or Ion. Temperature and salinity also affect the proportion of NH₄⁺. NH₄⁺ has the shape of a regular tetrahedron. A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex.

The main use of ammonia is for fertilizer (83% in 2003). Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Another major application is its conversion to explosives, because nitric acid is made via oxidation of ammonia. An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied The entire nitrogen content of all manufactured organic compounds is derived from ammonia. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. ^[5]

Natural occurrence

Ammonia is found in small quantities in the atmosphere, being produced from the putrefaction of nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. Putrefaction is the decomposition of animal Proteins especially by anaerobic microorganisms, described as Putrefying bacteria. Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, whereas ammonium chloride (sal-ammoniac), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts; crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in Patagonian guano. Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Ammonium sulfate, (NH42SO4 is an inorganic chemical compound commonly used as a fertilizer Ammonium bicarbonate, also called bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, hartshorn, or powdered baking ammonia, is the Llao LLaojpg|thumb|250px| Lake Nahuel Huapi, near Bariloche, Argentina Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals The kidneys secrete NH₃ to neutralize excess acid. ^[6] Ammonium salts also are found distributed through all fertile soil and in seawater. Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called ammoniacal.

History

The Romans called the ammonium chloride deposits they collected from near the Temple of Jupiter Amun (Greek Ἄμμων Ammon) in ancient Libya 'sal ammoniacus' (salt of Amun) because of proximity to the nearby temple. Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Amun, reconstructed Egyptian Yamānu (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Ἄμμων Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Ancient Libya was the region west of the Nile Valley. It corresponds to what is now generally called Northwest Africa. ^[7] Salts of ammonia have been known from very early times; thus the term Hammoniacus sal^[8] appears in the writings of Pliny, although it is not known whether the term is identical with the more modern sal-ammoniac. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author ^[8]

In the form of sal-ammoniac, ammonia was known to the alchemists as early as the 13th century, being mentioned by Albertus Magnus. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of ^[9] It was also used by dyers in the Middle Ages in the form of fermented urine^[9] to alter the colour of vegetable dyes. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. In the 15th century, Basilius Valentinus showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal-ammoniac. Basilius Valentinus, also known under the Anglicized version of his name Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. At a later period, when sal-ammoniac was obtained by distilling the hoofs and horns of oxen and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with hydrochloric acid, the name "spirit of hartshorn" was applied to ammonia. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water ^[9]

Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by Joseph Priestley in 1774 and was termed by him alkaline air; however it was acquired by the alchemist Basil Valentine. Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 ( Old Basilius Valentinus, also known under the Anglicized version of his name Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. ^[10] Eleven years later in 1785, Claude Louis Berthollet ascertained its composition. Claude Louis Berthollet ( December 9, 1748 &ndash November 6, 1822) was a Savoyard Chemist who "became vice president

The Haber process to produce ammonia from the nitrogen in the air was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in 1909 and patented in 1910. The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 &ndash 29 January 1934 was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for Carl Bosch ( August 27, 1874 &ndash April 26, 1940) was a German Chemist and Engineer who won the It was first used on an industrial scale by the Germans during World War I,^[5]

Synthesis and production

see Haber Process

Because of its many uses, ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate Dozens of chemical plants worldwide produce ammonia. A chemical plant is industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes Chemicals usually on a large scale The worldwide ammonia production in 2004 was 109 million metric tonnes. Because of its many uses Ammonia is one of the most highly-produced inorganic chemicals This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. ^[11] The People's Republic of China produced 28. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 4% of the worldwide production followed by India with 8. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 6%, Russia with 8. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 4%, and the United States with 8. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 2%. ^[11] About 80% or more of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizing agricultural crops. ^[11]

Before the start of World War I, most ammonia was obtained by the dry distillation^[12] of nitrogenous vegetable and animal waste products, including camel dung, where it was distilled by the reduction of nitrous acid and nitrites with hydrogen; in addition, it was produced by the distillation of coal, and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by alkaline hydroxides^[13] such as quicklime, the salt most generally used being the chloride (sal-ammoniac) thus:

2 NH₄Cl + 2 CaO → CaCl₂ + Ca(OH)₂ + 2 NH₃

Today, the typical modern ammonia-producing plant first converts natural gas (i. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Dry distillation is the Heating of Solid materials to produce Liquid or Gaseous products (which may condense into solids Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Nitrous acid (molecular formula H[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is a weak and monobasic Acid known only in Solution and in the form of Nitrite The nitrite Ion is NO2− The anion is bent being Isoelectronic with O3. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, e. , methane) or liquified petroleum gas (such gases are propane and butane) or petroleum naphtha into gaseous hydrogen. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or Autogas) is a mixture of Hydrocarbon Gases used as a Fuel Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable Butane, also called n -butane, is the unbranched Alkane with four Carbon Atoms CH3CH2CH2CH3 Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons i Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Starting with a natural gas feedstock, the processes used in producing the hydrogen are:

• The first step in the process entails removal of sulfur compounds from the feedstock, because sulfur deactivates the catalysts used in subsequent steps. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Catalytic hydrogenation converts organosulfur compounds into gaseous hydrogen sulfide:

H₂ + RSH → RH + H₂S(g)

• The hydrogen sulfide is then removed by passing the gas through beds of zinc oxide where it is absorbed and converted to solid zinc sulfide:

H₂S + ZnO → ZnS + H₂O

• Catalytic steam reforming of the sulfur-free feedstock is then used to form hydrogen plus carbon monoxide:

CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3 H₂

• In the next step, the water gas shift reaction is used to convert the carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and more hydrogen:

CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂

• The carbon dioxide is then removed either by absorption in aqueous ethanolamine solutions or by adsorption in pressure swing adsorbers (PSA) using proprietary solid adsorption media. Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2 Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. Zinc oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula ZnO It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in Acids and Bases It occurs Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide is a Chemical compound with the formula Zn[[Sulfur S]] Steam reforming (SR hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation, is a method of producing Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. The water gas shift reaction (WGS is a Chemical reaction in which Carbon monoxide reacts with Water to form Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine (often abbreviated as ETA or MEA) is an Organic chemical compound Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA is a technology used to separate some gas species from a mixture of gases under pressure according to the species' molecular characteristics and affinity

• The final step in producing the hydrogen is to use catalytic methanation to remove any small residual amounts of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide from the hydrogen:

CO + 3 H₂ → CH₄ + H₂O

CO₂ + 4 H₂ → CH₄ + 2 H₂O

• To produce the desired end-product ammonia, the hydrogen is then catalytically reacted with nitrogen (derived from process air) to form anhydrous liquid ammonia. This step is known as the ammonia synthesis loop (also referred to as the Haber-Bosch process):

3 H₂ + N₂ → 2 NH₃

The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal and methanation steps each operate at absolute pressures of about 25 to 35 bar, and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at absolute pressures ranging from 60 to 180 bar, depending upon which proprietary design is used. The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. There are many engineering and construction companies that offer proprietary designs for ammonia synthesis plants. Haldor Topsoe of Denmark, Lurgi AG of Germany, Uhde of Germany, and Kellogg, Brown and Root of the United States are among the most experienced companies in that field. Haldor Topsoe is a Danish Catalyst company The company was founded in 1940 by Dr The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe LURGI GmbH is a German Engineering Construction and Chemical Process Licensing company Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ThyssenKrupp AG ( is a large German industrial conglomerate, with more than 200000 employees Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. KBR Inc (formerly Kellogg Brown & Root) is an American engineering and construction company formerly a subsidiary of Halliburton, based in ^[14]

As the availability and usage of fossil fuel become problematic (see peak oil and climate change), the hydrogen required for ammonia synthesis could in principle be obtained from electrolysis (currently 4% of hydrogen production is from electrolysis) or thermal chemical cracking of water, but these alternatives are presently impractical. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The heat needed for thermal cracking can be obtained from nuclear reaction, while the electricity needed for electrolysis can be obtained from various renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydroelectricity, and various forms of ocean energy especially that of OTEC. A wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the Kinetic energy in Wind into Mechanical energy. Photovoltaics ( PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of Solar cells for Energy by converting Sunlight directly Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water The Oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations Ocean thermal energy conversion ( OTEC) is a method for generating electricity which uses the Temperature difference that exists between deep and shallow waters to A possible use for the excess electricity would be to use electrolysis on water to acquire the needed hydrogen. Alternatives to the production of ammonia from natural gas and air are uneconomic and the environmental benefits have not been established.

Biosynthesis

In certain organisms, ammonia is produced from atmospheric N₂ by enzymes called nitrogenases. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins Nitrogenase ( is the Enzyme used by some organisms to fix atmospheric Nitrogen gas (N2 The overall process is called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into Although it is unlikely that biomimetic methods will be developed that are competitive with the Haber process, intense effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation. The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate The scientific interest in this problem is motivated by the unusual structure of the active site of the enzyme, which consists of an Fe₇MoS₉ ensemble.

Ammonia is also a metabolic product of amino acid deamination. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Deamination is the removal of an Amine group from a Molecule. In humans, it is quickly converted to urea, which is much less toxic. Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] This urea is a major component of the dry weight of urine. Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra.

Properties

Ammonia is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell similar to human urine, as urine decomposes to release ammonia. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter It is lighter than air, its density being 0. Some Gases are buoyant in Air because they have densities lower than that of air (about 1 589 times that of air. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules; the liquid boils at -33. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of 3 °C, and solidifies at -77. 7 °C to a mass of white crystals. Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionizing powers (ε = 22), and solutions of salts in liquid ammonia have been much studied. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vaporization (23. The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 35 kJ/mol, cf. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity water 40. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as 65 kJ/mol, methane 8. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. 19 kJ/mol, phosphine 14. Phosphine is the common name for phosphorus hydride (PH3 also known by the IUPAC name phosphane and occasionally phosphamine. 6 kJ/mol) and can therefore be used in laboratories in non-insulated vessels at room temperature, even though it is well above its boiling point.

It is miscible with water. Miscibility is a term commonly used in Chemistry that refers to the property of Liquids to mix in all proportions forming a Homogeneous Solution Ammonia in an aqueous solution can be expelled by boiling. The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a density of 0. In Chemistry, saturation has five different meanings In Physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a Solution of a substance The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 880 g /cm³ and is often known as '. A cubic centimetre or cubic centimeter (symbol cm3 —the abbreviation cc, though widely used is deprecated is a commonly used unit of Volume 880 Ammonia'. Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion, except under narrow fuel to air mixtures from 15-25% air. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of When mixed with oxygen, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the At high temperature and in the presence of a suitable catalyst, ammonia is decomposed into its constituent elements. Chlorine catches fire when passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and hydrochloric acid; unless the ammonia is present in excess, then the highly explosive nitrogen trichloride (NCl₃) is also formed. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, trichlorine nitride is the Chemical compound with the formula NCl3

The ammonia molecule readily undergoes nitrogen inversion at room temperature - that is, the nitrogen atom passes through the plane of symmetry of the three hydrogen atoms; a useful analogy is an umbrella turning itself inside out in a strong wind. In Chemistry, a Nitrogen compound like Ammonia in a trigonal pyramid geometry undergoes rapid nitrogen inversion whereby the Molecule Reflection symmetry, line symmetry, mirror symmetry, mirror-image symmetry, or bilateral symmetry is Symmetry with respect "Parasol" redirects here For other uses see Umbrella (disambiguation, Umbrella (song or Parasol (disambiguation The energy barrier to this inversion is 24. 7 kJ/mol in ammonia, and the resonance frequency is 23. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's 79 GHz, corresponding to microwave radiation of a wavelength of 1. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. 260 cm. The absorption at this frequency was the first microwave spectrum to be observed. Rotational spectroscopy or microwave spectroscopy studies the absorption and emission Electromagnetic radiation (typically in the Microwave ^[15]

Formation of salts

One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its power of combining directly with acids to form salts; thus with hydrochloric acid it forms ammonium chloride (sal-ammoniac); with nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3 However perfectly dry ammonia will not combine with perfectly dry hydrogen chloride, a gas, moisture being necessary to bring about the reaction. ^[16]

NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl

The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the ammonium salts and all contain the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺). Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge

Acidity

Although ammonia is well-known as a base, it can also act as an extremely weak acid. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are It is a protic substance, and is capable of dissociation into the amide (NH₂⁻) ion, for example when solid lithium nitride is added to liquid ammonia, forming a lithium amide solution:

Li₃N_(s)+ 2 NH_{3 (l)} → 3 Li⁺_(am) + 3 NH₂⁻_(am)

This is a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction in which ammonia is acting as an acid. Lithium nitride is a compound of Lithium and Nitrogen with the Formula Li3N Lithium amide is an Inorganic compound with the chemical formula Li+NH2- i

Formation of other compounds

In organic chemistry, ammonia can act as a nucleophile in substitution reactions. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation In Chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover as in nucleus and phile) is a Reagent that forms a Chemical bond to In organic and Inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of Substitution reaction in which an "electron rich" Amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides, although the resulting –NH₂ group is also nucleophilic and secondary and tertiary amines are often formed as by-products. Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane An excess of ammonia helps minimise multiple substitution, and neutralises the hydrogen halide formed. Hydrogen halides (or hydrohalic acids) are acids resulting from the chemical reaction of Hydrogen with one of the Halogen elements ( Fluorine, Methylamine is prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia with chloromethane, and the reaction of ammonia with 2-bromopropanoic acid has been used to prepare racemic alanine in 70% yield. Methylamine is the Chemical compound with a formula of CH3NH2 Chloromethane, also called Methyl chloride, R-40 or HCC 40 is a Chemical compound of the group of Organic compounds called Haloalkanes. In Chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate, is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α- Amino acid with the Chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2CH3 Ethanolamine is prepared by a ring-opening reaction with ethylene oxide: the reaction is sometimes allowed to go further to produce diethanolamine and triethanolamine. Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine (often abbreviated as ETA or MEA) is an Organic chemical compound Diethanolamine, often abbreviated as DEA, is an organic chemical compound which is both a secondary Amine and a di Alcohol. Triethanolamine, often abbreviated as TEA, is an Organic chemical compound which is both a tertiary Amine and a tri- Alcohol.

Amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with a number of carboxylic acid derivatives. In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Acyl chlorides are the most reactive, but the ammonia must be present in at least a twofold excess to neutralise the hydrogen chloride formed. In Organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an Organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a Carboxylic acid. Esters and anhydrides also react with ammonia to form amides. Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least In Chemistry, an anhydride is a compound that can be considered as derived from another compound by subtracting the molecules of water. Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be dehydrated to amides so long as there are no thermally sensitive groups present: temperatures of 150–200 °C are required. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object

The hydrogen in ammonia is capable of replacement by metals, thus magnesium burns in the gas with the formation of magnesium nitride Mg₃N₂, and when the gas is passed over heated sodium or potassium, sodamide, NaNH₂, and potassamide, KNH₂, are formed. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Magnesium nitride, Mg3N2 is an Inorganic compound of Magnesium and Nitrogen. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Where necessary in substitutive nomenclature, IUPAC recommendations prefer the name azane to ammonia: hence chloramine would be named chloroazane in substitutive nomenclature, not chloroammonia. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization Chloramine (monochloramine is a Chemical compound with the formula NH2Cl

Ammonia as a ligand

Ammonia can act as a ligand in transition metal complexes. Ball-and-stick models and Space-filling models (also known as Calotte models) are 3D or spatial Molecular models which serve to display the structure In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. It is a pure σ-donor, in the middle of the spectrochemical series, and shows intermediate hard-soft behaviour. A spectrochemical series is a list of Ligands ordered on ligand strength and a list of metal ions based on oxidation number group and its identity The HSAB concept is an Acronym for 'hard and soft Acids and bases. For historical reasons, ammonia is named ammine in the nomenclature of coordination compounds. The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Some notable ammine complexes include:

• Tetraamminediaquacopper(II), [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺, a characteristic dark blue complex formed by adding ammonia to solution of copper(II) salts.
• Diamminesilver(I), [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺, the active species in Tollens' reagent. Tollens' reagent is usually ammoniacal silver nitrate but can also be other compounds as long as there is an aqueous diamminesilver(I complex. Formation of this complex can also help to distinguish between precipitates of the different silver halides: AgCl is soluble in dilute (2M) ammonia solution, AgBr is only soluble in concentrated ammonia solution while AgI is insoluble in aqueous solution of ammonia. Silver chloride is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ag[[Chlorine Cl]] Silver bromide (AgBr a soft pale-yellow insoluble salt well known (along with other silver halides for its unusual sensitivity to light. Silver iodide ( Ag[[Iodine I]] is a Chemical compound used in Photography and as an Antiseptic in medicine

Ammine complexes of chromium(III) were known in the late 19th century, and formed the basis of Alfred Werner's theory of coordination compounds. Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Alfred Werner ( December 12, 1866 - November 15, 1919) was a Swiss chemist who was a professor at the University Werner noted that only two isomers (fac- and mer-) of the complex [CrCl₃(NH₃)₃] could be formed, and concluded that the ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the vertices of an octahedron. An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces This has since been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of Atoms within a Crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and scatters

An ammine ligand bound to a metal ion is markedly more acidic than a free ammonia molecule, although deprotonation in aqueous solution is still rare. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are One example is the Calomel reaction, where the resulting amidomercury(II) compound is highly insoluble. Mercury(I chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula Hg2Cl2

Hg₂Cl₂ + 2 NH₃ → Hg + HgCl(NH₂) + NH₄⁺ + Cl⁻

Uses

Nitric Acid production

The most important single use of ammonia is in the production of nitric acid. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and A mixture of one part ammonia to nine parts air is passed over a platinum gauze catalyst at 700 °C - 850 °C, ~9 atm,^[17] whereupon the ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Beta oxidation is the process by which Fatty acids in the form of Acyl-CoA molecules are broken down in Mitochondria and/or in Peroxisomes to Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]]

4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O

2 NO + O₂ → 2 NO₂

2 NO₂ + 2 H₂O → 2 HNO₃ + H₂

The catalyst is essential, as the normal oxidation (or combustion) of ammonia gives dinitrogen and water: the production of nitric oxide is an example of kinetic control. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Thermodynamic reaction control or kinetic reaction control in a Chemical reaction can decide the composition in a reaction product when competing reactions lead to As the gas mixture cools to 200–250 °C, the nitric oxide is in turn oxidized by the excess of oxygen present in the mixture, to give nitrogen dioxide. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Nitrogen dioxide is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Oxygen O]]2 This is reacted with water to give nitric acid for use in the production of fertilizers and explosives. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied

Fertilizer

In addition to serving as a fertilizer ingredient, ammonia can also be used directly as a fertilizer by forming a solution with irrigation water, without additional chemical processing. This later use allows the continuous growing of nitrogen dependent crops such as maize (corn) without crop rotation but this type of use leads to poor soil health. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel

Refrigeration - R717

Ammonia's thermodynamic properties made it one of the refrigerants commonly used in refrigeration units prior to the discovery of dichlorodifluoromethane^[18] in 1928, also known as Freon or R12. A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that undergoes a Phase change from a Gas to a Liquid and back Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable Dichlorodifluoromethane ( R-12) usually sold under the Brand name Freon-12, is a Chlorofluorocarbon Halomethane, commonly known Freon is DuPont 's trade name for its odorless colorless nonflammable and noncorrosive Chlorofluorocarbon and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants

But ammonia is toxic, gaseous, irritant, and corrosive to copper alloys, and over a kilogram is needed for even a miniature fridge. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 With an ammonia refrigerant, the ever present risk of an escape brings with it a risk to life. However data on ammonia escapes has shown this to be an extremely small risk in practice, and there is consequently no control on the use of ammonia refrigeration in densely populated areas and buildings in almost all jurisdictions in the world.

Its use in domestic refrigeration has been mostly replaced by CFCs and HFCs in the first world, which are more or less non-toxic and non-flammable, and butane and propane in the 3rd world, which despite their high flammability do not seem to have produced any significant level of accidents. Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite causing Fire or Combustion. Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite causing Fire or Combustion. Ammonia has continued to be used for miniature and multifuel fridges, such as minibars and caravan refrigerators.

These ammonia absorption cycle domestic refrigerators do not use compression and expansion cycles, but are driven by temperature differences. However the energy efficiency of such refrigerators is relatively low. Today the smallest refrigerators mostly use solid state peltier thermopile heat pumps rather than the ammonia absorption cycle. A thermopile is an electronic device that converts Thermal energy into Electrical energy.

Ammonia continues to be used as a refrigerant in large industrial processes such as bulk icemaking and industrial food processing. Since the implication of haloalkanes being major contributors to ozone depletion, ammonia is again seeing increasing use as a refrigerant. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's Ammonia is increasingly popular in commercial applications, such as in grocery store freezer cases and refrigerated displays.

Neutralizer of Diesel engine emissions

Ammonia neutralizes the nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants emitted by diesel engine tailpipes. ^[19]

Disinfectant

It is also sometimes added to drinking water along with chlorine to form chloramine, a disinfectant. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Chloramine (monochloramine is a Chemical compound with the formula NH2Cl Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. Unlike chlorine alone, chloramine does not combine with organic (carbon containing) materials to form carcinogenic halomethanes such as chloroform. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Halomethane compounds are molecules of Methane ( C[[hydrogen H]]4 with one or more of the Hydrogen atoms replaced with Halogen atoms Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl However, chlorine and ammonia should never be mixed in an uncontrolled environment because they cause a chemical reaction that releases toxic gas. See Safety precautions for more information. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor

Fuel

Ammonia was used during World War II fuel shortages to power buses in Belgium and used in engine and solar energy applications prior to 1900. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Liquid ammonia was used as the fuel of the rocket airplane, the X-15. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no soot in the reusable rocket engine and its density approximately matches that for the oxidizer, liquid oxygen, which simplified the aircraft's design. Ammonia is proposed as a practical, clean (CO₂-free), alternative to fossil fuel for internal combustion engines. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a ^[20] In 1981 a Canadian company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia as fuel. ^[21][22] Ammonia is marketed as a low-emission fuel. ^[23]

According to Google, Ammonia is running at about $500/tonne. This compares with the present crude oil price at $120 barrel, which is equivalent to about $850 tonne.

The calorific value of ammonia is 22. 5 MJ/kg which is about half that of diesel. In addition because of the high hydrogen content of ammonia, in a normal engine, in which the mositure is not condensed, the calorific value of ammonia will be about 20% less than this figure.

Ammonia is comparable to gasoline as a fuel for combustion engines. Three gallons of ammonia is equivalent to one gallon of gasoline in energy content. In other terms, 2. 35 pounds of ammonia is equivalent to one pound of gasoline in energy content. Cost wise in 1998, bulk ammonia was $1. 13 per gallon gasoline equivalent.

Use as a diesel / gasoline / petrol replacement

The potential attractions are large:

Upside

It can apparently be burnt in modern high speed car engines with little modification, other than the addition of 5% pilot fuel - which could be hydrocarbon or hydrogen, of which the latter could be stored on board. ^[24]

It is compressible / liquefiable / dense enough to fit into existing cars. It would get all the "Jeremy Clarkson" benefits of manly, noisy piston engines compared to the non manly whine of a motor. There would be less opposition from the motor trade who want to carry on the lucrative business of expensive to maintain IC engines. At the moment the ammonia price is about the same or less per unit energy than petrol albeit it this is based on natural gas feedstock. No greenhouse emissions Less toxic and flammable etc. Huge manufacturing infrastructure exists based on natural gas, but only the front end of the process needs to change. Huge ammonia distribution infrastructure already existing Could be produced using electricity from renewable and fluctuating wind power. Could be produced from remote renewable energy sources in the middle of say the Gobi desert / Sahara wind / and shipped to markets. Ian readily be used in modern engines since unlike methanol it will not damage seals and pumps. battery powered cars will require some form of stored fuel to heat the occupants in winter whereas as ammonia means drivers could carry on using the existing engine waste heat method.

Downside:

As points out, the efficiency will be less than a battery powered car at 70%. It seems that ammonia can be burnt at around 40% ^[25]

hydrogen can be electrolysed at say 70% efficiency and burnt in a car at around 40% ^[26] given 28% overall, which is half that of a battery.

However, if the 30% waste heat can be used in say district heating this ups the effective efficiency.

Also the electrolysis of water not only gives hydrogen, but also oxygen - this is normally produced at huge energy cost from the air using electricity - so presumably there are offset energy efficiencies there.

Clearly the energy balance for producing ammonia from electricity, and the offset oxygen production cost, use of waste heat offset energy cost, and at what temperature the waste heat is available at are crucial.

Any one got any other comments / references.

Apparently it was used to run buses in Belgium in WW2

Production:

The 60 MW hydro station at Vermork, Norway provided most of Europe's ammonia fertilizer, from 1911 onwards to the '30s, by electrolysis of water, to hydrogen, and then synthesis from hydrogen plus air to ammonia. So "green" ammonia could be produced in a similar fashion from renewable energy generation schemes.

Pure ammonia is not suitable for use in high-speed engines. Its flame speed is too low.

However, ammonia can be doped by environmentally friendly chemical additives, and thus be compatible in high-speed engines. ^[27]

The efficiency in an IC engines is around 50%, but that is probably LCV so HCV efficiency may be nearer 40%. . . . ^[28]

Ammonia is comparable to gasoline as a fuel for combustion engines. Three gallons of ammonia

is equivalent to one gallon of gasoline in energy content. In other terms, 2. 35 pounds of

ammonia is equivalent to one pound of gasoline in energy content. Cost wise in 1998, bulk

ammonia was $1. 13 per gallon gasoline equivalent. ^[29]

If the Hydrogen Engine Center ammonia fueled commercial internal combustion engines are as high in efficiency (50%) as Ted Hollinger indicates, it will be difficult for fuel cells to compete," commented Norm Olsen, P. E. , Manager of Iowa State University's BECON (Biomass Energy Conversion) Facility in Nevada, IA. ^[30]

Ammonia fuel: the key to hydrogen-based transportation MacKenzie, J. J. Avery, W. H. World Resources Inst. , Washington, DC;

Ammonia (NH3) is a high octane fuel (110) that can replace CO2 producing fuels in automobile transportation. It shares with hydrogen the virtue of yielding only water and nitrogen as combustion products when burned in internal combustion engines but avoids the packaging, safety and logistic problems of using hydrogen fuels in motor vehicles. Ammonia can be stored under moderate pressure at ambient temperatures. (Its physical properties are closely similar to those of liquid propane. ) It can be packaged in a volume compatible with present automobiles. It is used as a fertilizer in quantities of over 100 million tons per year so that facilities for its storage, safe handling, transportation and distribution are available worldwide. It could be an economical replacement for gasoline if the foreseen costs of air pollution and global warming caused by fossil fuels are included in the economic evaluation

[31]

Abstract : Ammonia can be used successfully as a spark ignition engine fuel and at presently existing compression ratios, if introduced as a vapor and if first partly dissociated to hydrogen and nitrogen. Under such circumstances little engine modification is necessary other than a means for flow control of the ammonia and adjustment of the spark timing. Maximum experimental power output for ammonia was 72 per cent of that for iso-octane. This result compares favorably with a theoretically predicted output, when adjusted for 5 per cent hydrogen dissociation, of 75 per cent. Specific fuel consumption using ammonia is increased by a factor of 2 over that of hydrocarbon when compared at peak power and 2-1/2 times when compared at maximum economy. Hydrogen concentration in the fuel feed is a critical factor for successful operation on ammonia as fuel. Minimum concentrations appear to be 4 to 5 per cent by weight at intermediate engine speeds of 1800 rpm. Engine performance rapidly falls if less than minimum concentrations of hydrogen are used. This seems to relate to the self-generating character of the ammonia decomposition during the compression and combustion processes. Performance factors such as are influenced by engine speed, spark timing and manifold pressure are not far different with ammonia than with hydrocarbons as long as minimum amounts of hydrogen are inducted as a part of the fuel flow. ^[32]

Cigarettes

During the 1960s, tobacco companies such as Brown & Williamson and Philip Morris began using ammonia in cigarettes. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Brown & Williamson was an American Tobacco company and subsidiary of the giant British American Tobacco, that produced several popular Cigarette A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured Many hypotheses have appeared in the media and technical literature that ammonia enhances the amount of nicotine available to the smoker, nicotine's bioavailability, and the reinforcing or addictive ability. ^[33] In contrast, a number of recent publications in the scientific literature have demonstrated that ammonia-forming compounds in tobacco and ammonia in mainstream tobacco smoke do not increase either the total amount or total rate of nicotine to the bloodstream or brains of smokers. ^[34][35]

Illicit Drug Manufacture

• Largely before the popularization of crack cocaine, ammonium hydroxide was commonly used in the production of "freebase cocaine"
• Conversely (when noting the presence or absence of water in the solution), anhydrous ammonia is often used in one of the most dangerous methods for the production of methamphetamine

Ammonia's role in biologic systems and human disease

Ammonia is an important source of nitrogen for living systems. Crack cocaine or crack is a solid smokable form of Cocaine. It is a freebase form of cocaine that can be made using baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant See also Ammonia Ammonium hydroxide (NH3 also known as ammonia water, aqua ammonia, or aqueous ammonia, is a solution of Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Although atmospheric nitrogen abounds, few living creatures are capable of utilizing this nitrogen. Nitrogen is required for the synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Some plants rely on ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes incorporated into the soil by decaying matter. Others, such as nitrogen-fixing legumes, benefit from symbiotic relationships with rhizobia which create ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants This article is about the biological phenomenon for other uses see Symbiosis (disambiguation The term symbiosis (from the Greek Rhizobia (from the Greek words rhiza = root and bios = Life are Soil bacteria that fix Nitrogen ( Diazotrophy ^[36]

Ammonia also plays a role in both normal and abnormal animal physiology. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Ammonia is created through normal amino acid metabolism and is toxic in high concentrations. ^[37] The liver converts ammonia to urea through a series of reactions known as the urea cycle. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animals that produces Urea ( N[[hydrogen Liver dysfunction, such as that seen in cirrhosis, may lead to elevated amounts of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic Liver Disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous Scar tissue as well as regenerative Hyperammonemia (or 'hyperammonaemia' is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of Ammonia in the blood Likewise, defects in the enzymes responsible for the urea cycle, such as ornithine transcarbamylase, lead to hyperammonemia. Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC (also called ornithine carbamoyltransferase) is an Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between Carbamoyl phosphate (CP Hyperammonemia contributes to the confusion and coma of hepatic encephalopathy as well as the neurologic disease common in people with urea cycle defects and organic acidurias. In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. Hepatic encephalopathy (sometimes hepatoencephalopathy) is a potentially-reversible Neuropsychiatric abnormality in the setting of Liver failure, whether Organic acidemia, also called organic aciduria, is a term used to classify a group of metabolic disorders which disrupt normal Amino acid metabolism, particularly ^[38]

Ammonia is important for normal animal acid/base balance. After formation of ammonium from glutamine, α-ketoglutarate may be degraded to produce two molecules of bicarbonate which are then available as buffers for dietary acids. Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamate or Glutamic acid) is one of the 20 Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is one of two Ketone derivatives of Glutaric acid. In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation Ammonium is excreted in the urine resulting in net acid loss. Ammonia may itself diffuse across the renal tubules, combine with a hydrogen ion, and thus allow for further acid excretion. ^[39]

Excretion

Main article: Excretion

Ammonium ions are a toxic waste product of the metabolism in animals. Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. In fishes and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the urea cycle to urea, because it is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animals that produces Urea ( N[[hydrogen Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into uric acid, which is solid, and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss. Uric acid (or urate) is an Organic compound of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 ^[40]

Theoretical role in alternative biochemistry

Ammonia has been proposed as a possible replacement for water as a bodily solvent in the theoretical alternative biochemistries of lifeforms that do not use carbon for cellular structure and water as a solvent to dissolve bodily solutes and allow essential parts of metabolic processes to occur. Alternative biochemistry is the speculative Biochemistry of alien Life forms that differ radically from those on Earth. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. It has been suggested that ammonia would be most favorable for lifeforms that live in temperatures below the freezing point of water.

Liquid ammonia as a solvent

See also: Inorganic nonaqueous solvent

Liquid ammonia is the best-known and most widely studied non-aqueous ionizing solvent. An inorganic nonaqueous solvent is a Solvent other than water that is not an Organic compound. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conducting solutions containing solvated electrons. A solvated electron is a Free electron in (solvated in a Solution. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions. Comparison of the physical properties of NH₃ with those of water shows that NH₃ has the lower melting point, boiling point, density, viscosity, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity; this is due at least in part to the weaker H bonding in NH₃ and the fact that such bonding cannot form cross-linked networks since each NH₃ molecule has only 1 lone-pair of electrons compared with 2 for each H₂O molecule. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. The ionic self-dissociation constant of liquid NH₃ at −50 °C is approx. 10^-33 mol²·l^-2.

Solubility of salts

	Solubility (g of salt per 100 g liquid NH3)
Ammonium acetate	253. Ammonium acetate is a chemical compound with the formula CH3COONH4 2
Ammonium nitrate	389. The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3 6
Lithium nitrate	243. Lithium nitrate is an Inorganic compound with the formula LiNO3 7
Sodium nitrate	97. Sodium nitrate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaNO3 6
Potassium nitrate	10. Potassium nitrate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula K[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 4
Sodium fluoride	0. Sodium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaF 35
Sodium chloride	3. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a 0
Sodium bromide	138. Sodium bromide, also known as sedoneural is a Salt with the formula Na[[bromine Br]] widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative 0
Sodium iodide	161. Sodium iodide is a white Crystalline Salt with Chemical formula Na[[Iodine I]] used in radiation detection treatment of Iodine deficiency 9
Sodium thiocyanate	205. Sodium thiocyanate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaSCN 5

Liquid ammonia is an ionizing solvent, although less so than water, and dissolves a range of ionic compounds including many nitrates, nitrites, cyanides and thiocyanates. In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms The nitrite Ion is NO2− The anion is bent being Isoelectronic with O3. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Thiocyanate (also known as sulphocyanate or thiocyanide or rhodanide) is the anion − Most ammonium salts are soluble, and these salts act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions. Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are The solubility of halide salts increases from fluoride to iodide. A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides A saturated solution of ammonium nitrate contains 0. The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3 83 mol solute per mole of ammonia, and has a vapour pressure of less than 1 bar even at 25 °C. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium

Solutions of metals

See also: Solvated electron, metallic solution

Liquid ammonia will dissolve the alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as calcium, strontium, barium, europium and ytterbium. A solvated electron is a Free electron in (solvated in a Solution. Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 At low concentrations (<0. 06 mol/L), deep blue solutions are formed: these contain metal cations and solvated electrons, free electrons which are surrounded by a cage of ammonia molecules. A solvated electron is a Free electron in (solvated in a Solution.

These solutions are very useful as strong reducing agents. At higher concentrations, the solutions are metallic in appearance and in electrical conductivity. At low temperatures, the two types of solution can coexist as immiscible phases.

Redox properties of liquid ammonia

See also: Redox. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state

	E° (V, ammonia)	E° (V, water)
Li+ + e− ⇌ Li	−2. In Electrochemistry, the standard electrode potential, abbreviated Eo E0 or EO (with a superscript Plimsoll character pronounced In Electrochemistry, the standard electrode potential, abbreviated Eo E0 or EO (with a superscript Plimsoll character pronounced 24	−3. 04
K+ + e− ⇌ K	−1. 98	−2. 93
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na	−1. 85	−2. 71
Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn	−0. 53	−0. 76
NH4+ + e− ⇌ ½ H2 + NH3	0. 00	–
Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu	+0. 43	+0. 34
Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag	+0. 83	+0. 80

The range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow, as the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen, E° (N₂ + 6NH₄⁺ + 6e⁻ ⇌ 8NH₃), is only +0. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 In Electrochemistry, the standard electrode potential, abbreviated Eo E0 or EO (with a superscript Plimsoll character pronounced 04 V. In practice, both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dihydrogen are slow. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 This is particularly true of reducing solutions: the solutions of the alkali metals mentioned above are stable for several days, slowly decomposing to the metal amide and dihydrogen. In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized Most studies involving liquid ammonia solutions are done in reducing conditions: although oxidation of liquid ammonia is usually slow, there is still a risk of explosion, particularly if transition metal ions are present as possible catalysts.

Detection and determination

Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of Nessler's solution, which gives a distinct yellow coloration in the presence of the least trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. Neßler's reagent is a Reagent named after Julius Neßler and is used to detect small amounts of Ammonia. Sulfur sticks are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems. Sulfur sticks are used in industrial Ammonia Refrigeration systems to detect minor ammonia leaks Larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali or with quicklime, when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent. Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with sodium or potassium hydroxide, the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard sulfuric acid and the excess of acid then determined volumetrically; or the ammonia may be absorbed in hydrochloric acid and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as ammonium hexachloroplatinate, (NH₄)₂PtCl₆. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Titration is a common laboratory method of Quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown Concentration of a known Reactant Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Ammonium chloride ( N[[Hydrogen H]]4 Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac Ammonium hexachloroplatinate, also known as ammonium chloroplatinate is an Inorganic compound with the formula (NH42PtCl6

Interstellar space

Ammonia was first detected in interstellar space in 1968, based on microwave emissions from the direction of the galactic core. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply ^[41] This was the first polyatomic molecule to be so detected. A polyatomic ion is a charged species ( Ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered as acting The sensitivity of the molecule to a broad range of excitations and the ease with which it can be observed in a number of regions has made ammonia one of the most important molecules for studies of molecular clouds. See also Solar nebula A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery if Star formation is occurring within is a type of Interstellar ^[42] The relative intensity of the ammonia lines can be used to measure the temperature of the emitting medium.

The following isotopic species of ammonia have been detected:

NH₃, ¹⁵NH₃, NH₂D, NHD₂, and ND₃

The detection of triply-deuterated ammonia was considered a surprise as deuterium is relatively scarce. Nitrogen ( N)Standard atomic mass 140067(2 u Natural isotopes See also Nitrogen-14, Nitrogen-15 Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth It is thought that the low-temperature conditions allow this molecule to survive and accumulate. ^[43] The ammonia molecule has also been detected in the atmospheres of the gas giant planets, including Jupiter, along with other gases like methane, hydrogen, and helium. A gas giant (sometimes also known as a Jovian planet after the planet Jupiter, or giant planet) is a large Planet that is not primarily Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical The interior of Saturn may include frozen crystals of ammonia. ^[44]

Safety precautions

Toxicity and storage information

The toxicity of ammonia solutions does not usually cause problems for humans and other mammals, as a specific mechanism exists to prevent its build-up in the bloodstream. Ammonia is converted to carbamoyl phosphate by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase, and then enters the urea cycle to be either incorporated into amino acids or excreted in the urine. Carbamoyl phosphate is an Anion of biochemical significance It is involved in ridding the body of excess Nitrogen in the Urea cycle, and also in the synthesis Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction that produces Carbamoyl phosphate. The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions occurring in many animals that produces Urea ( N[[hydrogen In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this However fish and amphibians lack this mechanism, as they can usually eliminate ammonia from their bodies by direct excretion. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Ammonia even at dilute concentrations is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and for this reason it is classified as dangerous for the environment. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling Ammonium compounds should never be allowed to come in contact with bases (unless in an intended and contained reaction), as dangerous quantities of ammonia gas could be released.

Household use

Solutions of ammonia (5–10% by weight) are used as household cleaners, particularly for glass. These solutions are irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes (respiratory and digestive tracts), and to a lesser extent the skin. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in They should never be mixed with chlorine-containing products or strong oxidants, for example household bleach, as a variety of toxic and carcinogenic compounds are formed (e. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation g. , chloramine, hydrazine, and chlorine gas). Chloramine (monochloramine is a Chemical compound with the formula NH2Cl Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry Ammonia and sodium hypochlorite react to form a number of products, depending on the temperature, concentration, and how they are mixed. Sodium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with the formula NaClO ^[45] The main reaction is chlorination of ammonia, first giving chloramine (NH₂Cl), then NHCl₂ and finally nitrogen trichloride (NCl₃). Chloramine (monochloramine is a Chemical compound with the formula NH2Cl Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, trichlorine nitride is the Chemical compound with the formula NCl3 These materials are very irritating to eyes and lungs and are toxic above certain concentrations.

Laboratory use of ammonia solutions

The hazards of ammonia solutions depend on the concentration: "dilute" ammonia solutions are usually 5–10% by weight (<5. 62 mol/L); "concentrated" solutions are usually prepared at >25% by weight. A 25% (by weight) solution has a density of 0. 907 g/cm³, and a solution which has a lower density will be more concentrated. The European Union classification of ammonia solutions is given in the table. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling

Concentration by weight	Molarity	Density Mass/Volume	Classification	R-Phrases
5–10%	2. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous 87–5. 62 mol/L	48. 9–95. 7 g/L	Irritant (Xi)	R36/37/38
10–25%	5. R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous 62–13. 29 mol/L	95. 7–226. 3 g/L	Corrosive (C)	R34
>25%	>13. R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous 29 mol/L	>226. 3 g/L	Corrosive (C) Dangerous for the environment (N)	R34, R50

S-Phrases: (S1/2), S16, S36/37/39, S45, S61. R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations.

The ammonia vapour from concentrated ammonia solutions is severely irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract, and these solutions should only be handled in a fume hood. Saturated ("0. 880") solutions can develop a significant pressure inside a closed bottle in warm weather, and the bottle should be opened with care: this is not usually a problem for 25% ("0. 900") solutions.

Ammonia solutions should not be mixed with halogens, as toxic and/or explosive products are formed. Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions Prolonged contact of ammonia solutions with silver, mercury or iodide salts can also lead to explosive products: such mixtures are often formed in qualitative chemical analysis, and should be acidified and diluted before disposal once the test is completed. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides Qualitative research is a field of inquiry that crosscuts disciplines and subject matters.

Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)

Anhydrous ammonia is classified as toxic (T) and dangerous for the environment (N). The gas is flammable (autoignition temperature: 651 °C) and can form explosive mixtures with air (16–25%). The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external The permissible exposure limit (PEL) in the United States is 50 ppm (35 mg/m³), while the IDLH concentration is estimated at 300 ppm. The Permissible Exposure Limit ( PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for exposure of an employee to a Substance "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly IDLH is an initialism for Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health, and is defined by the NIOSH as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause Repeated exposure to ammonia lowers the sensitivity to the smell of the gas: normally the odour is detectable at concentrations of less than 0. 5 ppm, but desensitized individuals may not detect it even at concentrations of 100 ppm. Anhydrous ammonia corrodes copper- and zinc-containing alloys, and so brass fittings should not be used for handling the gas. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Liquid ammonia can also attack rubber and certain plastics.

Ammonia reacts violently with the halogens. Nitrogen triiodide is formed when ammonia comes in contact with iodine. Nitrogen triiodide, also called nitrogen iodide, more correctly triiodine nitride, is the Chemical compound with the formula N[[Iodine I]]3 Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic It causes the explosive polymerization of ethylene oxide. In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks It also forms explosive fulminating compounds with compounds of gold, silver, mercury, germanium or tellurium, and with stibine. Fulminates are chemical compounds which include the fulminate Ion. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Stibine is the Chemical compound with the formula SbH3 This colourless gas is the principal Covalent hydride of Antimony and a heavy analogue Violent reactions have also been reported with acetaldehyde, hypochlorite solutions, potassium ferricyanide and peroxides. Acetaldehyde, sometimes known as ethanal, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C[[Hydrogen H]]3CH O or MeCHO The hypochlorite Ion is Cl[[Oxygen O]]− A hypochlorite compound is a Chemical compound containing this group with chlorine in Oxidation Potassium ferricyanide is the Chemical compound with the formula K3 A peroxide is a compound containing an Oxygen -oxygen single bond.

Safety

The U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a 15-minute exposure limit for gaseous ammonia of 35 ppm by volume in the environmental air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25 ppm by volume. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. ^[46] Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death. ^[46] Although ammonia is regulated in the United States as a non-flammable gas, it still meets the definition of a material that is toxic by inhalation and requires a hazardous safety permit when transported in quantities greater than 13,248 L (3,500 gallons). ^[47]

References

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2. ^ NIST Chemistry WebBook (website page of the National Institute of Standards and Technology) URL last accessed 15 May 2007
3. ^ MSDS Sheet from W. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. D. Service Co.
4. ^ Ammonium hydroxide physical properties
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7. ^ Ammonia. h2g2 Eponyms. BBC. CO. UK (January 11, 2003). Retrieved on 2007-11-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration
8. ^ ^{a b} Webmineral website URL last accessed August 27 2006
9. ^ ^{a b c} Absolouteastronomy.com URL last accessed April 24 2006
10. ^ Abraham, Lyndy. Marvell and alchemy. Aldershot Scolar 1990.
11. ^ ^{a b c} United States Geological Survey publication
12. ^ Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1918) - Haber process. The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate URL last accessed April 24 2006
13. ^ BBC.co.uk URL last accessed April 24 2006
14. ^ Kellogg Brown's Ammonia Process URL last accessed April 24 2006
15. ^ C. E. Cleeton & N. H. Williams, 1934 - Online version; archive. URL last accessed 8 May 2006
16. ^ Baker, H. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. B. (1894). J. Chem. Soc. 65: 612.
17. ^ C. Y. Tong: "New Syllabus A-Level Inorganic Chemistry Problems and Solutions", page 99. Greenwood Press, 1995
18. ^ Dichlorodifluoromethane by Aaron Vorderstrasse, Western Oregon University.
19. ^ Diesel: Greener Than You Think
20. ^ Iowa Energy Center, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; Research, Education and Demonstration - Related Renewable Energy - Ammonia 2007
21. ^ YouTube - Ammonia Powered Car
22. ^ Greg Vezina
23. ^ Hydrofuel Inc. - The World's leading developer of ammonia fuel and energy technologies - ammonia car technology - Home
24. ^ Insert footnote text here
25. ^ Insert footnote text here
26. ^ (I await a reference)
27. ^ http://www.memagazine.org/contents/current/webonly/webex710.html
28. ^ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/28890yy.pdf
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See also

• Ammonia (data page)
• Ammonia production
• Chlorination
• Water purification

Bibliography

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ( ATSDR) is an agency for the U The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with Transportation This page provides supplementary chemical data on Ammonia. Structure and properties Because of its many uses Ammonia is one of the most highly-produced inorganic chemicals Chlorination is the process of adding the element Chlorine to Water as a method of Water purification to make it fit for human consumption as Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
• Greenwood, N. N. ; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edn. , Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.  
• Housecroft, C. E. ; Sharpe, A. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Harlow (UK): Prentice Education. ISBN 0-582-31080-6.  
• (1986) in Bretherick, L. : Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 4th Edn. , London: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85186-489-9.  
• Weast, R. C. (Ed. ) (1972). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (53rd Edn. ). Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Co.

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 0414 (anhydrous ammonia)
• International Chemical Safety Card 0215 (aqueous solutions)
• National Pollutant Inventory - Ammonia
• CID 222 from PubChem
• (French) Institut national de recherche et de securite
• Emergency Response to Ammonia Fertilizer Releases (Spills) for the Minnesota Department of Agriculture
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Ammonia Page

PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component

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