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Aminosalicylic acid
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 4-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | J04 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C7H7NO3 |
| Mol. mass | 153. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 135 g/mol |
| SMILES | & |
| Physical data | |
| Melt. point | 150. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 5 °C (303 °F) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Protein binding | 50–60% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
C |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | Oral |
Aminosalicylic acid, also known as para-aminosalicylic acid, p-aminosalicylic acid or 4-aminosalicylic acid; abbreviated 4-ASA, PAS or P, is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within Blood plasma. Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common It has been use for over forty years in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), where it has shown greater potency in Crohn's disease. In Medicine, inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and Small intestine Crohn's disease is a Disease of the Digestive system which may affect any part of the Gastrointestinal tract from Mouth to Anus It is thought to act via NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) inhibition and free radical scavenging. NF-κB ( nuclear factor-kappa B) is a protein complex that is a Transcription factor.
Aminosalicylic acid is sold in the United States by Jacobus Pharmaceutical as Paser. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) is a closely related compound that also has medical uses. Mesalazine ( INN, BAN) also known as Mesalamine ( USAN) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA is an Anti-inflammatory
Contents |
Medical uses
Aminosalicylic acid was introduced to clinical use in 1948. It was the second antibiotic found to be effective in the treatment of tuberculosis (after streptomycin). Streptomycin is an Antibiotic drug the first of a class of drugs called Aminoglycosides to be discovered and was the first antibiotic remedy for Tuberculosis
Its potency is less than that of the current five first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and streptomycin) for treating tuberculosis. Isoniazid (also called isonicotinyl hydrazine or INH) is a first-line antituberculous medication used in the prevention and treatment of Tuberculosis Rifampicin ( INN) (rɪˈfæmpəsɪn or rifampin ( USAN) is a Bactericidal Antibiotic drug of the Rifamycin group Ethambutol is a Bacteriostatic Antimycobacterial Drug prescribed to treat Tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Pyrazinamide is a Drug used to treat Tuberculosis in afflicted patients Streptomycin is an Antibiotic drug the first of a class of drugs called Aminoglycosides to be discovered and was the first antibiotic remedy for Tuberculosis It still has a role to play in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Active Tuberculosis will kill about two of every three people affected if left untreated Aminosalicylic acid is always used in combination with other anti-TB drugs and is never used on its own.
The dose when treating tuberculosis is 150mg/kg/day divided into two to four daily doses; the usual adult dose is therefore approximately 2 to 4g four times a day. It is sold in the US as Paser which comes in the form of 4g packets of delayed-release granules that have to be measured out with a scoop. The drug should be taken with acid food or drink (orange, apple or tomato juice).
Aminosalicylic acid used to be available in a combination formula with isoniazid called Pasinah.
Aminosalicylic acid has also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, but has been superseded by other drugs such as sulfasalazine and mesalazine. Sulfasalazine (brand name Azulfidine in the US, Salazopyrin in Europe) is a Sulfa drug, a derivative of Mesalazine Mesalazine ( INN, BAN) also known as Mesalamine ( USAN) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA is an Anti-inflammatory
Pharmacology
It has a molecular weight of 153. The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 14. With heat, aminosalicylic acid is decarboxylated to produce CO2 and m-aminophenol. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Decarboxylation is any Chemical reaction in which a Carboxyl group (-COOH is split off from a compound as Carbon dioxide (CO2 Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single 4-Aminophenol is a white powder It is a Breakdown product of Paracetamol (acetaminophen U Granules are tan in colour and must be refrigerated: they turn dark brown or purple when kept at room temperature for prolonged periods and should not be taken.
Aminosalicylic acid is in the FDA pregnancy category C. The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during This means that it is not known whether it will harm an unborn baby. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and
Side effects
Gastrointestinal side-effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea) are common; the delayed-release formulation is meant to help overcome this problem. An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) or adverse drug event (abbreviated ADE) is an expression that describes the unwanted negative consequences It is also a cause of drug-induced hepatitis. Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency should avoid taking aminosalicylic acid as it causes haemolysis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is an X-linked recessive Hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of Glucose-6-phosphate Hemolysis (or haemolysis)—from the Greek Hemo-, Greek meaning blood - Lysis, meaning to break open—is the breaking Thyroid goitre is also a side-effect because aminosalicylic acid inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones. A goitre ( BrE) or goiter ( AmE) ( Latin struma) also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below the The thyroid hormones, Thyroxine ( T4) and Triiodothyronine ( T3) are Tyrosine -based Hormones produced
There are drug interactions (in particular, phenytoin levels are increased). Phenytoin sodium is a commonly used Antiepileptic. Phenytoin acts to dampen the unwanted runaway brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain
History
PAS was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jörgen Lehmann while he followed through on published information that the tuberculosis bacterium avidly metabolized salicylic acid. Jörgen Erik Lehmann ( 15 January, 1898 &ndash 26 December, 1989) was a Danish -born Swedish chemist best-known for his Salicylic acid (from the Latin word for the willow tree Salix, from whose bark it can be obtained is a Beta hydroxy acid (BHA with the formula Lehmann first tried PAS as an oral TB therapy late in 1944. The first patient made a dramatic recovery. The drug proved better than streptomycin, which had nerve toxicity and to which TB could easily develop resistance. Streptomycin is an Antibiotic drug the first of a class of drugs called Aminoglycosides to be discovered and was the first antibiotic remedy for Tuberculosis
Late in the 1940s, researchers at Britain's Medical Research Council demonstrated that combined treatment with streptomycin and PAS was superior to either drug alone. The Medical Research Council (MRC is a UK organisation dedicated to "promot the balanced development of medical and related biological research
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