Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs Amines are derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups. In Chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is formed from a similar compound or a compound that can be imagined to arise from another compound if one Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 In Organic chemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms substituted in place of a Hydrogen atom on the Parent chain of a Hydrocarbon An alkyl is a Univalent radical consisting of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain In the context of organic molecules aryl refers to any Functional group or Substituent derived from a Simple aromatic ring, may it be Phenyl Compounds with the nitrogen atom next to a carbonyl of the structure R-C(=O)NR₂ are called amides and have different chemical properties. In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized Important amines include amino acids, biogenic amines, trimethylamine (fish smell), and aniline; see Category:Amines for a list of amines. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this A biogenic amine is a Biogenic substance with an Amine group Examples Some prominent examples of biogenic amines include Histamine Trimethylamine is an Organic compound with the formula N(CH33 Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N

Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Aliphatic Amines 1.2 Aromatic amines 2 Naming conventions 3 Physical properties 3.1 General properties 3.2 Chirality 3.3 Properties as bases 4 Synthesis 5 Reactions 6 Biological activity 7 Use of amines 7.1 Dyes 7.2 Drugs 7.3 Gas Treatment 8 See also 9 References

Introduction

Aliphatic Amines

As displayed in the images below, primary amines arise when one of three hydrogen atoms in ammonia is replaced by an organic substituent. In Organic chemistry, compounds composed of Carbon and Hydrogen are divided into two classes Aromatic compounds which contain Benzene rings Secondary amines have two organic substituents bound to N together with one H. In tertiary amines all three hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents. It is also possible to have four alkyl substituents on the nitrogen. These compounds have a charged nitrogen center, and necessarily come with a negative counterion, so they are called quaternary ammonium salts. Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt.

Primary amine	Secondary amine	Tertiary amine

Similarly, an organic compound with multiple amino groups is called a diamine, triamine, tetraamine and so forth.

Aromatic amines

Main article: Aromatic amines

Aromatic amines have the nitrogen atom connected to an aromatic ring as in anilines. An aromatic amine is an Amine with an Aromatic Substituent - that is - N[[hydrogen H]]2 - N[[hydrogen H]]- or Nitrogen Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N The aromatic ring strongly decreases the basicity of the amine, depending on its substituents. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Interestingly, the presence of an amine group strongly increases the reactivity of the aromatic ring, due to an electron-donating effect. One organic reaction involving aromatic amines is the Goldberg reaction. Organic reactions are Chemical reactions involving Organic compounds The basic Organic chemistry reaction types are Addition reactions Elimination The Ullmann condensation or Ullmann ether synthesis is a variation of the Ullmann reaction, in which a Phenol is coupled to an Aryl Halide

Naming conventions

• the prefix "N-" shows substitution on the nitrogen atom
• as prefix: "amino-"
• as suffix: "-amine"
• remember that chemical compounds are not proper nouns, so lower case is indicated throughout.

Systematic names for some common amines:

Lower amines are named with the suffix -amine. methylamine

Higher amines have the prefix amino as a functional group. 2-aminopentane (or sometimes: pent-2-yl-amine or pentane-2-amine)

• Primary amines:
  • methylamine
  • ethanolamine or 2-aminoethanol
  • trisamine (or more commonly tris) (Its HCl salt is used as a pH buffering agent in biochemistry)
• Secondary amines:
  • dimethylamine
  • methylethanolamine or 2-(methylamino)ethanol
  • Cyclic amines:
    • aziridine (3-member ring),
    • azetidine (4-member ring),
    • pyrrolidine (5-member ring) and
    • piperidine (6-member ring)
• Tertiary amines:
  • trimethylamine
  • dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) or 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol
  • bis-tris (It is used as a pH buffering agent in biochemistry)

Physical properties

General properties

1. Hydrogen bonding significantly influences the properties of primary and secondary amines as well as the protonated derivatives of all amines. Methylamine is the Chemical compound with a formula of CH3NH2 Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine (often abbreviated as ETA or MEA) is an Organic chemical compound Tris is an abbreviation of the Organic compound known as tris(hydroxymethylaminomethane with the formula (HOCH23CNH2 Tris is an abbreviation of the Organic compound known as tris(hydroxymethylaminomethane with the formula (HOCH23CNH2 pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. For an aqueous solution composed of both a weak acid or base and its conjugate see Buffer solution. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Dimethylamine is an Organic compound with the formula (CH32NH N -Methylethanolamine is an Alkanolamine and Toxic Flammable Corrosive Colorless Viscous Liquid In Organic chemistry, a cyclic compound is a compound in which a series of carbon atoms are connected to form a loop or ring Aziridines are a group of Organic compounds sharing the aziridine Functional group which is a three membered Heterocycle with one Amine group Azetidine is a Heterocyclic Organic compound. It belongs to the class of four membered rings and it contains a Nitrogen Atom. Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an Organic compound with the molecular formula C4H9N Piperidine is an Organic compound with the molecular formula (CH25NH Trimethylamine is an Organic compound with the formula N(CH33 Dimethylaminoethanol, also known as DMAE or dimethylethanolamine, is an Organic compound. Bis-tris is an abbreviation of the Trivial name ( Bis(2-hydroxyethyl-imino-tris(hydroxymethyl-methane) for 2--2-(hydroxymethyl-13-propanediol. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen Thus the boiling point of amines is higher than those of the corresponding phosphines, but generally lower than those of the corresponding alcohols. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Phosphine is the common name for phosphorus hydride (PH3 also known by the IUPAC name phosphane and occasionally phosphamine. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Alcohols, or alkanols, resemble amines but feature an -OH group in place of NR₂. Since oxygen is more electronegative than nitrogen, RO-H is typically more acidic than the related R₂N-H compound. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons
2. Methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, and ethylamine are gases under standard conditions, whereas diethylamine and triethylamine are liquids. Ethylamine is a Chemical compound with the formula CH3CH2NH2 It has a strong Ammonia -like odor Diethylamine is a Secondary amine with the molecular structure CH3CH2NHCH2CH3 Triethylamine is the Chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CH33 commonly abbreviated Et 3N Most other common alkyl amines are liquids; high-molecular-weight amines are, of course, solids.
3. Gaseous amines possess a characteristic ammonia smell, liquid amines have a distinctive "fishy" smell.
4. Most aliphatic amines display some solubility in water, reflecting their ability to form hydrogen bonds. Solubility decreases with the increase in the number of carbon atoms, especially when the carbon atom number is greater than 6.
5. Aliphatic amines display significant solubility in organic solvents, especially polar organic solvents. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Primary amines react with ketones such as acetone, and most amines are incompatible with chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (see Table is the Organic compound with the formula CCl4
6. The aromatic amines, such as aniline, have their lone pair electrons conjugated into the benzene ring, thus their tendency to engage in hydrogen bonding is diminished. Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N A chemically conjugated system is a system of atoms Covalently bonded with alternating single and multiple (e Otherwise they display the following properties:
   • Their boiling points are usually still high due to their larger size.
   • Diminished solubility in water, although they retain their solubility in suitable organic solvents only.
   • They are toxic and are easily absorbed through the skin: thus hazardous.

Chirality

Tertiary amines of the type NHRR' and NRR'R" are chiral: the nitrogen atom bears four distinct substituents counting the lone pair. The term chiral (pronounced /ˈkaɪɹ(əl̩/ is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image The energy barrier for the inversion of the stereocenter is relatively low, e. In Chemistry, a Nitrogen compound like Ammonia in a trigonal pyramid geometry undergoes rapid nitrogen inversion whereby the Molecule g. , ~7 kcal/mol for a trialkylamine. The interconversion of the stereoisomers has been compared to the inversion of an open umbrella in to a strong wind. Because of this low barrier, amines such as NHRR' cannot be resolved optically and NRR'R" can only be resolved when the R, R', and R" groups are constrained in cyclic structures such as aziridines. Aziridines are a group of Organic compounds sharing the aziridine Functional group which is a three membered Heterocycle with one Amine group Quaternary ammonium salts with four distinct groups on the nitrogen are capable of exhibiting optical activity.

Properties as bases

Like ammonia, amines act as bases and are reasonably strong (see table for examples of conjugate acid K_a values). In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform The basicity of amines depends on:

1. The electronic properties of the substituents (alkyl groups enhance the basicity, aryl groups diminish it).
2. Steric hindrance offered by the groups on nitrogen. See also Intramolecular forces ' Steric effects arise from the fact that each Atom within a Molecule occupies a certain
3. The degree of solvation of the protonated amine.

The nitrogen atom features a lone electron pair that can bind H⁺ to form an ammonium ion R₃NH⁺. lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. The lone electron pair is represented in this article by a two dots above or next to the N. The water solubility of simple amines is largely due to hydrogen bonding between protons on the water molecules and these lone electron pairs. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen

• Inductive effect of alkyl groups

+I effect of alkyl groups raises the energy of the lone pair of electrons, thus elevating the basicity. The inductive effect in Chemistry is an experimentally observable effect of the transmission of charge through a chain of Atoms in a Molecule Thus the basicity of an amine may be expected to increase with the number of alkyl groups on the amine. However, there is no strict trend in this regard, as basicity is also governed by other factors mentioned above. Consider the Kb values of the methyl amines given above. The increase in Kb from methylamine to dimethylamine may be attributed to +I effect; however, there is a decrease from dimethylamine to trimethyl amine due to the predominance of steric hindrance offered by the three methyl groups to the approaching Lewis acid.

• Mesomeric effect of aromatic systems

-M effect of aromatic ring delocalises the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen into the ring, resulting in decreased basicity. The mesomeric effect or resonance effect in Chemistry is a property of Substituents or Functional groups in a Chemical compound. Substituents on the aromatic ring, and their positions relative to the amine group may also considerably alter basicity as seen above.

• The degree of solvation of protonated amines:

The degree of solvation of the protonated amine depends on the approachability of solvent molecules. If the molecule is sterically hindered (as in the case of trimethylamine), the protonated form is not well-solvated, thereby reducing basicity. This also explains the order of basicity of the methyl amines (see above). In the case of aprotic polar solvents (like DMSOand DMF), wherein the extent of solvation is not as high as in protic polar solvents (like water and methanol), the basicity of amines is almost solely governed by the electronic factors within the molecule.

Synthesis

The following laboratory methods exist for the preparation of amines:

• via the Gabriel synthesis:

• via azides by the Staudinger reduction. The Gabriel synthesis, named for the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel, is a Chemical reaction that transforms primary Alkyl halides into primary Amines Azide is the anion with the formula N3− It is the Conjugate base of Hydrazoic acid. The Staudinger reaction or Staudinger reduction is a Chemical reaction in which the combination of an Azide with a Phosphine or Phosphite
• From carboxylic acids in the Schmidt reaction. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H The Schmidt reaction is an Organic reaction involving alkyl migration over the Carbon to Nitrogen Chemical bond in an Azide with expulsion
• Allylic amines can be prepared from imines in the Aza-Baylis-Hillman reaction. An allyl group is an Alkene Hydrocarbon group with the formula H2C=CH-CH2- An imine is a Functional group or Chemical compound containing a Carbon – Nitrogen Double bond. The Aza-Baylis-Hillman reaction or aza-BH reaction in Organic chemistry is a variation of the Baylis-Hillman reaction and describes the reaction of an electron
• via Hofmann degradation of amides. The Hofmann rearrangement is the organic reaction of a primary Amide to a primary Amine with one fewer Carbon atom This reaction is valid for preparation of primary amines only. Gives good yields of primary amines uncontaminated with other amines.

• Quaternary ammonium salts upon treatment with strong base undergo the so-called Hofmann Elimination
• Reduction of nitriles, amides and nitro compounds:

Nitriles are reduced to amines using hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst, although acidic or alkaline conditions should be avoided to avoid hydrolysis of -CN group. Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged Polyatomic ions of the structure NR4+ with R being Hofmann elimination (also known as exhaustive methylation) is a process where an Amine is reacted to create a tertiary amine and an Alkene by treatment Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state A nitrile is any Organic compound which has a - C ≡ N Functional group. In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized Nitro compounds are Organic compounds that contain one or more nitro Functional groups (-2 A nitrile is any Organic compound which has a - C ≡ N Functional group. LiAlH₄ is more commonly employed for the reduction of nitriles on the laboratory scale. Similarly, LiAlH₄ reduces amides to amines:

The reduction of nitro compounds to amines can be accomplished with elemental zinc, tin or iron with an acid. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are

For more details on this topic, see Reduction of nitro compounds. The Chemical reactions described as reduction of nitro compounds can be facilitated by many different reagents and reaction conditions

• Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes ^[1]. Primary amines can also be synthesized by alkylaton of ammonia. Haloalkanes react with amines to give a corresponding alkyl-substituted amine, with the release of a halogen acid. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Such reactions, which are most useful for alkyl iodides and bromides, are rarely employed because the degree of alkylation is difficult to control. If the reacting amine is tertiary, a quaternary ammonium cation results in the Menshutkin reaction. Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged Polyatomic ions of the structure NR4+ with R being The Menshutkin reaction in Organic chemistry converts a Tertiary amine to a Quaternary ammonium salt by reaction with an Alkyl halide: Many quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared by this route with diverse R groups and many halide and pseudohalide anions. Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged Polyatomic ions of the structure NR4+ with R being

• via halides and hexamine in the Delepine reaction
• aryl amines can be obtained from amines and aryl halides in the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction
• from alkenes and alkynes in hydroamination
• from rearrangement of haloamines in the Hofmann-Löffler reaction

Reactions

Amines react in a variety of ways:

• By nucleophilic acyl substitution. The Delépine reaction is the Organic synthesis of primary Amines ( 4) by acid Hydrolysis of a quaternary Hexamethylenetetramine The Buchwald-Hartwig reaction in its original scope is an Organic reaction describing a Coupling reaction between an Aryl Halide and an The hydroamination reaction is the addition of an N-H bond across the C=C or C≡C bonds of an Alkene or Alkyne. The Hofmann-Löffler reaction or Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag Reaction is an Organic reaction is which a Haloamine is converted to a cyclic Amine Nucleophilic acyl substitution describes the Substitution reaction involving Nucleophiles and Acyl compounds Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with primary and secondary amines in cold to form amides in the Schotten-Baumann reaction. In Organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an Organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a Carboxylic acid. An acid anhydride is an Organic compound that has two Acyl groups bound to the same Oxygen atom In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized The Schotten-Baumann reaction is a method to synthesise Amides from Amines and Acid chlorides Sometimes the name for this reaction is also used to Tertiary amines cannot be acylated due to the absence of a replaceable hydrogen atom. With the much less active benzoyl chloride, acylation can still be performed by the use of excess aqeous alkali to facilitate the reaction. Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride is a colourless fuming liquid C6H5COCl with an irritating odour In Chemistry, acylation (rarely but more formally alkanoylation) is the process of adding an Acyl group to a compound

Because amines are basic, they neutralize carboxylic acids to form the corresponding ammonium carboxylate salts. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Upon heating to 200 °C, the primary and secondary amine salts dehydrate to form the corresponding amides. In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized

• By ammonium salt formation. Amines R₃N react with strong acids such as hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid and hydrochloric acid in neutralization reactions forming ammonium salts R₃NH⁺. Hydrogen iodide (HI is a Diatomic molecule. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a Strong acid. Hydrobromic Acid is formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule Hydrogen bromide in water Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt.
• By diazonium salt formation. Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of Organic compounds sharing a common Functional group with the characteristic structure of R-N2+ Nitrous acid with formula HNO₂ is unstable, therefore usually a mixture of NaNO₂ and dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid is used to produce nitrous acid indirectly. Nitrous acid (molecular formula H[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is a weak and monobasic Acid known only in Solution and in the form of Nitrite Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Primary aliphatic amines with nitrous acid give very unstable diazonium salts which spontaneously decompose by losing N₂ to form carbonium ion. The carbonium ion goes on to produce a mixture of alkenes, alkanols or alkyl halides, with alkanols as the major product. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon This reaction is of little synthetic importance because the diazonium salt formed is too unstable, even at cold conditions.

NaNO₂ + HCl → HNO₂ + NaCl

Primary aromatic amines, such as aniline (phenylamine) form more stable diazonium ions at 0–5 °C. Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of Organic compounds sharing a common Functional group with the characteristic structure of R-N2+ Above 5 °C, they will decompose to give phenol and N₂. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" Arenediazonium salts can be isolated in the crystalline form but are usually used in solution immediately after preparation, due to rapid decomposition on standing even when cold. The solid arenediazonium salt is explosive upon shock or mild warming. Because of their greater stability, arenediazonium salts are more synthetically useful than their aliphatic counterparts. Since it is not necessary to isolate the diazonium salt, once it is formed another reagent such as cuprous cyanide can simply be added to the mixture, and with gentle heating of the solution, a replacement reaction takes place along with the evolution of nitrogen. Copper(I cyanide (CuCN, also copper cyanide, cuprous cyanide, or cupricin is a white to cream colored or sometimes greenish powdery solid that is In addition, arenediazonium ions can also undergo a coupling reaction with a highly activated aromatic compound such as a phenol to form an azo compound. Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" Azo compounds are compounds bearing the Functional group R-N=N-R' in which R and R' can be either Aryl or Alkyl.

• By imine formation. Alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution in Organic chemistry is the Organic reaction of Carbonyl compounds with Amines to Imines. Primary amines react with ketones and aldehydes to form imines. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. An imine is a Functional group or Chemical compound containing a Carbon – Nitrogen Double bond. In the case of formaldehyde (R' = H), these products are typically cyclic trimers. Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl

RNH₂ + R'₂C=O → R'₂C=NR + H₂O

Secondary amines react with ketones and aldehydes to form enamines

R₂NH + R'(R"CH₂)C=O → R"CH=C(NR₂)R' + H₂O

• By oxidation to nitroso compounds, for instance with peroxymonosulfuric acid. An enamine is an unsaturated compound derived by the reaction of an Aldehyde or Ketone with a Secondary amine followed by loss of H2O Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are Redox reactions that take place with Organic compounds In Organic Nitroso refers to a Functional group in Organic chemistry which has the general formula RNO Peroxymonosulfuric acid, also known as persulfuric acid, peroxysulfuric acid, or as Caro's acid, is H2SO5 a colorless solid melting
• By reduction of quaternary ammonium cations to tertiary amines in the Emde degradation. Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged Polyatomic ions of the structure NR4+ with R being The Emde degradation (also called Emde-reaction or Emde-reduction) is a method for the reduction of a Quaternary ammonium cation to a tertiary
• By rearrangement of N-alkyl anilines to aryl substituted anilines in the Hofmann-Martius rearrangement. The Hofmann-Martius rearrangement in Organic chemistry is a Rearrangement reaction converting an N-alkylated Aniline to the corresponding ortho
• primary and secondary amines react with pyridinium salts in the Zincke reaction
• By cleavage (tertiary amines only) with cyanogen bromide in the Von Braun reaction. The Zincke reaction is an Organic reaction in which a Pyridine is transformed into a Pyridinium salt by reaction with 24-dinitro-chlorobenzene and a The Von Braun reaction is an Organic reaction in which a Tertiary amine reacts with Cyanogen bromide to an organocyanamide.

Biological activity

Amines have strong, characteristic odors, and are toxic. The smells of ammonia, old fish, urine, rotting flesh, and semen are all mainly composed of amines. Many kinds of biological activity produce amines by breakdown of amino acids. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this

Use of amines

Dyes

Primary aromatic amines are used as a starting material for the manufacture of azo dyes. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Azo compounds are compounds bearing the Functional group R-N=N-R' in which R and R' can be either Aryl or Alkyl. It reacts with nitric(III) acid to form diazonium salt, which can undergo coupling reaction to form azo compound. As azo-compounds are highly coloured, they are widely used in dyeing industries, such as:

• Methyl orange
• Direct brown 138
• Sunset yellow FCF
• Ponceau

Drugs

• Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that helps to relieve allergic disorders due to cold, hay fever, itchy skin, insect bites and stings. Methyl orange is a PH indicator frequently used in Titrations. Possible health effects Sunset Yellow is a sulfonated version of Sudan I, a possible carcinogen which Chlorphenamine ( INN) or chlorpheniramine ( USAN, former BAN) commonly marketed as its salt chlorphenamine Maleate (CPM
• Chlorpromazine is a tranquillizer that sedates without inducing sleep. Chlorpromazine (as chlorpromazine Hydrochloride, abbreviated CPZ, marketed in the US as Thorazine) is a Phenothiazine Antipsychotic It is used to relieve anxiety, excitement, restlessness or even mental disorder.
• Ephedrine and Phenylephrine, as amine hydrochlorides, are used as decongestants. Ephedrine (EPH is a Sympathomimetic Amine commonly used as a Stimulant, appetite suppressant concentration aid Decongestant, and to treat Phenylephrine or Neo-Synephrine is an α1-adrenergic receptor Agonist used primarily as a Decongestant, as an agent to dilate the
• Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Methcathinone are amines that are listed as controlled substances by the DEA. Amphetamine, and related drugs such as Methamphetamine are a group of drugs that act by increasing levels of Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and Dopamine Methcathinone ( 2-(methylamino-propiophenone, α-methylamino-propiophenone) is a Psychoactive Stimulant. The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and
• Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Lofepramine and Clomipramine are tricyclic antidepressants and tertiary amines
• Nortriptyline, Desipramine, and Amoxapine are tricyclic antidepressants and secondary amines
• (The tricylics are grouped by the nature of the final amine group on the side chain. Amitriptyline (or Amitryptyline) hydrochloride (sold as Elavil Tryptanol Endep Elatrol Tryptizol Trepiline Laroxyl Saroten is a Tricyclic antidepressant Imipramine (sold as Antideprin, Deprenil, Deprimin, Deprinol, Depsonil, Dynaprin, Eupramin, Imipramil Lofepramine (trademarked Gamanil Tymelyt generic Lomont is a third generation Tricyclic antidepressant used in the treatment of depressive disorders Clomipramine (brand-name Anafranil) is a Tricyclic antidepressant. Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviation TCAs) are a class of Antidepressant drugs first used in the 1950s Nortriptyline is a second generation Tricyclic antidepressant marketed as the Hydrochloride under the trade names Sensoval, Aventyl, Pamelor Desipramine is a Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA that inhibits the reuptake of Norepinephrine. Amoxapine (brand-names Asendin, Asendis, Defanyl, Demolox, Moxadil) is a )

Gas Treatment

• Aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA), diglycolamine (DGA), diethanolamine (DEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) are widely used industrially for removing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from natural gas streams and refinery process streams. Ethanolamine, also called 2-aminoethanol or monoethanolamine (often abbreviated as ETA or MEA) is an Organic chemical compound Diethanolamine, often abbreviated as DEA, is an organic chemical compound which is both a secondary Amine and a di Alcohol. MDEA (also MDE) which stands for 34-methylenedioxy- N -ethylamphetamine is a Psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and Empathogen-entactogen Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. They may also be used to remove CO₂ from combustion gases / flue gases and may have potential for abatement of greenhouse gases.

See also

• IUPAC nomenclature for the official naming rules for amines. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied
• Biogenic amine
• Acid-base extraction
• Amine gas treating

References

Ions of compound	Kb
Ammonia NH3	1. A biogenic amine is a Biogenic substance with an Amine group Examples Some prominent examples of biogenic amines include Histamine Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential Liquid-liquid extractions to purify Acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties Amine gas treating, also known as gas sweetening and acid gas removal, refers to a group of processes that use aqueous solutions of various Amines to remove Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor 8·10-5 M
Methylamine CH3NH2	4. Methylamine is the Chemical compound with a formula of CH3NH2 4·10-4 M
propylamine CH3CH2CH2NH2	4. Propylamine, also known as n -propylamine is an Amine with the chemical formula C3H9N 7·10-4 M
2-propylamine (CH3)2CHNH2	5. Isopropylamine, also called 2-aminopropane, 2-propanamine, monoisopropylamine, and MIPA, is an Organic compound, an Amine 3·10-4 M
dimethylamine (CH3)2NH	5. Dimethylamine is an Organic compound with the formula (CH32NH 4·10-4 M
trimethylamine (CH3)3N	5. Trimethylamine is an Organic compound with the formula N(CH33 9·10-5 M
Ions of compound	Kb
Ammonia NH3	1. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor 8·10-5 M
Aniline C6H5NH2	3. Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N 8·10-10 M
4-methylphenylamine 4-CH3C6H4NH2	1. 2·10-9 M
2-nitrophenylamine	1. 5·10-15 M
3-nitrophenylamine	2. 8·10-13 M
4-nitrophenylamine	9. 5·10-14 M
Ions of compound	Maximum number of H-bond
NH4+	4 Very Soluble in H2O
RNH3+	3
R2NH2+	2
R3NH+	1 Least Soluble in H2O
v • d • e Functional groups Chemical class: Alcohol • Aldehyde • Alkane • Alkene • Alkyne • Amide • Amine • Azo compound • Benzene derivative • Carboxylic acid • Cyanate • Disulfide • Ester • Ether • Haloalkane • Hydrazone • Imine • Isocyanide • Isocyanate • Ketone • Oxime • Nitrile • Nitro compound • Nitroso compound • Peroxide • Phosphoric acid • Pyridine derivative • Sulfone • Sulfonic acid • Sulfoxide • Thioester • Thioether • Thiol

In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Alkanes, also known as Paraffins are Chemical compounds that consist only of the elements Carbon (C and Hydrogen (H (i In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Alkynes are Hydrocarbons that have at least one Triple bond between two Carbon atoms with the formula CnH2n-2. In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized Azo compounds are compounds bearing the Functional group R-N=N-R' in which R and R' can be either Aryl or Alkyl. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H The cyanate Ion is an Anion consisting of one Oxygen Atom, one Carbon atom and one Nitrogen atom − in that In Chemistry, a disulfide bond is a single Covalent bond derived from the coupling of Thiol groups Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane A hydrazone is a class of Organic compounds with the structure R2C=NNR2 An imine is a Functional group or Chemical compound containing a Carbon – Nitrogen Double bond. An isocyanide (also called an isonitrile) is an Organic compound with the Functional group R-N≡C Isocyanate is the Functional group of atoms &ndashN=C=O (1 Nitrogen, 1 Carbon, 1 Oxygen) not to be confused with the Cyanate A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or oxime is one in a class of Chemical compounds with the general formula R1R2 C[[nitrogen N]] O[[hydrogen H]] where R1 is an A nitrile is any Organic compound which has a - C ≡ N Functional group. Nitro compounds are Organic compounds that contain one or more nitro Functional groups (-2 Nitroso refers to a Functional group in Organic chemistry which has the general formula RNO Organic peroxides are Organic compounds containing the Peroxide Functional group (ROOR' Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula Pyridine is a Chemical compound with the formula C5[[Hydrogen H5]] N. A sulfone is a Chemical compound containing a Sulfonyl Functional group attached to two carbon atoms Sulfonic acid is an unstable Acid with the formula H-S(=O2-OH A sulfoxide is a Chemical compound containing a sulfinyl Functional group attached to two carbon atoms Thioesters are compounds resulting from the bonding of Sulfur with an Acyl group with the general formula R-S-CO-R'. A thioether (similar to Sulfide) is a functional group in Organic chemistry that has the structure R1-S-R2 as shown on right In Organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a Sulfur atom and a Hydrogen atom (-SH

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic