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A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort.
A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort.

The American Red Cross (also known as the American National Red Cross) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education inside the United States, as part of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated

Today, in addition to domestic disaster relief, the American Red Cross offers services in five other areas: community services that help the needy; communications services and comfort for military members and their family members; the collection, processing and distribution of blood and blood products; educational programs on health and safety; and international relief and development programs. Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks

Governed by volunteers and supported by community donations, the American Red Cross is a nationwide network of more than 700 chapters and 900 Blood Services regions, now broken up into 9 divisions, dedicated to saving lives and helping people prevent, prepare for and respond to emergencies. A donation is a gift given typically to a cause or/and for charitable purposes A medical emergency is an Injury or Illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health More than a million Red Cross volunteers and 30,000 employees annually mobilize relief to people affected by more than 67,000 disasters, train almost 12 million people in necessary medical skills and exchange more than a million emergency messages for U. S. military service personnel and their family members. The Red Cross is also the largest supplier of blood and blood products to more than 3,000 hospitals across the nation and also assists victims of international disasters and conflicts at locations worldwide. Of the organization's over $6 billion in annual revenues, blood and blood products generate over $2 billion.

The American Red Cross is headquartered in Washington, D.C.. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Chairman of the Board of Governors, serving her second three-year term, is Bonnie McElveen-Hunter. Bonnie McElveen-Hunter is an American businesswoman who is the first woman Chairman of the Board of Governors of the American Red Cross. The current President and Chief Executive Officer is Gail J. McGovern. Recent predecessors include Liddy Dole, Mary S. Mary Elizabeth Hanford "Liddy" Dole (born July 29 1936 is an American politician who served in both the Ronald Reagan and George H Elcano, Mark W. Everson and John F. Mark W Everson (born September 10, 1954) served briefly as President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Red Cross. McGuire. [1] In 2007, US legislation clarified the role for the Board of Governors and that of the senior management in the wake of difficulties following Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States [2]

Contents

Founders

WWI Red Cross rally at the University of Virginia, May 1917.
WWI Red Cross rally at the University of Virginia, May 1917. The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research
The headquarters of the American Red Cross in Washington, D.C. was built in 1917 and dedicated "in memory of the heroic women of the Civil War". It is now a museum.Coordinates: 38°53′41.4″N, 77°2′23.1″W
The headquarters of the American Red Cross in Washington, D.C. was built in 1917 and dedicated "in memory of the heroic women of the Civil War". Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South It is now a museum.
Coordinates: 38°53′41.4″N, 77°2′23.1″W

[3]).

Jane Delano (1862-1919) was the founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service. Jane Arminda Delano, born March 13, 1862 in Montour Falls New York, United States – died April 15, 1919 in The American Red Cross Nursing Service was organized by Jane Arminda Delano (1862-1919

Clara Barton

Clara Barton (1821-1912) had a career as a teacher and federal bureaucrat when the American Civil War broke out. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South (She started teaching around the age of 15 or 16. ) After working tirelessly on humanitarian work during and after the conflict, on advice of her doctors, in 1869, she went to Europe for a restful vacation. Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans There, she saw and became involved in the work of the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War, and determined to bring the organization home with her to America. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871

When Clara Barton began the organizing work in the U. S. in 1873, no one thought the country would ever again face an experience like the Civil War. However, Barton was not one to lose hope in the face of the bureaucracy, and she finally succeeded during the administration of President Chester A. Arthur on the basis that the new American Red Cross organization could also be available to respond to other types of crisis. Chester Alan Arthur (October 5 1829 &ndash November 18 1886 was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States.

As Barton expanded the original concept of the Red Cross to include assisting in any great national disaster, this service brought the United States the "Good Samaritan of Nations" label in the International Red Cross. Barton naturally became President of the American branch of the society, known officially as the American National Red Cross. John D. Rockefeller among four others and the federal government gave money to create a national headquarters in Washington, DC, located one block from the White House. John Davison Rockefeller ( July 8, 1839 &ndash May 23, 1937) was an American Industrialist and philanthropist Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence

Clara Barton led one of the group's first major relief efforts, a response to the Great Fire of 1881 (Thumb Fire) in the Thumb region of Michigan, which occurred on Sept 4-6, 1881. The great Thumb Fire took place on September 5, 1881 in The Thumb area of Michigan in the United States. Over 5000 were left homeless. The next major disaster dealt with was the Johnstown Flood which occurred on May 31, 1889. The Johnstown Flood disaster (or Great Flood of 1889 as it became known locally occurred on May 31, 1889. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Over 2,209 people died and thousands more were injured in or near Johnstown, Pennsylvania in one of the worst disasters in United States history. Johnstown is a city in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States, miles east of Pittsburgh She resigned from the American Red Cross in 1904.

Services

Blood Donation

The American Red Cross supplies roughly 44% of the donated blood in the United States. Community-based blood centers supply 50% and 6% is collected directly by hospitals. In December of 2004, the American Red Cross completed their largest blood processing facility in the United States in Pomona, California on the campus grounds of the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Pomona is the 5th largest city in Los Angeles County (after Los Angeles, Long Beach, Glendale, and Santa Clarita) The California State Polytechnic University Pomona, also officially Cal Poly Pomona, is a public, nationally-ranked coeducational university and one of the

Tissue services

For more than twenty years, the American Red Cross provided allograft tissue for transplant through sales in its Tissue Services Program. An allograft or allogeneic transplant or homograft is a transplant in which transplanted cells, tissues, or organs are sourced from It cared for thousands of donor families who gave the gift of tissue donation and sold donated tissue to more than 1 million transplant recipients in need of this life saving or life-enhancing gift of tissue. At the end of January 2005, the American Red Cross ended its Tissue Services program in order to focus on its primary missions of Disaster Relief and Blood Services.

Plasma services

A leader in the plasma industry, the Red Cross provides more than one quarter of the nation's plasma products. Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Red Cross Plasma Services seeks to provide the American people with plasma products which are not only reliable and cost-effective, but also as safe as possible.

In February 1999, the Red Cross completed its "Transformation," a $287 million program that: re-engineered Red Cross Blood Services' processing, testing and distribution system; and established a new management structure. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)

Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT)

On March 1, 1999, the American Red Cross became the first U. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) S. blood banking organization to implement a Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) study. This process is different from traditional testing because it looks for the genetic material of HIV and hepatitis C (HCV), rather than the body's response to the disease. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Hepatitis C is a blood-borne infectious disease that is caused by the Hepatitis C virus ( HCV) affecting the Liver.

The NAT tests for HIV and HCV have been licensed by the Food and Drug Administration. HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the Human immunodeficiency virus in serum, Saliva, or Urine. These tests are able to detect the genetic material of a transfusion-transmitted virus like HIV without waiting for the body to form antibodies, potentially offering an important time advantage over current techniques.

Leukoreduction

A person's own leukocytes (white blood cells) help fight off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses and abnormal cells, to avoid sickness or disease. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable But when transfused to another person, these same leukocytes do not benefit the recipient. In fact, these foreign leukocytes in transfused red blood cells and platelets are often not well tolerated and have been associated with some types of transfusion complications. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved

The Red Cross is moving toward system-wide universal prestorage leukocyte reduction to improve patient care.

Research

The Red Cross operates the Jerome_H._Holland, based in Rockville, Maryland. Jerome H Holland ( January 6, 1916 - January 13, 1985) was an educational administrator and diplomat Rockville is the County seat of Montgomery County Maryland, United States. Each year, the Red Cross invests more than $25 million in research activities at the Holland Laboratory and in the field.

Cellular therapies

One technique the Red Cross has identified strong potential for treating people in new ways is through cellular therapies. Cell therapy describes the process of introducing new cells into a tissue in order to treat a Disease. This new method of treatment involves collecting and treating blood cells from a patient or other blood donor. The treated cells are then introduced into a patient to help revive normal cell function; replace cells that are lost as a result of disease, accidents or aging; or used to prevent illnesses from appearing.

Cellular therapy may prove to be particularly helpful for patients who are being treated for illnesses such as cancer, where the treated cells may help battle cancerous cells. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled

Johnson & Johnson suit over Red Cross image

Further information: Emblems of the Red Cross#Current controversies over the use of the Red Cross emblem

According to the American Red Cross on August the 7th 2007[4], Johnson & Johnson have filed suit against the American Red Cross over its sublicensing of the Red Cross image for the production of first aid kits and similar products, which are alleged to compete with Johnson & Johnson. The emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, under the Geneva Conventions, are to be placed on Humanitarian and medical vehicles Johnson & Johnson ( is a global American Pharmaceutical, Medical devices and consumer packaged goods Manufacturer founded in 1886 The suit also asks for the destruction of all currently existing non-Johnson & Johnson Red Cross Emblem bearing products and demands the American Red Cross pay punitive damages and Johnson & Johnson's legal fees. Punitive damages (termed exemplary damages in the United Kingdom) are Damages not awarded in order to compensate the Plaintiff, but in order

The Red Cross' position is that it has licensed its name to first aid kit makers in an effort to encourage readiness for disasters, and that the revenues from its products are reinvested in humanitarian work. "For a multi-billion dollar drug company to claim that the Red Cross violated a criminal statute that was created to protect the humanitarian mission of the Red Cross - simply so that J&J can make more money - is obscene," said Mark Everson, the former chief executive of the charity. [5] Johnson & Johnson responded, stating that the Red Cross's commercial ventures were outside the scope of historically well-agreed usage, and were in direct violation of federal statutes. [6] Johnson & Johnson's usage of this image is prohibited by the Geneva conventions, which do not allow for the exemption allowed for by US law. [7]

May 14th 2008, A federal judge ruled against Johnson & Johnson (J&J) in its suit to stop the American Red Cross from using the Red Cross emblem on first aid and other health and safety products sold to the public.

Court ordered consent decree

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) took court action against the American Red Cross in response to deficiencies in their tracking and procedures for ensuring the safety of the blood supply. The consent decree outlines some of the violations of federal law that the American Red Cross engaged in before 1993. [8] Fines were imposed in the millions of dollars.

In response to the decree, Red Cross Biomedical Services now has a standardized computer system that efficiently maintains the blood donor database; a network of five[9], state-of-the-art National Testing Laboratories (NTLs) that test about 6 million units of blood collected by the Red Cross's 36 blood regions; the Charles Drew Biomedical Institute, which allows for the Red Cross to provide training and other educational resources to Red Cross Blood Services' personnel; a highly qualified Quality Assurance/Regulatory Affairs Department, which helps to ensure compliance with FDA regulations in every Red Cross Blood Services region; and, a centrally managed blood inventory system to ensure the consistent availability of blood and blood components in every Red Cross Blood Services region throughout the country. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

In an agreement with the American Red Cross the Consent Decree was amended in 2003 with penalties for specific violations.

The FDA can impose penalties after April 2003 up to the following maximum amounts:

The Food and Drug Administration has continued to apply pressure and fines to the American Red Cross in order to enforce compliance with regulations. The most recent, $4. 2 million, in September 2006. [10]

Red Cross Health and Safety services

The American Red Cross has become a household name for providing first aid, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), Automated external defibrillator (AED), water safety and lifeguarding training throughout the United States. First aid is the provision of initial care for an Illness or Injury. A lifeguard is an Emergency service worker who is responsible for overseeing the Safety of the users of a recreational water feature such as a Swimming The training programs are primarily aimed at laypersons, workplaces, and aquatic facilities. Annually, the American Red Cross teaches around 12 million Americans these skills, ranging from youth to professional rescuers. In 2005, the American Red Cross co-lead the 2005 Guidelines for First Aid, which aims to provide up-to-date and peer-reviewed first aid training material. Many American Red Cross chapters also sell first aid kits and other related equipment.

Disaster Services

Each year, the American Red Cross responds immediately to more than 70,000 disasters, including house or apartment fires (the majority of disaster responses), hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hazardous materials spills, transportation accidents, explosions, and other natural and man-made disasters. A disaster is the impact of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer A tornado is a violent rotating column of air which is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a Cumulonimbus cloud or in rare cases the base of a Cumulus A dangerous good is any Solid, Liquid, or Gas that can harm people other living Organisms property or the environment An accident is a specific identifiable unexpected unusual and unintended external event which occurs in a particular time and place without apparent or deliberate An explosion is a sudden increase in Volume and release of Energy in an extreme manner usually with the generation of high Temperatures and the release

Although the American Red Cross is not a government agency, its authority to provide disaster relief was formalized when, in 1905, the Red Cross was granted a congressional charter to "carry on a system of national and international relief in time of peace and apply the same in mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods, and other great national calamities, and to devise and carry on measures for preventing the same. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the mission authority and activities of a group " The Charter is not only a grant of power, but also an imposition of duties and obligations to the nation, to disaster victims, and to the people who support its work with their donations.

American Red Cross disaster relief focuses on meeting people's immediate emergency disaster-caused needs. When a disaster threatens or strikes, the Red Cross provides shelter, food, and health and mental health services to address basic human needs. Emergency shelters are places (such as Najidah) for people to live temporarily when they can't live in their previous residence similar to Homeless shelters The Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. In addition to these services, the core of Red Cross disaster relief is the assistance given to individuals and families affected by disaster to enable them to resume their normal daily activities independently. The organization also provides translation and interpretation to those affected when necessary, and maintains a database of multilingual volunteers to enable this. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation A language bank is an organization that helps people who need Translation or Interpretation services fulfill those needs through the assistance of qualified Translators [11]

The Red Cross also feeds emergency workers of other agencies, handles inquiries from concerned family members outside the disaster area, provides blood and blood products to disaster victims, and helps those affected by disaster to access other available resources. It is a member of the National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (VOAD) and works closely with other agencies such as the Salvation Army and the Amateur Radio Emergency Service with whom it has Memorandums of Understanding. The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service. In the United States and Canada, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service ( ARES) is a corps of trained Amateur radio operator volunteers organized

The American Red Cross also works hard to encourage preparedness by providing important literature on readiness. Many chapters also offer free classes to the general public.

A major misconception by the general public is that the American Red Cross provides medical facilities, engages in search and rescue operations or deploys ambulances to disaster areas. As an emergency support agency, the American Red Cross does not engage in these first responder activities; instead, these first responder roles are left to local, state or federal agencies as dictated by the National Response Plan. The National Response Plan is the United States national plan to respond to emergencies such as terrorist attacks or natural disasters The confusion arises since other Red Cross societies across the globe may provide these functions; for example, the Cruz Roja Mexicana (Mexican Red Cross) runs a national ambulance service. An ambulance is a Vehicle for transporting sick or injured people to from or between places of treatment for an Illness or Injury. Furthermore, American Red Cross Emergency Response Vehicles (ERVs) look similar to ambulances. These ERVs instead are designed for bulk distribution of relief supplies, such as hot meals, drinks or other relief supplies. Although American Red Cross shelters usually have a nurse assigned to the facility, they are not equipped to provide medical care beyond emergency first aid.

Disaster Services Human Resources system

The Disaster Services Human Resources (DSHR) system enrolls volunteers from individual American Red Cross chapters into a national database of responders, classified by their ability to serve in one or more Activities within Groups. The activities vary from obvious ones such as feeding and sheltering ("Mass Care") to more specialized ones such as warehousing, damage assesment, financial accounting, radio and computer communications, public affairs and counseling. Responders must complete training requirements specific to the Activities they wish to serve in, as well as the basics required of all Disaster Service volunteers, which include a background check as well as training in First Aid, CPR/AED and Red Cross internal training.

National Response Plan

As a National Response Plan direct service provider, the American Red Cross feeds and shelters victims of disasters. The National Response Plan is the United States national plan to respond to emergencies such as terrorist attacks or natural disasters In addition to fulfilling this role, the American Red Cross is responsible for coordinating federal efforts to address mass care, housing, and human services under Emergency Support Function 6 with FEMA. The American Red Cross is the only charity to serve as a primary agency under any Emergency Support Function. The plan gives the American Red Cross responsibility for coordinating federal mass care assistance in support of state and local efforts. The American Red Cross also has responsibilities under other Emergency Support Functions, such as providing counseling services and working with the federal government to distribute ice and water. FEMA’s responsibilities include convening regular meetings with key agencies and coordinating the transition of service delivery from mass care operations to long-term recovery activities, among other responsibilities. [12]

September 11 controversy

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Red Cross, like many charitable organizations, solicited funds and blood donations for Red Cross activities for the victims of the attacks. Dr. Bernadine Healy, the president of the American Red Cross, appeared on telethons urging individuals to give generously. Bernadine Patricia Healy (b August 4, 1944) is a cardiologist and a former head of the National Institutes of Health (NIH and the American Red Cross However, according to America's Blood Centers, the nonprofit consortium that provides the other 50% of the United States blood supply, no national blood drive was needed, since localized blood drives in the affected areas would be sufficient to meet the demand. The American Red Cross felt that the terrorist attacks were a sign of increased instability and urged people to donate blood, even though it wasn't needed at that time. In the end, some blood was destroyed unused.

Also, the American Red Cross created the Liberty Fund that was ostensibly designed for relief for victims of the terrorist attacks. However, when the fund was closed in October, after exceeding the goals of donations, only 30% of the $547 million received was spent as the standard disaster relief guidelines for meeting victims needs had been supplied to them. Dr. Healy announced that the majority of the remainder of the money would be used to increase blood supply, improve telecommunications, and prepare for terror attacks in other parts of the country.

In February 2002, The New Yorker magazine reported that American Red Cross representatives were visiting upscale apartment buildings in wealthy Manhattan neighborhoods and distributing donated money (up to three months' rent or mortgage payments) to New Yorkers who had been "displaced, traumatized, or merely inconvenienced" by the terrorist attacks, without any regard to whether the recipients were actually in financial need. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry

Many donors felt that they had donated specifically to the victims of the September 11 attacks and objected to Healy's official plan for the diversion of funds. Survivors complained of the bureaucratic process involved in requesting funds and the slow delivery of the checks to meet immediate needs. Congressional hearings were called and New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer investigated the Red Cross. Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party. In the end, the American Red Cross appointed former U. S. senator George Mitchell to handle distribution of the funds. For other persons with a similar name see George Mitchell. George John Mitchell, GBE (born August 20, 1933 Dr. Healy was forced to resign for her role in the situation, and the Red Cross pledged that all funds would go to directly benefit the victims of the September 11 attacks. [13] Healy received a severance payment of $1,569,630. [14] In the end, out of the $961 million received, 71% went as cash assistance to those directly affected, 15% went for long term mental care and hospital care for the victims and people in the affected region, and 10% went for immediate disaster relief like shelters, food, and health care. The remaining 4% went for administration.

Significant changes to Red Cross fundraising collection and policy have since been implemented after the Liberty Fund debacle. Numerous watchdog organizations, such as Charity Navigator, have since given high praise to the improved system of honoring donor's intent and minimizing administration costs.

Blood Donation Controversy

Main article: MSM blood donor controversy

The American Red Cross has for many years faced criticism from LGBT advocacy organizations for prohibiting men who have sex with men from donating blood. Men who have sex with men (MSM are often prohibited from donating blood or tissue for transplantation because they are considered to be at high risk for HIV LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Men who have sex with men or males who have sex with males ( MSM) refers to men who engage in sexual activity with other men whether This policy is in fact a requirement for all blood collection companies and organizations in the United States, as outlined by the US Food and Drug Administration. Specifically, the FDA classifies "Men who have had sex with another man even one time since 1977. . . Unsuitable Donors who Are at Increased Risk for HIV". [15] Consequently, the American Red Cross is legally unable to collect blood from men who have sex with men. The organization in 2006, along with the AABB and America’s Blood Centers, petitioned to the FDA to remove the requirement from blood donations, citing better screening technologies. AABB may refer to Axis-aligned bounding box, a type of bounding volume often used in 3D computer geometry American Association of Blood Banks [16][17] Despite the petition, the FDA has yet to reverse its stance on the issue.

2005 Hurricanes

The 2005 Hurricane Season proved to be the most challenging disaster response the American Red Cross had ever seen in its history. Forecasting a major disaster before the landfall of Hurricane Katrina, the organization enlisted 2,000 volunteers throughout the nation to be on a "stand by" deployment list. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States

According to the American Red Cross, during and after the Hurricanes Katrina, Wilma and Rita, they opened 1,470 different shelters across and registered 3. 8 million overnight stays. A total of 244,000 Red Cross workers (95% of whom were non-paid volunteers) were utilized to provide sheltering, casework, communication and assessment services throughout these three hurricanes. In addition, 346,980 comfort kits (which contain hygiene essentials such as toothpaste, soap, washclothes and toys for children) and 205,360 clean up kits (containing brooms, mops and bleach) were distributed. For mass care, the organization served 68 million snacks and meals to victims of the disasters and to rescue workers. The Red Cross also had their Disaster Health services meet 596,810 contacts, and Disaster Mental Health services meet 826,590 contacts. Red Cross emergency financial assistance was provided to 1. 4 million families, which encompassed a total of 4 million people. Hurricane Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States that the American Red Cross utilized their "Safe and Well" family location website. [18][19]

On February 3, 2006, 5 months after Katrina's landfall, the American Red Cross announced that it had met its fundraising goals, and would no longer engage in new 2005 Hurricane relief fundraising. The National organization urged the public to help other charities engaged in hurricane relief work, or to donate to their local Red Cross chapters. An American Red Cross statement was issued saying that 91 cents of every dollar donated specifically for the Hurricane Katrina disaster will go directly to disaster relief. This overhead of only 9% is quite low for such a large organization.

Hurricane Katrina controversy

In March 2006, investigations of allegations of fraud and theft by volunteers and contractors within the American Red Cross Katrina operations were launched by the Louisiana Attorney-General and the FBI. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition [20] In response, the American Red Cross increased its internal and external education of the organization's fraud and waste hotline for confidential reporting to a third party agency. The organization also elected to implement a background check policy for all volunteers and staff, starting in 2006.

In April 2006, an unnamed former American Red Cross official leaked reports made by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the British Red Cross. "ICRC" redirects here For other uses see ICRC (disambiguation. The British Red Cross Society is a prominent part of the largest impartial Humanitarian organisation in the world – the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Such reports are typical in a large-scale disaster relief operation involving other national Red Cross societies to solicit their input, but are usually confidential and not released to the general public. These particular reports were particularly critical of American Red Cross operations in Hurricane Katrina affected regions, although the British Red Cross report highly praised the American Red Cross volunteers in their efforts.

Other Disaster Responses

Comair Air Crash

In response to the crash of commuter aircraft Comair Flight 5191, the Bluegrass Area Chapter and the American Red Cross Critical Response Team (CRT) members were dispatched to the scene. Comair is a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines based in Erlanger Kentucky, USA, a city near the Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Comair Flight 191, or Delta Air Lines Flight 5191, was a scheduled U This was the worst air disaster within the United States since American Airlines Flight 587. American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size American Airlines Flight 587 crashed into the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens; a borough of New York City in New York, United Family and Friends reception centers were established near the arrival and departure airports and in Cincinnati, site of the Comair headquarters. Local chapters in Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky and California provided health, mental health to family members and friends of the victims not present in Lexington. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Volunteers also staffed the local Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in Lexington, Kentucky, the incident command post at the airport site and the State EOC. Lexington (officially Lexington-Fayette Urban County is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 68th largest in the United States. As of August 29th 2006, 400 meals had been served by the American Red Cross to family and friends of those involved in the crash, in addition to rescue workers. The Red Cross provided emotional support to the family members of the victims at a near by Service Center. [21]

2007 Florida Tornadoes

In response to the Central Florida Tornado of February 2007, the American Red Cross began a large scale disaster relief operation. The 2007 Central Florida Tornadoes were a localized but devastating Tornado event that took place in Central Florida early on February 2, 2007 At least seven shelters have been opened in the disaster affected region, with Southern Baptists starting to provide food. The Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC) is a United States -based mostly conservative Christian denomination 40,000 pre-packaged meals are being sent by the American Red Cross, and across the nation, almost 400 Red Cross volunteers are being deployed to assist with the local relief efforts. The organization has also deployed more than 30 Emergency Response Vehicles for community food and supply distribution. [22]

2007 Kansas Tornadoes

The American Red Cross immediately responded to the May 2007 Tornado Outbreak in central Kansas by setting up emergency shelters for hundreds of displaced residents and started the distribution of food, water and relief supplies. The May 2007 Tornado Outbreak was an extended Tornado outbreak that started on May 4 2007 affecting portions of the Central United States. [23]The 'Safe and Well' family notification website for locating missing loved ones was also activated. [24]

Minneapolis Bridge Collapse

Following the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge, the American Red Cross of the Twin Cities Area Chapter responded with their Disaster Action Team to provide families and rescuers food, information and comfort. The I-35W Mississippi River bridge (officially known simply as Bridge 9340) was an eight-lane steel Truss arch bridge that carried Interstate 35W across A family service center was set up close to the accident site, along with deploying mental health counselors to numerous locations. [25] Donations contributed for this cause totaled US$138,368 and covered the cost of Red Cross services[26] but not $65,000 in unexpected expenses. [27] Weather conditions and the collapse placed 70% of Minnesota counties in federal primary or contiguous disaster areas during August 2007. This is a List of counties in Minnesota. There are 87 counties in the U [28] As of 2007-08-24 the Red Cross needed Disaster Relief Fund donations for the flooding in the Midwestern United States including Minnesota that followed a prolonged drought. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River The 2007 Midwest flooding was a major Flooding event that occurred in the Midwestern United States in the third week of August 2007 Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply [29] On 2007-08-08, the Twin Cities chapter lowered the United States, state of Minnesota and Red Cross flags to half-staff indefinitely. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Half-staff or half-mast describes a Flag flying approximately halfway up a flagpole or ship's mast (though anywhere from one-third to two-thirds of the way up is acceptable [30]

International Services

The American Red Cross, as part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and its nearly 100 million volunteers, educates and mobilizes communities to overcome life-threatening vulnerabilities. The core focus areas of the American Red Cross International Services Department are global health, disaster preparedness and response, and Restoring Family Links and International Humanitarian Law dissemination. The American Red Cross is involved with many international projects, such as the Measles Initiative, malaria programs in Africa, disaster responses worldwide, and relief efforts in response to the 2004 South Asia tsunami.

American Red Cross international disaster response and preparedness programs provide relief and development assistance to millions of people annually who suffer as a result of natural and human-made disasters around the world. To respond quickly and effectively, the American Red Cross has pre-positioned emergency relief supplies in two warehouses managed by the International Federation in Dubai and Panama, which are used to respond to disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami disaster, the 2005 Pakistan/South Asia earthquake, ongoing crises in Africa and hurricanes in the Caribbean and the Americas. An Emergency Response Unit (ERU) is another method with which the American Red Cross responds to international emergencies. An ERU is made up of trained personnel and pre-packaged technical equipment that is crucial in responding to sudden, large-scale disasters and emergencies in remote locations.

American Red Cross International Services global health initiatives focus on reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and combating infectious diseases. Through cost-effective, community-based health interventions, the American Red Cross targets large numbers of people in need and focuses on accessibility and equity of care, community participation, and integration with other community development initiatives, such as water and sanitation projects and food and nutrition programs. An example of its health programming is the Measles Initiative, launched in 2001, as a partnership committed to reducing measles deaths globally, with the goal of cutting measles deaths by 90% by 2010 compared to 2000. Leading these efforts are the American Red Cross, the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United Nations Foundation, UNICEF and the World Health Organization. During its first five years (2001-2005), the Initiative supported the vaccination of more than 217 million children in Africa, saving 1. 2 million lives. Through these efforts, measles cases and deaths have dropped by 48% worldwide and by 60% in Africa, where measles deaths and disability are highest. Building on its success in Africa, the Initiative has expanded into Asia. The Initiative increasingly provides additional complementary life-saving health interventions in its campaigns, including vitamin A, de-worming medicine and insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria prevention. The Measles Initiative has mobilized more than $308 million to support campaigns in more than 43 countries in Africa and Asia.

In December 2006, the American Red Cross joined as a founding partner of the Malaria No More campaign, which was formed by leading non-governmental organizations to inspire individuals, institutions and organizations in the private sector to support a comprehensive approach to end malaria, a devastating but preventable disease The American Red Cross role in Malaria No More is to support local Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers in Africa who are educating families and communities about malaria prevention and treatment, such as proper and consistent use of insecticide-treated bed nets. The American Red Cross provides technical assistance and capacity-building support to its partners to fight malaria in even the most difficult-to-reach communities.

The American Red Cross handles international tracing requests and searches for families who have been separated by war or natural or man-made disaster and are trying to locate relatives worldwide. This is not a genealogical service but one that attempts to re-establish contact between family members separated at a time of war or disaster. Restoring Family Links services also provide the exchange of hand-written Red Cross Messages between individuals and their relatives who may be refugees or prisoners of war. At any given time, the American Red Cross Restoring Family Links program is handling the aftermath of 20-30 wars and conflicts. The world-wide structure of Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross make this service possible. When new information from many former Soviet Union archives became available in that 1990s, a special unit, named the Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center, was created to handle World War II and Holocaust tracing services.

As part of its mission, American Red Cross International Services has a mandate to educate the American public about the guiding principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) for conduct in warfare as set forth by the Geneva Conventions of 1949. In doing so, American Red Cross International Services provides support to American Red Cross chapters nationwide in their IHL dissemination efforts, offering IHL courses and providing training opportunities for IHL instructors. It is also working toward the implementation of the Exploring Humanitarian Law (EHL) program in the United States.

Service to the Armed Forces

Although not a government agency, the American Red Cross provides emergency services to the United States military. The most notable service is emergency family communications, where families can contact the Red Cross to send important family messages (such as a death in the family, or new birth). In such, the Red Cross can also act as a verifying agency of the situation. The American Red Cross works closely with other military societies, such as the Veteran's Administration, to provide other services to soldiers and their families. The American Red Cross is not involved with prisoners of war; rather, these are monitored by the International Committee of the Red Cross, an international body distinctly independent of any nation. "ICRC" redirects here For other uses see ICRC (disambiguation.

Many Second World War veterans remember the American Red Cross selling "comfort items" such as toothpaste, coffee, donuts and cigarettes to the troops. The American Red Cross acknowledges that they did charge nominal fees for such items because Department of the Army policy required it to do so. The unfortunate repercussions marred the agency's name for many years. The specifics of the policy were as follows:[31]

Clara Barton National Historic Site

In 1975, Clara Barton National Historic Site was established as a unit of the National Park Service at her Glen Echo, Maryland home near Washington, D.C. The first National Historic Site dedicated to the accomplishments of a woman, it preserves the early history of the American Red Cross and the last home of its founder. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Clara Barton National Historic Site, which includes the Clara Barton House, was established in 1974 to interpret the life of Clara Barton (1821–1912 an The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Clara Barton spent the last 15 years of her life in her Glen Echo home, and it served as an early headquarters of the American Red Cross as well.

The National Park Service has restored eleven rooms, including the Red Cross offices, parlors and Miss Barton's bedroom. Visitors to Clara Barton National Historic Site can gain a sense of how Miss Barton lived and worked surrounded by all that went into her life's work. Visitors to the site are led through the three levels on a guided tour emphasizing Miss Barton's use of her unusual home, and come to appreciate the site in the same way visitors did in Clara Barton's lifetime. [32]

Celebrity Cabinet

Every year, the American Red Cross establishes a "National Celebrity Cabinet", started in 2002 as part of the "Entertainment Outreach Program" to help the ARC highlight initiatives and response efforts.

The public figures are described as being "on-call" to help the Red Cross by donating their time to lend their names to various projects. [33]

2007 members include Kristen Bell, Zach Braff, Pierce Brosnan, Jackie Chan, George Foreman, Vivica Fox, The Rock, Eli Manning, Dr Phil McGraw, Julianne Moore, Jane Seymour and Daddy Yankee. Kristen Anne Bell (born July 18 1980 is an American actress She has received a Satellite Award and Saturn Award, and has been nominated for a Television Zachary Israel "Zach" Braff (born April 6, 1975) is an Independent Spirit Award -winning American Television and Film Pierce Brendan Brosnan, OBE Honour and so holds an honorary OBE Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is an American two-time World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Vivica Anjanetta Fox (born July 30, 1964) is an American actress Elisha Nelson Manning IV (born January 3 1981 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American football Quarterback for the New York Giants Phillip Calvin McGraw (born September 1, 1950) best known as Dr Julianne Moore (born December 3 1960 is an Academy - and BAFTA -nominated and Emmy - and Golden Globe -winning American Actress Jane Seymour (1508– 24 October 1537) was Queen Consort of England and the third wife of Henry VIII. Ramón (Raymond Ayala (born February 3 1977 known artistically as Daddy Yankee, is a Latin Grammy Award -winning Puerto Rican Reggaeton recording [34]

Chairmen of the American Red Cross

References

  1. ^ Gail J. McGovern Biography
  2. ^ Strom, Stephanie (2007-04-18), American Red Cross Announces New Chief, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/18/us/18cnd-cross.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin>. John Barton Payne ( January 26, 1855 &ndash January 24, 1935) was United States Secretary of the Interior from 1920 through 1921 Cary Travers Grayson ( October 11, 1878 - February 15, 1938) was a surgeon in the United States Navy who served a variety of roles Basil O'Connor ( January 8, 1892 Taunton Massachusetts &ndash March 9, 1972 Phoenix Arizona) was an American lawyer Jerome H Holland ( January 6, 1916 - January 13, 1985) was an educational administrator and diplomat William Edwin "Ed" Whetstone ( August 29, 1908 -- February 28, 1987) was a Monroe ( Ouachita Parish) Businessman Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Retrieved on 18 April 2007 
  3. ^ McCormick, K. Todd A Brief History of Logan County, Ohio, Logan County Museum website. Retrieved on 2007-04-18
  4. ^ J&J (NYSE: JNJ) Sues Red Cross Over Use of Red Cross Emblem
  5. ^ Johnson & Johnson sues the Red Cross - Business News, Business - Independent.co.uk
  6. ^ Johnson & Johnson Press Release. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Statement on Civil Complaint Against The American National Red Cross. August 9, 2007. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  7. ^ http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/fe20c3d903ce27e3c125641e004a92f3 1st Geneva Convention. Chapter VII. Art 44.
  8. ^ Consent Decree Notification, U. S. Food and Drug Administration website, (2003-04-13). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  9. ^ {citation| url=http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/0,1082,0_494_,00.html | accessdate=2008-7-3}}
  10. ^ Harris, Gardiner (2006-09-16), F.D.A. Adds $4 Million Fine For Red Cross Blood System, The New York Times, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C0DE0DE1431F93AA3575AC0A9609C8B63&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss>. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Retrieved on 18 April 2007 
  11. ^ American Red Cross -- Community Services. American Red Cross. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  12. ^ Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Provision of Charitable Assistance United States Government Accountability Office, 2005-12-13 pp. The Government Accountability Office ( GAO) is the Audit, Evaluation, and investigative arm of the United States Congress. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life 3-4. Retrieved 2007-04-18
  13. ^ Williams, Grant Red Cross President Resigns Under Pressure From Board, The Chronicle of Philanthropy, 2001-10-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. The Chronicle of Philanthropy is a biweekly newspaper that covers the nonprofit world Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  14. ^ American Red Cross report Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance, May 2003. The BBB Wise Giving Alliance (WGA is an association of charities formed by a merger of the National Charities Information Bureau (NCIB and the Council of Better Business Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  15. ^ 1992 Recommendations for the prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products
  16. ^ Red Cross calls for end to ban on gay blood donors | Health News | Advocate.com
  17. ^ NPR: American Red Cross Fights Ban on Gays' Blood
  18. ^ A Year of Healing The American Red Cross, August 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-18
  19. ^ Hurricane Season 2005, American Red Cross website, 2006-06-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  20. ^ Red Cross probed on Katrina fraud, BBC News Online, 2006-03-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  21. ^ Lawson, Katie Red Cross Responds to Commercial Jet Crash in Kentucky, American Red Cross, 2006-08-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  22. ^ Hackett, Alexandra Volunteers descend on Central Florida, Tampa Bay's 10 News. WTSP, channel 10 is a CBS -affiliate Television station on the west coast of Florida ( Tampa &ndash St Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  23. ^ American Red Cross responding to Midwest Tornadoes More than 400 men, women and children in Red Cross Shelters
  24. ^ American Red Cross Help Unite Missing Family Members in Kansas List Yourself or Loved Ones on Safe And Well Website
  25. ^ Boone, Beth. "Red Cross Chapter Serves as Focal Point of Response Efforts", The American National Red Cross, 2007-08-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital   and The American National Red Cross (2007-08-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the "Red Cross on Scene of Minneapolis I-35W Bridge Collapse". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  26. ^ O'Connor, Debra. "How to give wisely after Minnesota's disasters", Pioneer Press, MediaNews Group, Inc. , 2007-08-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Retrieved on 2007-08-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the  
  27. ^ Louwagie, Pam. "Bridge Disaster Fund tops $564,000", Star Tribune, Avista Capital Partners, 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.  
  28. ^ Minnesota designated counties are found in three places: Farm Service Agency, U. S. Department of Agriculture (2007-08-07). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. "USDA DESIGNATES 24 MINNESOTA COUNTIES AS PRIMARY NATURAL DISASTER AREAS". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-08-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the and Preston, Steven C. , Administrator (2007-08-22). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Disaster Declaration #10991 (PDF). U. S. Small Business Administration. Retrieved on 2007-08-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the and Federal Emergency Management Agency (2007-08-23, updated 2007-08-28). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital "Designated Counties for Minnesota Severe Storms and Flooding (Disaster Summary For FEMA-1717-DR, Minnesota)". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  29. ^ The American National Red Cross (2007-08-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River "Persistent Flooding Devastates the Midwest and South Central U.S.". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  30. ^ American Red Cross Twin Cities Area Chapter (2007-08-08). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. "Flags Lowered to Half Staff at Red Cross Headquarters". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-08-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert.
  31. ^ Materials prepared in 1947 to help chapters answer GI complaints Atlanta Chapter of the American Red Cross. Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  32. ^ Clara Barton National Historic Site: The House, National Park Service website. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
  33. ^ American Red Cross National Celebrity Cabinet, ARC website. Retrieved 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.
  34. ^ National Celebrity Cabinet 2007 Members, ARC website. Retrieved 2007-09-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina.

Further reading

See also

External links

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated First aid is the provision of initial care for an Illness or Injury. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the world's largest group of humanitarian Non-governmental organizations The Movement The Johnstown Flood disaster (or Great Flood of 1889 as it became known locally occurred on May 31, 1889. The Medical Cadet Corps is an organization based on the beliefs and doctrines of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (Adventist church
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