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For other uses, see American English (disambiguation).
"US English" redirects here. For the political organization, see U.S. English (organization). This article is about the political organization US English For the dialect of English spoken in the United States see American English.
English language prevalence in the United States. Darker shades of blue indicate higher concentrations of native English speakers in the corresponding states.
English language prevalence in the United States. Darker shades of blue indicate higher concentrations of native English speakers in the corresponding states.
American and British English differences

British English (BrE)


American English (AmE)
Vocabulary
Pronunciation

Orthography
Computing

Fiction
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American English (AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US[1]), also known as United States English or U. This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the This is a list of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom. This is a list of British words not widely used in the United States. This is a list of words and phrases having differing meanings in British and American English. Differences in Pronunciation between American English (AmE and British English (BrE can be divided into differences in accent (i American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences. There are two major English language Keyboard layouts the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout defined in BS 4822 (48-key version This page lists works with different titles in the United Kingdom and United States. S. English, is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [2]

The use of English in the United States was inherited from British colonization. British colonization of the Americas (including colonization under the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland before the 1707 Acts of Union created The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America in the 17th century. During that time, there were also speakers in North America of Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Scots, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Finnish, and numerous Native American languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and

Contents

Phonology

See also: North American English regional phonology. North American English regional phonology is the study of variations in the pronunciation of spoken English by the inhabitants of various parts of North America.

In many ways, compared to English English, North American English[3] is conservative in its phonology. English language in England refers to the English language as spoken in England, part of the United Kingdom. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Some distinctive accents can be found on the East Coast (for example, in Eastern New England and New York City), partly because these areas were in contact with England, and imitated prestigious varieties of English English at a time when those varieties were undergoing changes[4]. The East Coast of the United States, also known as the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard" refers to the easternmost coastal states in the central and northern In addition, many speech communities on the East Coast have existed in their present locations longer than others. The interior of the United States, however, was settled by people from all regions of the existing U. S. and, as such, developed a far more generic linguistic pattern.

Most North American speech is rhotic, as English was in most places in the 17th century. English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups the rhotic (ˈroʊtɪk and non-rhotic, depending on when the sound typically represented Rhoticity was further supported by Hiberno-English and Scottish English as well as the fact most regions of England at this time also had rhotic accents. Hiberno-English also known as Anglo-Irish and Irish English is English as spoken in Ireland, partly the result of the interaction of the English Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. In most varieties of North American English, the sound corresponding to the letter r is a retroflex [ɻ] or alveolar approximant [ɹ] rather than a trill or a tap. The retroflex approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The alveolar approximant is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The loss of syllable-final r in North America is confined mostly to the accents of eastern New England, New York City and surrounding areas, South Philadelphia, and the coastal portions of the South. The Boston accent is found not only in the city of Boston Massachusetts itself but also much of eastern Massachusetts The New York dialect of the English language is spoken by most European Americans and some non-European Americans who were raised in New York City and South Philadelphia Nicknamed "South Philly" is the section of Philadelphia bounded by South Street to the north the Delaware River Southern American English is a group of Dialects of the English language spoken throughout the Southern region of the United States, from Southern In rural tidewater Virginia and eastern New England, 'r' is non-rhotic in accented (such as "bird", "work", "first", "birthday") as well as unaccented syllables, although this is declining among the younger generation of speakers. The Tidewater region of Virginia is a term used to refer to the eastern portion of the Commonwealth of Virginia. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the ( Dropping of syllable-final r sometimes happens in natively rhotic dialects if r is located in unaccented syllables or words and the next syllable or word begins in a consonant. In England, the lost r was often changed into [ə] (schwa), giving rise to a new class of falling diphthongs. In Linguistics, specifically Phonetics and Phonology, schwa can mean the following An unstressed and toneless neutral In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with Furthermore, the er sound of fur or butter, is realized in AmE as a monophthongal r-colored vowel (stressed [ɝ] or unstressed [ɚ] as represented in the IPA). A monophthong ( Greek μονόφθογγος "monophthongos" = single note) is a "pure" Vowel sound one whose articulation at In Phonetics, vocalic r refers to the phenomenon of a Rhotic segment such as or occurring as the Syllable nucleus. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic This does not happen in the non-rhotic varieties of North American speech.

Some other British English changes in which most North American dialects do not participate:

On the other hand, North American English has undergone some sound changes not found in Britain, especially not in its standard varieties. Many of these are instances of phonemic differentiation and include:

The red areas are those where non-rhotic pronunciations are found among some white people in the United States. AAVE-influenced non-rhotic pronunciations may be found among black people throughout the country.
The red areas are those where non-rhotic pronunciations are found among some white people in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the AAVE-influenced non-rhotic pronunciations may be found among black people throughout the country. African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa [5]

Some mergers found in most varieties of both American and British English include:

Vocabulary

North America has given the English lexicon many thousands of words, meanings, and phrases. In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions Several thousand are now used in English as spoken internationally; others, however, died within a few years of their creation.

Creation of an American lexicon

The process of coining new lexical items started as soon as the colonists began borrowing names for unfamiliar flora, fauna, and topography from the Native American languages. Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Examples of such names are opossum, raccoon, squash and moose (from Algonquian). Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. The raccoon ( Procyon lotor) (sometimes spelt as racoon) also known as the common raccoon, North American raccoon, northern raccoon Squashes generally refer to four species of the genus Cucurbita native to the Mexico and Central America, also called marrows depending The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Other Native American loanwords, such as wigwam or moccasin, describe artificial objects in common use among Native Americans. WigWam is a duo comprising Alex James, the Bassist from Blur and vocalist Betty Boo. The languages of the other colonizing nations also added to the American vocabulary; for instance, cookie, cruller, stoop, and pit (of a fruit) from Dutch; levee, portage ("carrying of boats or goods") and (probably) gopher from French; barbecue, stevedore, and rodeo from Spanish. In the United States and Canada, a cookie is a small flat-baked treat usually round containing milk flour eggs and sugar etc A tradititonal cruller (or twister) is a twisted oblong fried Pastry made of dough somewhat like that of a cake Doughnut, often topped with plain Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Dike (constructionEmbankmentA levee, levée, dike (or dyke) embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial A gopher is a small burrowing Rodent that comes in many varieties including Pocket gophers of the family Geomyidae, native to French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people barbeque block party Kansas cityjpg|thumb|right|275px|A barbecue on a trailer at a Block party in Kansas City. Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States

Among the earliest and most notable regular "English" additions to the American vocabulary, dating from the early days of colonization through the early 19th century, are terms describing the features of the North American landscape; for instance, run, branch, fork, snag, bluff, gulch, neck (of the woods), barrens, bottomland, notch, knob, riffle, rapids, watergap, cutoff, trail, timberline and divide. In Forest Ecology, a snag refers to a standing partly or completely dead Tree, often missing a top or most of the smaller branches while in freshwater A gulch is a deep V-shaped valley formed by Erosion. It may contain a small stream or dry creek bed and is usually larger in size than a Gully. In studies of the Ecology of Freshwater Rivers habitats are classified as upland and lowland. RAPID is an acronym for Rural Address Property IDentification a scheme instituted in New Zealand to assist emergency services in identifying and locating rural properties A trail is a Path or Road used for Walking, Cycling, Cross-country skiing, or other activities The tree line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which Trees are capable of growing A drainage divide, water divide, divide or (outside North America) watershed is the line separating neighbouring Drainage basins Already existing words such as creek, slough, sleet and (in later use) watershed received new meanings that were unknown in England. A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks The word slough (in British English ˈslaʊ to rhyme with "cow" in American and Canadian English pronounced /ˈsluː/ "slew" has A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River,

Other noteworthy American toponyms are found among loanwords; for example, prairie, butte (French); bayou (Choctaw via Louisiana French); coulee (Canadian French, but used also in Louisiana with a different meaning); canyon, mesa, arroyo (Spanish); vlei, kill (Dutch, Hudson Valley). Prairie, from the French prairie ("meadow" "grassland" "pasture" refers to an area of land of low topographic relief that historically A butte (bjut is an isolated Hill with steep often vertical sides and a small flat top smaller than Mesas Plateaus and tables In some A bayou (pronounced oʊ or uː is a small slow-moving Stream or creek or a lake or pool ( bayou lake) that lies in an abandoned channel of a stream The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) Coulee (or coulée) is applied rather loosely to different landforms all of which refer to a kind For the song see CANYONMID. For the band see Canyon (band. A canyon (rarely cañon) or gorge A mesa ( Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic for "table" is an elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs An arroyo (literally brook in Spanish) also called a wash or draw, is a usually dry creek bed or Gulch that temporarily As a Body of water, a kill is a creek. The word comes from the Middle Dutch kille, meaning "riverbed" or "water channel For the Magazine, see Hudson Valley (magazine

The word corn, used in England to refer to wheat (or any cereal), came to denote the plant Zea mays, the most important crop in the U. S. , originally named Indian corn by the earliest settlers; wheat, rye, barley, oats, etc. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica came to be collectively referred to as grain (or breadstuffs). Other notable farm related vocabulary additions were the new meanings assumed by barn (not only a building for hay and grain storage, but also for housing livestock) and team (not just the horses, but also the vehicle along with them), as well as, in various periods, the terms range, (corn) crib, truck, elevator, sharecropping and feedlot. A barn is an agricultural building used for storage and as a covered workplace A corn crib or corncrib is a type of Granary used to dry and store corn. "Market garden" redirects here For the World War II operation see Operation Market Garden. History Grain elevators are a common sight in the grain-growing areas of the world such as the North American Prairies Larger terminal elevators are Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e A feedlot or feedyard is a type of Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO (also known as " Factory farming " which is used for finishing livestock

Ranch, later applied to a house style, derives from Mexican Spanish; most Spanish contributions came indeed after the War of 1812, with the opening of the West. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle Ranch-style houses (also American Ranch, California Ranch, Rambler or Rancher) is an American domestic Architectural style (although Mexican Spanish ( español mexicano in Spanish is the Spanish language as it is spoken in Mexico. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Among these are, other than toponyms, chaps (from chaparreras), plaza, lasso, bronco, buckaroo, rodeo; examples of "English" additions from the cowboy era are bad man, maverick, chuck ("food") and Boot Hill; from the California Gold Rush came such idioms as hit pay dirt or strike it rich. The Clearing House Automated Payment System or CHAPS is a British company established in London in 1984 which offers same-day sterling Plaza ( / latin america) is a Spanish word related to "field" which describes an open urban Public space, such as a City square. Reata redirects here For the comic book character see Reata (comics A lasso, lariat, or riata (from the Spanish reata Bronco, or bronc, is a term used in the United States and Canada to refer to an untrained Horse or one that habitually bucks Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States A cowboy is an animal Herder who tends Cattle on Ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback and often performs a multitude of Boot Hill (or Boothill) is the name for any number of cemeteries, chiefly in the American West. The California Gold Rush (1848&ndash1855 began on January 24 1848 when Gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California The word blizzard probably originated in the West. A couple of notable late 18th century additions are the verb belittle and the noun bid, both first used in writing by Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence

With the new continent developed new forms of dwelling, and hence a large inventory of words designating real estate concepts (land office, lot, outlands, waterfront, the verbs locate and relocate, betterment, addition, subdivision), types of property (log cabin, adobe in the 18th century; frame house, apartment, tenement house, shack, shanty in the 19th century; project, condominium, townhouse, split-level, mobile home, multi-family in the 20th century), and parts thereof (driveway, breezeway, backyard, dooryard; clapboard, siding, trim, baseboard; stoop (from Dutch), family room, den; and, in recent years, HVAC, central air, walkout basement). A log cabin is a small house built from logs It is a fairly simple type of Log house. Adobe bricks are a Natural building material made from Sand, Clay, water and some kind of fibrous or Organic material ( Sticks, Framing, in construction known as light frame construction, is a building technique based around structural members usually called studs, which provide a stable A shack is a type of small House that is in disrepair The word may derive from the Nahuatl (Aztec word xacalli or "adobe house" by way of A condominium, or condo, is a form of Housing tenure and other Real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate (usually of an apartment Historically in the United Kingdom, Ireland and in many other countries a townhouse (or a "house in town" was a residence of a peer or member of the A split-level home is a style of House in which the floor level of one part of the house is about half way between a floor and its ceiling of the other part of the house Mobile homes or static caravans are prefabricated homes built in factories rather than on site and then taken to the place where they will be occupied A driveway is a type of private road for local access to one or a small group of structures and is owned and maintained by an individual or group A yard is an enclosed area of land usually tied to a building This article is about the house covering See Rail siding for an alternative usage of this term In Architecture, a baseboard (also called skirting board, skirting, or mopboard) is a Wooden Board, normally two to HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or occasionally " H-vak " is an Initialism or Acronym that stands for " Heating An air conditioner is an Appliance, System, or mechanism designed to extract Heat from an area via a Refrigeration cycle

Ever since the American Revolution, a great number of terms connected with the U. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" S. political institutions have entered the language; examples are run, gubernatorial, primary election, carpetbagger (after the Civil War), repeater, lame duck and pork barrel. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates In United States history carpetbaggers was the term southerners gave to northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, between 1865 and 1877 Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South A lame duck is an elected official who loses political power or is no longer responsive to the Electorate as a result of losing an election or retiring In United States Politics, the term " pork barrel " refers to the appropriation of government spending for projects that are intended primarily Some of these are internationally used (e. g. caucus, gerrymander, filibuster, exit poll). Gerrymandering is a form of redistribution in which electoral district or Constituency boundaries are manipulated for electoral advantage A filibuster, or "talking out a bill", is a form of obstruction in a Legislature or other decision-making body An exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations

The rise of capitalism, the development of industry and material innovations throughout the 19th and 20th centuries were the source of a massive stock of distinctive new words, phrases and idioms. Typical examples are the vocabulary of railroading (see further at rail terminology) and transportation terminology, ranging from names of roads (from dirt roads and back roads to freeways and parkways) to road infrastructure (parking lot, overpass, rest area), and from automotive terminology to public transit (e. 0-9 Note for 4-4-0 2-6-4T 0-4-4-0 etc See Whyte notation or UIC classification A B Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another In the United States, Parkways are defined as follows A type of road A broad landscaped thoroughfare especially: one from which trucks and Parking lot (called a car park in Australia and the UK) is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for Parking vehicles An overpass (called a flyover in the UK and most Commonwealth countries is a Bridge, Road, Railway or A rest area, travel plaza, rest stop, or service area is a public facility located next to a large thoroughfare such as a Highway, Expressway The Terminology used to describe various automotive parts differs considerably between British English and American English This article identifies common terms g. in the sentence "riding the subway downtown"); such American introductions as commuter (from commutation ticket), concourse, to board (a vehicle), to park, double-park and parallel park (a car), double decker or the noun terminal have long been used in all dialects of English. A concourse is a place where pathways or Roads meet such as in a Hotel, a Convention center, a Railway station, an Airport terminal [8] Trades of various kinds have endowed (American) English with household words describing jobs and occupations (bartender, longshoreman, patrolman, hobo, bouncer, bellhop, roustabout, white collar, blue collar, employee, boss [from Dutch], intern, busboy, mortician, senior citizen), businesses and workplaces (department store, supermarket, thrift store, gift shop, drugstore, motel, main street, gas station, hardware store, savings and loan, hock [also from Dutch]), as well as general concepts and innovations (automated teller machine, smart card, cash register, dishwasher, reservation [as at hotels], pay envelope, movie, mileage, shortage, outage, blood bank). A bartender ( barman, barkeeper, barmaid, mixologist, tapster among other names serves Beverages Hobo is a term that refers to a Subculture of wandering Homeless people particularly those who make a habit of hopping freight trains. A roustabout is a labourer typically performing temporary unskilled work White-collar worker refers to a salaried professional or an educated Worker who performs semi-professional office administrative and sales coordination tasks as opposed to Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. An intern or stagiaire is one who works in a temporary position with an emphasis on on-the-job training rather than merely employment making it similar to an Apprenticeship Busboys or busgirls' or SA, increasingly referred to as bussers, workin the Restaurant and Catering industry clearing A funeral director (also known as a mortician or undertaker) is someone involved in the business of Funeral rites Old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the Average life span of Human beings and thus the end of the human life cycle. A department store is a Retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good A charity shop, second-hand shop ( UK) thrift shop, thrift store, hospice shop ( U A gift shop is a store primarily selling Souvenirs relating to a particular topic often to simply provide evidence that the consumer has visited that location Entering dictionaries after World War II, the word motel, a Portmanteau of motor and hotel or motorists' hotel, referred Main Street is the generic Street name (and often the official name of the primary retail street of a Village, Town, or small City A filling station, fueling station, gas station, service station, petrol station, or gasbar, Retail Outlet Hardware stores sell Hardware: for instance Fasteners keys, locks, Hinges Wire, chains Plumbing A savings and loan association, also known as a thrift, is a Financial institution that specializes in accepting Savings deposits and making Mortgage A smart card, chip card, or Integrated circuit card ( ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated A cash register is a mechanical or electronic device for calculating and recording sales transactions and an attached Cash drawer for storing Currency. A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishes and eating utensils They can be found in Restaurants and private homes Economic shortage is a term describing a disparity between the amount demanded for a product or service and the amount supplied in a Market. A power outage (also known as power cut, power failure, power loss, or blackout) is the loss of the Electricity supply to an A blood bank is a cache or bank of Blood or blood components, gathered as a result of Blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in Blood transfusions

Already existing English words —such as store, shop, dry goods, haberdashery, lumber— underwent shifts in meaning; some —such as mason, student, clerk, the verbs can (as in "canned goods"), ship, fix, carry, enroll (as in school), run (as in "run a business"), release and haul— were given new significations, while others (such as tradesman) have retained meanings that disappeared in England. "Corner shop" redirects here For the British band see Cornershop. A haberdasher is a person who sells small articles for Sewing, such as buttons ribbons and zippers Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Clerk, the vocational title commonly refers to a White-collar worker who conducts general office or in some instances sales tasks This article is about the skilled manual worker meaning of the term for other uses see Tradesperson (disambiguation A tradesman is a skilled manual worker From the world of business and finance came breakeven, merger, delisting, downsize, disintermediation, bottom line; from sports terminology came, jargon aside, Monday-morning quarterback, cheap shot, game plan (football); in the ballpark, out of left field, off base, hit and run, and many other idioms from baseball; gamblers coined bluff, blue chip, ante, bottom dollar, raw deal, pass the buck, ace in the hole, freeze-out, showdown; miners coined bedrock, bonanza, peter out, pan out and the verb prospect from the noun; and railroadmen are to be credited with make the grade, sidetrack, head-on, and the verb railroad. In Economics, specifically Cost accounting, the break-even point (BEP is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal there is no net loss or gain Layoff is the temporary suspension or permanent Termination of employment of an Employee or (more commonly a group of employees for Business reasons In Economics, disintermediation is the removal of intermediaries in a Supply chain: "cutting out the middleman" Net income is equal to the Income that a firm has after subtracting costs and Expenses from the total Revenue. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with A baseball park, baseball stadium, or ball park / ballpark is the field of play in the game of Baseball and the spectator seating areas A left fielder (LF is an Outfielder in the sport of Baseball who plays defense in left field. B ballpark: in the ballpark, ballpark figure, and out of the ballpark &mdash "Ballpark" has been used to mean a broad Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each In the card game of Poker, to bluff is to bet or raise with an inferior hand This article describes only the common terms rules and procedures of betting in poker Bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet usually the Earth. The grade (or gradient or pitch or slope) of any physical feature such as a Hill, Stream, Roof, railroad, or A number of Americanisms describing material innovations remained largely confined to North America: elevator, ground, gasoline; many automotive terms fall in this category, although many do not (hatchback, SUV, station wagon, tailgate, motorhome, truck, pickup truck, to exhaust). An elevator or lift is a Transport device used to move people or goods vertically from one floor to another In Electrical engineering, the term ground or earth has several meanings depending on the specific application areas Hatchback is a term designating an Automobile design containing a passenger cabin with an integrated Cargo space accessed from behind the vehicle by a single A sport utility vehicle ( SUV) is a generic marketing description for a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a Station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate Tailgate is an American English word denoting the door or 'gate' at the back of a wagon, Pickup truck, SUV or other similar type of Vehicle In North American English the term recreational vehicle, and its acronym RV, are generally used to refer to an enclosed piece of equipment dually used as both This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A pickup truck is a light Motor vehicle with an open-top rear cargo area which is almost always separated from the cab to allow for chassis flex when carrying or pulling

In addition to the above-mentioned loans from French, Spanish, Mexican Spanish, Dutch, and Native American languages, other accretions from foreign languages came with 19th and early 20th century immigration; notably, from Yiddish (chutzpah, schmooze and such idioms as need something like a hole in the head) and German —hamburger and culinary terms like frankfurter/franks, liverwurst, sauerkraut, wiener, deli(catessen); scram, kindergarten, gesundheit;[9] musical terminology (whole note, half note, etc. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Chutzpah ( is the quality of audacity, for good or for bad The word derives from the Hebrew word ḥuṣpâ (he חֻצְפָּה meaning "insolence" The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A hamburger (or burger) is a Sandwich consisting of a cooked ground Meat Patty, usually Beef, placed in a sliced bun or between Delicatessen is a term meaning "delicacies" or "fine foods" This article is about nuclear reactors For other meanings see Scram (disambiguation. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Gesundheit ( ɡəˈzʊntˌhaɪt is the German and Yiddish word for Health. In Music, a whole note (American or "German" terminology or semibreve (British or "classical" terminology is a Note represented In Music, a half note (American or German terminology or minim (British or classical terminology is a Note played for half the duration of a ); and apparently cookbook, fresh ("impudent") and what gives? Such constructions as Are you coming with? and I like to dance (for "I like dancing") may also be the result of German or Yiddish influence. A cookbook is a Book that contains information on Cooking, and/or a list of Recipes It may also contain information on ingredient origin freshness [10]

Finally, a large number of English colloquialisms from various periods are American in origin; some have lost their American flavor (from OK and cool to nerd and 24/7), while others have not (have a nice day, sure);[11] many are now distinctly old-fashioned (swell, groovy). Okay is an informal term of approval assent or acknowledgment (often written as OK or O Nerd is a term often bearing a derogatory connotation or Stereotype, that refers to a person who passionately pursues Intellectual activities Esoteric 24/7 is an Abbreviation which stands for "24 hours a day 7 days a week" usually referring to business opening hours or the availability of a service Some English words now in general use, such as hijacking, disc jockey, boost, bulldoze and jazz, originated as American slang. A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Among the many English idioms of U. S. origin are get the hang of, take for a ride, bark up the wrong tree, keep tabs, run scared, take a backseat, have an edge over, stake a claim, take a shine to, in on the ground floor, bite off more than one can chew, off/on the wagon, stay put, inside track, stiff upper lip, bad hair day, throw a monkey wrench, under the weather, jump bail, come clean, come again?, it ain't over till it's over, what goes around comes around, and will the real x please stand up?[12]

Morphology

American English has always shown a marked tendency to use substantives as verbs. One who has a stiff upper lip displays fortitude in the face of adversity or exercises self-restraint in the expression of Emotion. Monkeywrenching is Economic warfare by Sabotage, or Ecotage, with the intent to slow down or halt activities which the monkeywrencher perceives In Linguistics, functional shift occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. [13] Examples of verbed nouns are interview, advocate, vacuum, lobby, expense, room, pressure, rear-end, transition, feature, profile, buffalo, weasel, express (mail), belly-ache, spearhead, skyrocket, showcase, merchandise, service (as a car), corner, torch, exit (as in "exit the lobby"), factor (in mathematics), gun ("shoot"), author (which disappeared in English around 1630 and was revived in the U. S. three centuries later) and, out of American material, proposition, graft (bribery), bad-mouth, vacation, major, backpack, backtrack, intern, ticket (traffic violations), hassle, blacktop, peer-review, dope and OD. Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of A backpack (also called Backtracking is a type of Algorithm that is a refinement of Brute force search. The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities

Compounds coined in the U. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. S. are for instance foothill, flatlands, badlands, landslide (in all senses), overview (the noun), backdrop, teenager, brainstorm, bandwagon, hitchhike, smalltime, deadbeat, frontman, lowbrow and highbrow, hell-bent, foolproof, nitpick, about-face (later verbed), upfront (in all senses), fixer-upper, no-show; many of these are phrases used as adverbs or (often) hyphenated attributive adjectives: non-profit, for-profit, free-for-all, ready-to-wear, catchall, low-down, down-and-out, down and dirty, in-your-face, nip and tuck; many compound nouns and adjectives are open: happy hour, fall guy, capital gain, road trip, wheat pit, head start, plea bargain; some of these are colorful (empty nester, loan shark, ambulance chaser, buzz saw, ghetto blaster, dust bunny), others are euphemistic (differently abled, human resources, physically challenged, affirmative action, correctional facility). Foothills are geographically defined as gradual increases in hilly areas at the base of a Mountain range. For the neighborhood in Brooklyn New York see Flatlands Brooklyn. Badlands are a type of Arid Terrain where softer sedimentary rocks and Clay -rich Soils have been extensively eroded by Wind A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur Brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of Ideas for the solution to a Problem. Hitchhiker Program Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, hitching, autostop or thumbing up a ride) is a means of Transportation The lead vocalist (or lead singer) is the member of a band who sings the main vocal portions of a song A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage A business (also called firm or an enterprise) is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or services to "Happy hour" is a Marketing term for a period of Time in which a Restaurant or bar offers discounts on alcoholic drinks such Fall Guy ( Katmata koshin kyoku, 蒲田行進曲 is a 1982 Japanese film directed by Kinji Fukasaku. This article is about the film Road Trip For the PlayStation 2 video game see Road Trip Adventure. A plea bargain (also plea agreement, plea deal or copping a plea) is an agreement in a Criminal case whereby the Prosecutor offers Empty nest syndrome is a general feeling of loneliness that Parents other guardian relatives may feel when one or more of their Children leave home A loan shark is a person or body that offers illegal Unsecured loans at high Interest rates to individuals often backed by Blackmail or threats The circular saw is a Metal disc or Blade with Saw Teeth on the edge as well as the Machine that causes the disk to BoomBox is an American Rock band, which was founded in 2004 by singer/songwriter Zion Godchaux on the Guitar / Lead vocals and producer/DJ Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of

Many compound nouns have the form verb plus preposition: add-on, stopover, lineup, shakedown, tryout, spinoff, rundown ("summary"), shootout, holdup, hideout, comeback, cookout, kickback, makeover, takeover, rollback ("decrease"), rip-off, come-on, shoo-in, fix-up, tie-in, tie-up ("stoppage"), stand-in. A spin-off (or spinoff) is a new Organization or Entity formed by a split from a larger one such as a Television series based on a pre-existing A rundown, also called a pickle, is a situation in the game of Baseball that occurs when the Baserunner is stranded between two bases and is in jeopardy A shootout is a gun battle between armed groups A shootout often but not necessarily pits law enforcement against criminal elements Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. A makeover is a term applied to changing one's appearance, sometimes through Cosmetics. In business a takeover is the purchase of one company (the target) by another (the acquirer, or bidder) These essentially are nouned phrasal verbs; some prepositional and phrasal verbs are in fact of American origin (spell out, figure out, hold up, brace up, size up, rope in, back up/off/down/out, step down, miss out on, kick around, cash in, rain out, check in and check out (in all senses), fill in ("inform"), kick in ("contribute"), square off, sock in, sock away, factor in/out, come down with, give up on, lay off (from employment), run into and across ("meet"), stop by, pass up, put up (money), set up ("frame"), trade in, pick up on, pick up after, lose out. A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition a verb and an adverb or a verb with both an adverb and a preposition any of which are part of the syntax of the sentence [14][15]

Noun endings such as -ee (retiree), -ery (bakery), -ster (gangster) and -cian (beautician) are also particularly productive. [13] Some verbs ending in -ize are of U. S. origin; for example, fetishize, prioritize, burglarize, accessorize, itemize, editorialize, customize, notarize, weatherize, winterize, Mirandize; and so are some back-formations (locate, fine-tune, evolute, curate, donate, emote, upholster, peeve and enthuse). Weatherization ( American English) or weatherproofing ( British English) is the practice of protecting a building and its interior from the elements particularly Miranda v Arizona (consolidated with Westover v United States, Vignera v In Etymology, back-formation refers to the process of creating a new Lexeme (less precisely a new "word" by removing actual or supposed Affixes Among syntactical constructions that arose in the U. S. are as of (with dates and times), outside of, headed for, meet up with, back of, convince someone to…, not to be about to and lack for.

Americanisms formed by alteration of existing words include notably pesky, phony, rambunctious, pry (as in "pry open," from prize), putter (verb), buddy, sundae, skeeter, sashay and kitty-corner. The sundae is an Ice cream dessert It typically consists of a scoop of ice cream topped with sauce or syrup (often Chocolate, Caramel, Butterscotch Adjectives that arose in the U. S. are for example, lengthy, bossy, cute and cutesy, grounded (of a child), punk (in all senses), sticky (of the weather), through (as in "through train," or meaning "finished"), and many colloquial forms such as peppy or wacky. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * DO NOT ADD ANY IMAGES WITHOUT * * PROVIDING ACCORDING American blends include motel, guesstimate, infomercial and televangelist. In Linguistics, a blend is a word formed from parts of two other words Entering dictionaries after World War II, the word motel, a Portmanteau of motor and hotel or motorists' hotel, referred Infomercials (or informercials are Television commercials that run for one minute or for as long as a typical Television program Televangelism is the use of Television to communicate the Christian faith

English words that survived in the United States

A number of words and meanings that originated in Middle English or Early Modern English and that always have been in everyday use in the United States dropped out in most varieties of British English; some of these have cognates in Lowland Scots. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of Early Modern English is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period (the latter half of the 15th century to 1650 Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Terms such as fall ("autumn"), pavement (to mean "road surface", where in Britain, as in Philadelphia, it is the equivalent of "sidewalk"),[16] faucet, diaper, candy, skillet, eyeglasses, crib (for a baby), obligate, and raise a child are often regarded as Americanisms. Autumn (also known as fall in North American English) is one of the four Temperate Seasons Autumn marks the transition from Summer "Nappy" redirects here For other uses see Nappy (disambiguation and Diaper (disambiguation. Candy, specifically sugar candy, is a confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water to which a variety of flavorings and colorants is added A frying pan, frypan, or skillet is a pan used for Frying, Searing, and browning foods Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the Eyes normally for vision correction, An infant bed (commonly referred to as a cot in British English and a crib cradle or stock) is a small bed specifically for Infants Gotten (past participle of get) is often considered to be an Americanism, although there are some areas of Britain, such as Lancashire and Yorkshire, that still continue to use it and sometimes also use putten as the past participle for put. In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite

Other words and meanings, to various extents, were brought back to Britain, especially in the second half of the 20th century; these include hire ("to employ"), quit ("to stop," which spawned quitter in the U. S. ), I guess (famously criticized by H. W. Fowler), baggage, hit (a place), and the adverbs overly and presently ("currently"). Henry Watson Fowler ( 10 March 1858 – 26 December 1933) was an English schoolmaster Lexicographer and commentator Luggage is any number of Bags cases and containers which hold a Traveller s articles during transit. Some of these, for example monkey wrench and wastebasket, originated in 19th-century Britain. The monkey wrench or in the UK "Adjustable Spanner" is an adjustable Wrench, which is rarely used today 'Wastebin' redirects here For the temporary deletion of a computer file see Recycle bin (computing. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

The mandative subjunctive (as in "the City Attorney suggested that the case not be closed") is livelier in AmE than it is in British English; it appears in some areas as a spoken usage, and is considered obligatory in contexts that are more formal. In Grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a Verb mood that exists in many languages The adjectives mad meaning "angry", smart meaning "intelligent", and sick meaning "ill" are also more frequent in American than British English. [17]

Regional differences

Main article: Regional vocabularies of American English

While written AmE is standardized across the country, there are several recognizable variations in the spoken language, both in pronunciation and in vernacular vocabulary. Regional vocabularies of American English vary Below is a list of lexical differences in vocabulary that are generally associated with a region North American English regional phonology is the study of variations in the pronunciation of spoken English by the inhabitants of various parts of North America. General American is the name given to any American accent that is relatively free of noticeable regional influences. General American is an accent of American English within American English General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American

After the Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the Eastern U. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South S. led to dialect mixing and leveling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated along the Eastern seaboard. The Connecticut River and Long Island Sound is usually regarded as the southern/western extent of New England speech, which has its roots in the speech of the Puritans from East Anglia who settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Connecticut River is the largest River in New England, flowing south from the Connecticut Lakes in northern New Hampshire, along the border Long Island Sound is an Estuary of the Atlantic Ocean and various Rivers in the United States that lies between the coast of Connecticut East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it was an English settlement on the east coast of North America The Potomac River generally divides a group of Northern coastal dialects from the beginning of the Coastal Southern dialect area; in between these two rivers several local variations exist, chief among them the one that prevails in and around New York City and northern New Jersey, which developed on a Dutch substratum after the British conquered New Amsterdam. The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid- Atlantic coast of the United States. The City of New York New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. In Contact linguistics, a substratum ( lat sub: under + stratum: layer → lower layer) is a Language The main features of Coastal Southern speech can be traced to the speech of the English from the West Country who settled in Virginia after leaving England at the time of the English Civil War, and to the African influences from the African Americans who were enslaved in the South. The West Country is an informal term for the area of south western England roughly corresponding to the modern South West England government region The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular,

Although no longer region-specific,[18] African American Vernacular English, which remains prevalent among African Americans, has a close relationship to Southern varieties of AmE and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans. African American Vernacular English ( AAVE) – also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa

A distinctive speech pattern was also generated by the separation of Canada from the United States, centered on the Great Lakes region. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. This is the Inland North Dialect—the "standard Midwestern" speech that was the basis for General American in the mid-20th Century (although it has been recently modified by the northern cities vowel shift). The Inland North dialect of American English is spoken in a region that includes the cities along the Erie Canal and south of the Great Lakes, as well as The Northern cities vowel shift is a Chain shift in the sounds of some Vowels in the Dialect region of American English known as the Those not from this area frequently confuse it with the North Midland dialect treated below, referring to both collectively as "Midwestern. "

In the interior, the situation is very different. West of the Appalachian Mountains begins the broad zone of what is generally called "Midland" speech. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. This is divided into two discrete subdivisions, the North Midland that begins north of the Ohio River valley area, and the South Midland speech; sometimes the former is designated simply "Midland" and the latter is reckoned as "Highland Southern. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. " The North Midland speech continues to expand westward until it becomes the closely related Western dialect which contains Pacific Northwest English as well as the well-known California English, although in the immediate San Francisco area some older speakers do not possess the cot-caught merger and thus retain the distinction between words such as cot and caught which reflects a historical Mid-Atlantic heritage. Pacific Northwest English is a Dialect of the English language spoken in the Pacific Northwest. California English is a Dialect of the English language spoken in the U The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Father-bother merger The father-bother merger is a merger of the Early Modern English vowels /ɑː/ and /ɒ/ that occurs in almost all varieties of North American English Mormon and Mexican settlers in the West influenced the development of Utah English.

The South Midland or Highland Southern dialect follows the Ohio River in a generally southwesterly direction, moves across Arkansas and Oklahoma west of the Mississippi, and peters out in West Texas. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to West Texas is a region in Texas that has more in common geographically with the Southwestern United States than it does with the rest of the state It is a version of the Midland speech that has assimilated some coastal Southern forms (outsiders often mistakenly believe South Midland speech and coastal South speech to be the same). The island state of Hawaii has a distinctive Hawaiian Pidgin. Hawaii Pidgin English, Hawaii Creole English, HCE, or simply Pidgin, is a Creole language based in part on English

Finally, dialect development in the United States has been notably influenced by the distinctive speech of such important cultural centers as Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Charleston, New Orleans, and Detroit, which imposed their marks on the surrounding areas. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana

Differences between British English and American English

Main article: American and British English differences

American English and British English (BrE) differ at the levels of phonology, phonetics, vocabulary, and, to a lesser extent, grammar and orthography. This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the The first large American dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language, was written by Noah Webster in 1828; Webster intended to show that the United States, which was a relatively new country at the time, spoke a different dialect from that of Britain. Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. Noah Webster (October 16 1758 &ndash May 28 1843 was an American Lexicographer, textbook author Spelling reformer word enthusiast and editor

Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and normally do not affect mutual intelligibility; these include, but are not limited to: different use of some verbal auxiliaries; formal (rather than notional) agreement with collective nouns; different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs (e. In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning In Linguistics, a collective noun is a word used to define a group of objects where "objects" can be People, Animals Inanimate things g. learn, burn, sneak, dive, get); different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts (e. g. AmE in school, BrE at school); and whether or not a definite article is used in a few cases (AmE to the hospital, BrE to hospital). Often, these differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules; and most are not stable, since the two varieties are constantly influencing each other. [19]

Differences in orthography are also trivial. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language Some of the forms that now serve to distinguish American from British spelling (color for colour, center for centre, traveler for traveller, etc. ) were introduced by Noah Webster himself; others are due to spelling tendencies in Britain from the 17th century until the present day (e. g. -ise for -ize, programme for program, skilful for skillful, chequered for checkered, etc. ), in some cases favored by the francophile tastes of 19th century Victorian England, which had little effect on AmE. A Francophile is a non- French person who has a strong interest in or admiration for French culture. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities [20]

The most noticeable differences between AmE and BrE are at the levels of pronunciation and vocabulary.

See also

Bibliography

General

History of American English

Regional variation

Social variation

African American

American Indian

Latino American

Visual media

Notes

  1. ^ en-US is the language code for American English , as defined by ISO standards (see ISO 639-1 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) and Internet standards (see IETF language tag). A language code is a Code that assigns letters or numbers as identifiers for Languages These codes are often used to organize library collections to choose the correct ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter Country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. In Computer network Engineering, an Internet Standard (STD is a Specification, put forward by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF for IETF language tags are defined by BCP 47, which is currently RFC 4646 and RFC 4647
  2. ^ Crystal, David (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53032-6.  
  3. ^ North American English (Trudgill, p. North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in North America, namely in the United States 2) is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada.
  4. ^ Trudgill, pp. 46–47.
  5. ^ Labov, p. 48.
  6. ^ According to Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. For speakers who merge caught and cot, /ɔ/ is to be understood as the vowel they have in both caught and cot.
  7. ^ [1], [2], [3]
  8. ^ A few of these are now chiefly found, or have been more productive, outside of the U. S. ; for example, jump, "to drive past a traffic signal;" block meaning "building," and center, "central point in a town" or "main area for a particular activity" (cf. Oxford English Dictionary).
  9. ^ The Maven's Word of the Day, Random House. Random House Inc is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher Retrieved February 8, 2007.
  10. ^ Trudgill, Peter (2004). Professor Peter Trudgill (pronounced) (born 1943 in Norwich, England) is a Sociolinguist, Academic and Author. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes.
  11. ^ [4], [5] Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  12. ^ [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]
  13. ^ a b Trudgill, p. 69.
  14. ^ [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]
  15. ^ British author George Orwell (in English People, 1947, cited in OED s. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer v. lose) criticized an alleged "American tendency" to "burden every verb with a preposition that adds nothing to its meaning (win out, lose out, face up to, etc. ). "
  16. ^ Possible entries for pavement
  17. ^ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. [41] [42] [43]. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
  18. ^ Cf. Trudgill, p. 42.
  19. ^ Algeo, John (2006). British or American English?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37993-8.
  20. ^ Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X, pp. 34 and 511.

External links

The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Dictionary

American English

-proper noun

  1. A dialect of the English language that is chiefly spoken in the United States.
  2. An orthography of the English language that is chiefly used in the United States. Compare Commonwealth English.
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