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The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war between the United States of America (the "Union") and eleven Southern slave states that declared their secession from the U. William Starke Rosecrans ( September 6, 1819 &ndash March 11, 1898) was an inventor coal-oil company executive diplomat politician and The Battle of Stones River or Second Battle of Murfreesboro (in the South, simply the Battle of Murfreesboro) was fought from December Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] The Battle of Fort Hindman, or the Battle of Arkansas Post, was fought from January 9 to January 11 1863, near the mouth of the Arkansas Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The United States of America —commonly referred to as the During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other There have been numerous alternative names for the American Civil War that reflect the historical political and cultural sensitivities of different groups and regions A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The United States of America —commonly referred to as the During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The Union included all of the free states and the five slaveholding border states and was led by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party. The free states of the United States existed in opposition to the Slave states prior to the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the
Republicans opposed the expansion of slavery into territories owned by the United States, and their victory in the presidential election of 1860 resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office. The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Attempts or aspirations of Secession have been a feature of the politics of the United States since the country's birth [1] The Union rejected secession, regarding it as rebellion. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance
Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state, leading to declarations of secession by four more Southern slave states. In the war's first year, the Union assumed control of the border states and established a naval blockade as both sides massed armies and resources. The Union Blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the In 1862, battles such as Shiloh and Antietam caused massive casualties unprecedented in U. Background and opposing forces After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew S. military history. In September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal, which complicated the Confederacy's manpower shortages. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War.
In the East, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee won a series of victories over Union armies, but Lee's loss at Gettysburg in early July, 1863 proved the turning point. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] The capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson by Ulysses S. Grant completed Union control of the Mississippi River. Background See also [[Vicksburg Campaign]] After crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast Grant had won battles at Background From the time the American Civil War started in April 1861 both the North and South made controlling the Mississippi River a major Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Grant fought bloody battles of attrition with Lee in 1864, forcing Lee to defend the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Union general William Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia, and began his famous March to the Sea, devastating a hundred-mile-wide swath of Georgia. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj Confederate resistance collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Background On April 1, 1865, Maj Gen Philip Sheridan 's Cavalry turned Lee's flank at the Battle of Five Forks.
The war, the deadliest in American history, caused 620,000 soldier deaths[2] and an undetermined number of civilian casualties, ended slavery in the United States, restored the Union by settling the issues of nullification and secession and strengthened the role of the federal government. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war continue to shape contemporary American thought. Issues of the American Civil War include questions about the name of the war the Tariff, States' rights and the nature of Lincoln's war goals
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Causes of the war
The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict inevitable. The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. This is a timeline of events leading to the American Civil War. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to "arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction". Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The House Divided Speech was an address given by Abraham Lincoln (who would later become President of the United States) on 16 June 1858 [3] Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. [4][5][6] All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die. [7][8][9]
Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s. The Slave Power (sometimes referred to as the " Slaveocracy " was a term used in the Northern United States (primarily in the period 1840-1875 to characterize Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor vs. slave plantations caused the Whig and "Know-Nothing" parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s The Constitutional Union Party (also known as the Bell-Everett Party in California was a Political party in the United States created in 1860 In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines. The History of the United States Democratic Party is an account of the oldest Political party in the United States and arguably TalkDemocratic
Both North and South were influenced by the ideas of Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Southerners emphasized, in connection with slavery, the states' rights[10][11][12] ideas mentioned in Jefferson's Kentucky Resolutions. States' rights refers to the idea in US politics and constitutional law, that U The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (or Resolves) were important political statements in favor of States' rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas Northerners ranging from the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison to the moderate Republican leader Abraham Lincoln[13] emphasized Jefferson's declaration that all men are created equal. William Lloyd Garrison ( December 12 1805 – May 24 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The quotation "All men are created equal" is arguably the best-known phrase in any of America 's political documents as the idea it expresses is generally considered Lincoln mentioned this proposition in his Gettysburg Address. The Gettysburg Address is a speech by US President Abraham Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history.
Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens said that slavery was "the cornerstone of the Confederacy" after Southern states seceded. This is an article about the Confederate Vice President For the shipbuilding company see Alexander Stephen and Sons Alexander Hamilton Stephens ( After Southern defeat, Stephens said that the war was not about slavery but states' rights, and became one of the most ardent defenders of the Lost Cause. The Lost Cause is the name commonly given to a literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional white society of the Southern United States to [14]
All but one inter-regional crisis involved slavery, starting with debates on the three-fifths clause and a twenty year extension of the African Slave Trade in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa There was controversy over adding the slave state of Missouri to the Union that led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Nullification Crisis over the Tariff of 1828 (although the tariff was low after 1846[15]), the Gag rule that prevented discussion in Congress of petitions for ending slavery from 1835–1844, the acquisition of Texas as a slave state in 1845 and Manifest Destiny as an argument for gaining new territories where slavery would become an issue after the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), which resulted in the Compromise of 1850. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, enacted on May 19 1828 (ch A gag rule is a rule that limits or forbids the raising consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. The Compromise of 1850 was a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846&ndash1848 [16] The Wilmot Proviso was an attempt by Northern politicians to exclude slavery from the territories conquered from Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso was introduced on August 8, 1846, in the United States House of Representatives as a rider on a $2 million appropriations The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The extremely popular antislavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe greatly increased Northern opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life Among the Lowly is an anti- Slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14 1811 – July 1 1896 was an American Author and Abolitionist, whose Novel Uncle Tom's Cabin The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of [17][18]
The 1854 Ostend Manifesto was a Southern attempt to take over Cuba as a slave state. The Ostend Manifesto was a secret document written in 1854 by U The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Even rival plans for Northern vs. Southern routes for a transcontinental railroad became entangled in the Bleeding Kansas controversy over slavery. Transcontinental Railroad is a Railroad that crosses a Continent from "coast-to-coast" Bleeding Kansas, sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a series of violent events involving Free-Staters The Second Party System broke down after passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, which replaced the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery with popular sovereignty. The Second Party System is a term of Periodization used by historians and political scientists to name the political system existing in the United States from about The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands repealed the Missouri Compromise of Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the State is created by the will or consent of its people, who In 1856 Congressional arguments over slavery became violent when Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina attacked Radical Republican Senator Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner's "Crime against Kansas" speech. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Preston Smith Brooks ( August 5, 1819 &ndash January 27, 1857) was a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. The Radical Republicans is a term applied to a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Charles Sumner (January 6 1811 &ndash March 11 1874 was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. [19] The Dred Scott Decision and Lecompton Constitution of 1857 were Southern attempts to admit Kansas to the Union as a slave state. Dred Scott v Sandford —whether or not they were slaves—could never be Citizens of the United States, and that the United States Congress The Lecompton Constitution was the second of four proposed Constitutions for the state of Kansas (it was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and followed The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, John Brown's raid in 1859 and the split in the Democratic Party in 1860 polarized the nation between North and South. The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate and the incumbent Stephen A John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The election of Lincoln in 1860 was the final trigger for secession. The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. During the secession crisis, many sought compromise. Two of these attempts were the "Corwin Amendment" and the "Crittenden Compromise. The Corwin Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States Congress on February 28 1861 The Crittenden Compromise ( December 18, 1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J " All attempts at compromise failed.
Other factors include sectionalism (caused by the growth of slavery in the deep South while slavery was gradually phased out in Northern states) and economic differences between North and South, although most modern historians disagree with the extreme economic determinism of historian Charles Beard. Charles Austin Beard ( November 27, 1874 – September 1, 1948) is widely regarded along with Frederick Jackson Turner, as one of [20] There was the polarizing effect of slavery that split the largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches)[21] and controversy caused by the worst cruelties of slavery (whippings, mutilations and families split apart). Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The fact that seven immigrants out of eight settled in the North, plus the fact that twice as many whites left the South for the North as vice versa, contributed to the South's defensive-aggressive political behavior. [22]
Southern secession was triggered by the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln[23] because regional leaders feared that he would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Many Southerners thought either Lincoln or another Northerner would abolish slavery, and that it was time to secede. The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North.
Slavery
A strong correlation was shown between the degree of support for secession and the number of plantations in the region; states of the deep South which had the greatest concentration of plantations were the first to secede. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The Deep South is a descriptive category of cultural and geographic subregions in the American South. The upper South slave states of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee had fewer plantations and rejected secession until the Fort Sumter crisis forced them to choose sides. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six Border states had fewer plantations still and never seceded. [24][25] The percentage of Southern whites living in families that owned slaves was 36. 7 percent in the lower South, 25. 3 percent in the upper South and 15. 9 percent in the border states that fought mostly for the Union. [26][27] Ninety-five percent of blacks lived in the South, comprising one third of the population there as opposed to one percent of the population of the North. Consequently, fears of eventual emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North. [28]
The Supreme Court decision of 1857 in Dred Scott v. Sandford added to the controversy. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Dred Scott v Sandford —whether or not they were slaves—could never be Citizens of the United States, and that the United States Congress Chief Justice Roger B. Taney's decision said that slaves were "so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect",[29] and that slavery could spread into the territories. The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Roger Brooke Taney ( "tawny" March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the twelfth United States Attorney General Lincoln warned that "the next Dred Scott decision"[30] could threaten Northern states with slavery.
Northern politician Abraham Lincoln said, "this question of Slavery was more important than any other; indeed, so much more important has it become that no other national question can even get a hearing just at present. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal "[31] The slavery issue was related to sectional competition for control of the territories,[32] and the Southern demand for a slave code for the territories was the issue used by Southern politicians to split the Democratic Party in two, which all but guaranteed the election of Lincoln and secession. Slave codes were laws each US state had defining the status of slaves and the rights of masters the code gave slave owners near-absolute power over the right of their When secession was an issue, South Carolina planter and state Senator John Townsend said that "our enemies are about to take possession of the Government, that they intend to rule us according to the caprices of their fanatical theories, and according to the declared purposes of abolishing slavery. "[33] Similar opinions were expressed throughout the South in editorials, political speeches and declarations of reasons for secession. Even though Lincoln had no plans to outlaw slavery where it existed, Southerners throughout the South expressed fears for the future of slavery.
Southern concerns included not only economic loss but also fears of racial equality. [34][35][36][37] The Texas Declaration of Causes for Secession[38][39] said that the non-slave-holding states were "proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or color", and that the African race "were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race". Alabama secessionist E. S. Dargan said that emancipation would make Southerners feel "demoralized and degraded". [40]
Beginning in the 1830s, the U. S. Postmaster General refused to allow mail which carried abolition pamphlets to the South. The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. [41] Northern teachers suspected of any tinge of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned. Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists. [42] John Brown's raid on the federal Harpers Ferry Armory greatly increased Southern fears of slave insurrections. John Brown (May 9 1800 December 2 1859 was an American Abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed Insurrection as a means to end all Slavery The Harpers Ferry Armory, more formally the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, located in Harpers Ferry West Virginia (then part of Virginia [43] The North felt threatened as well, for as Eric Foner concludes, "Northerners came to view slavery as the very antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests". [44]
Secession begins
Secession of South Carolina
South Carolina adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" on December 24, 1860. The Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union was a legal proclamation issued on December Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of At issue were:
- The refusal of Northern states to enforce the fugitive slave code, violating Southern personal property rights;
- Agitation against slavery, which "denied the rights of property".
- Assisting "thousands of slaves to leave their homes" through the Underground Railroad.
- The election of Lincoln "because he has declared that 'Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free,' and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction".
- ". . . elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable of becoming citizens". Most Northerners opposed the Dred Scott decision, although only a few New England states allowed blacks an equal right to vote. Dred Scott (1799 – September 17, 1858) was a slave in the United States who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom in the famous [45]
Secession winter
Before Lincoln took office, seven states had declared their secession from the Union. They established a Southern government, the Confederate States of America on February 9, 1861. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. James Buchanan Jr (April 23 1791 – June 1 1868 was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861 Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Buchanan asserted, "The South has no right to secede, but I have no power to prevent them. "[46] One quarter of the U. S. Army—the entire garrison in Texas—was surrendered to state forces by its commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy. David Emanuel Twiggs (1790 &ndash July 15 1862 was a United States soldier during the War of 1812 and Mexican-American War and a general of the
As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House, secession later enabled Republicans to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war, including the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges (the Morill Act), a Homestead Act, a trans-continental railroad (the Pacific Railway Acts), the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862. The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a protective Tariff law adopted on March 2 1861 The' Homestead Act' was a United States Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 Acres (one quarter section or about 65 Hectares The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 (12 Statutes at Large 489 as enacted by the United States Congress, was approved and signed into law by the President Abraham The National Bank Act (ch 58 12 Stat 665 February 25 1863) was a United States federal law that established a system of national charters for Banks A United States Note (known popularly in its day as a "greenback" is a fiat paper currency that was issued directly into circulation by the United The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war. The Revenue Act of 1861, formally cited as Act of August 5 1861 Chap
The Confederacy
Seven Deep South cotton states seceded by February 1861, starting with South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The Deep South is a descriptive category of cultural and geographic subregions in the American South. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. These seven states formed the Confederate States of America (February 4, 1861), with Jefferson Davis as president, and a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was the supreme Law of the Confederate States of America, as adopted on March 11, 1861 The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Within two months of the first shots at Fort Sumter, four more slave states seceded and joined the Confederacy: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The northwestern portion of Virginia subsequently seceded from Virginia, joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
The Union states
Twenty-three states remained loyal to the Union: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Bleeding Kansas, sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a series of violent events involving Free-Staters The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America
The territories of Colorado, Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington fought on the Union side. For the western film see Colorado Territory (film. The Territory of Colorado was an Organized territory of the United States of Dakota Territory was the name of an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1861 to 1889 The Territory of Nebraska was a historic Organized territory of the United States from May 30, 1854 until March 1, 1867 Nevada Territory was a historic Organized territory of the United States from March 2, 1861 until October 31, 1864 The Territory of New Mexico became an Organized territory of the United States on September 9, 1850, and it existed until New Mexico The Washington Territory was a historic Organized territory of the United States that was formed in February 8, 1853 from the portion of the Several slave-holding Native American tribes supported the Confederacy, giving the Indian territory (now Oklahoma) a small bloody civil war. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America.
Border states
The Border states in the Union were West Virginia (which was separated from Virginia and became a new state), and four of the five northernmost slave states (Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky). West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America.
Maryland had numerous pro-Confederate officials who tolerated anti-Union rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges. The Baltimore riot of 1861 (also called the Pratt Street Riot and the Pratt Street Massacre) was an incident that took place Lincoln responded with martial law and called for troops. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice Militia units that had been drilling in the North rushed toward Washington and Baltimore. [47] Before the Confederate government realized what was happening, Lincoln had seized firm control of Maryland (and the separate District of Columbia), by arresting all the Maryland government members and holding them without trial. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state. Claiborne Fox Jackson ( April 4, 1806 December 6, 1862) was a lawyer soldier politician Nathaniel Lyon ( July 14, 1818 &ndash August 10, 1861) was the first Union general to be killed in the American (See also: Missouri secession). The Missouri Secession controversy refers to the disputed status of the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri. [48]
Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral. However, the Confederates broke the neutrality by seizing Columbus, Kentucky in September 1861. Columbus is a city in Hickman County, Kentucky, United States. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. That turned opinion against the Confederacy, and the state reaffirmed its loyal status, while trying to maintain slavery. During a brief invasion by Confederate forces, Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention, inaugurated a governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy. The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled the state. [49]
After Virginia's 1861 declaration of secession from the U. S. , Union supporters in fifty counties of northwestern Virginia voted on October 24, 1861 to approve the creation of the new state of West Virginia. The majority of the voters in what was to become West Virginia had voted against Virginia’s secession,[50] although twenty six of the fifty counties had pro-secession majorities. About half of West Virginia's soldiers were Confederate. [51] This new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863.
Similar Unionist secessions attempts appeared in East Tennessee, but were suppressed by the Confederacy. East Tennessee is a name given to approximately the eastern third of the state of Tennessee, one of Jefferson Davis arrested over 3000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial. [52]
Overview
Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40% of them in Virginia and Tennessee. [53] Since separate articles deal with every major battle and many minor ones, this article only gives the broadest outline. For more information see List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War. The Battles of the American Civil War can be organized in a variety of ways including chronologically alphabetically by state by winner by casualty statistics etc Military leadership in the American Civil War was influenced by Professional military education and the hard-earned Pragmatism of command experience
The war begins
- For more details on this topic, see Battle of Fort Sumter
Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860 triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union. Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. By February 1861, six more Southern states made similar declarations. On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery, Alabama. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Montgomery (məntˈgəmɜriː is the Capital, second most populous city and the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington in a failed attempt at resolving the crisis. The Peace Conference of 1861 was a meeting of more than 100 of the leading politicians of the Antebellum United States held in Washington D The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy. Confederate forces seized most of the federal forts within their boundaries (they did not take Fort Sumter); President Buchanan protested but made no military response aside from a failed attempt to resupply Fort Sumter via the ship Star of the West (the ship was fired upon by Citadel cadets), and no serious military preparations. The Star of the West was a Civilian Ship hired by the United States government to transport military supplies and reinforcements to the garrison of History On December 20, 1842, the South Carolina Legislature passed an act establishing the South Carolina Military Academy with the original mission [54] However, governors in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania quietly began buying weapons and training militia units.
On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void". An inauguration is a ceremony of formal Investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, also the Articles of Confederation was the governing Constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and [55] He stated he had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but that he would use force to maintain possession of federal property. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union. [56]
The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents on the grounds that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government. [57] However, Secretary of State William Seward engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. [57]
Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Monroe, Fort Pickens and Fort Taylor were the remaining Union-held forts in the Confederacy, and Lincoln was determined to hold Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter Fort Monroe (also known as Fortress Monroe) is a Hampton Virginia, military installation located at Old Point Comfort, which is on the tip of the Fort Pickens is a pentagonal historic United States military fort on Santa Rosa Island in the Pensacola Florida area The Fort Zachary Taylor State Historic Site, better known simply as Fort Taylor, (or Fort Zach to locals is a Florida State Park and National Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, troops controlled by the Confederate government under P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded the fort with artillery on April 12, forcing the fort's capitulation. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (ˈboʊrɪgɑrd ( May 28, 1818 &ndash February 20, 1893) was a Louisiana -born author civil servant Northerners rallied behind Lincoln's call for all of the states to send troops to recapture the forts and to preserve the Union. With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days. [58] For months before that, several Northern governors had discreetly readied their state militias; they began to move forces the next day. [59]
Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Virginia), which had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, now refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond. This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. [60] The city was the symbol of the Confederacy; if it fell, the new nation would lose legitimacy. Richmond was in a highly vulnerable location at the end of a tortuous Confederate supply line. Although Richmond was heavily fortified, supplies for the city would be reduced by Sherman's capture of Atlanta and cut off almost entirely when Grant besieged Petersburg and its railroads that supplied the Southern capital. Petersburg is an Independent city in Virginia, United States located on the Appomattox River.
Anaconda Plan and blockade, 1861
Winfield Scott, the commanding general of the U. Naval battles of the American Civil War were a common occurrence just as they are with many wars The Union Blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the The Confederate States Navy ( CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress The Anaconda Plan is the name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate S. Army, devised the Anaconda Plan[61] to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. The Anaconda Plan is the name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. His idea was that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy; then the capture of the Mississippi River would split the South. The Union Blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the Lincoln adopted the plan, but overruled Scott's warnings against an immediate attack on Richmond.
In May 1861, Lincoln enacted the Union blockade of all Southern ports, ending most international shipments to the Confederacy. Violators' ships and cargos could be seized and were often not covered by insurance. By late 1861, the blockade stopped most local port-to-port traffic. The blockade shut down King Cotton, ruining the Southern economy. King Cotton was a Phrase used in the Southern United States mainly by Southern Politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the British investors built small, fast "blockade runners" that traded arms and luxuries from Bermuda, Cuba and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton and tobacco. A blockade runner is a term applied to ships used to evade a naval Blockade of a harbor or strait as opposed to confronting the blockaders to break the blockade Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and [62] When captured, the blockade runners and cargo were sold and the proceeds given to the Union sailors, but the British crews were released. Shortages of food and other goods triggered by the blockade, foraging by Northern armies, and the impressment of crops by Confederate armies combined to cause hyperinflation and bread riots in the South. Certain figures in this article use Scientific notation for readability [63]
On March 8, 1862, the Confederate Navy waged a fight against the Union Navy when the ironclad CSS Virginia attacked the blockade; it seemed unstoppable but the next day it had to fight the new Union warship USS Monitor in the Battle of the Ironclads. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The Confederate States Navy ( CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates USS Merrimack becomes CSS Virginia When the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861 one of the important federal military bases threatened Design Monitor was one of three ironclad warships ordered by the U The Battle of Hampton Roads, often called the Battle of Monitor and Merrimack, was a [64] The battle ended in a draw, which was a strategic victory for the Union in that the blockade was sustained. The Confederacy lost the CSS Virginia when the ship was scuttled to prevent capture, and the Union built many copies of the USS Monitor. Lacking the technology to build effective warships, the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain. The Union victory at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in January 1865 closed the last useful Southern port and virtually ended blockade running. The Second Battle of Fort Fisher was a joint assault by Union army and naval forces against Fort Fisher, outside Wilmington North Carolina, near the
Eastern Theater 1861–1863
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For more details on this topic, see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. This article presents an overview of major military and naval operations in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.
Because of the fierce resistance of a few initial Confederate forces at Manassas, Virginia, in July 1861, a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces there was halted in the First Battle of Bull Run, or First Manassas,[65] whereupon they were forced back to Washington, D.C., by Confederate troops under the command of Generals Joseph E. Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Irvin McDowell ( October 15, 1818 &ndash May 4, 1885) was a career American army officer, famous for his defeat during Background Brig Gen Irvin McDowell was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to command the Army of Northeastern Virginia. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (ˈboʊrɪgɑrd ( May 28, 1818 &ndash February 20, 1893) was a Louisiana -born author civil servant It was in this battle that Confederate General Thomas Jackson received the nickname of "Stonewall" because he stood like a stone wall against Union troops. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. [66] Alarmed at the loss, and in an attempt to prevent more slave states from leaving the Union, the U.S. Congress passed the Crittenden-Johnson Resolution on July 25 of that year, which stated that the war was being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution (also called the Crittenden Resolution) was passed by the United States Congress on July 25, 1861 after the Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. The Army of the Potomac was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Gen. Henry W. Halleck), and the war began in earnest in 1862. Henry Wager Halleck ( January 16, 1815 &ndash January 9, 1872) was a United States Army officer scholar and lawyer Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond. The Virginia Peninsula is a Peninsula in southeast Virginia, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake The York River is a navigable Estuary, approximately 40 mi (64 km long in eastern Virginia in the United States. The James River in the US state of Virginia is a long River, including its Jackson River source Although McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign,[67][68][69] Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson[70] defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat. The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U Background Johnston withdrew his 60000-man army from the Virginia Peninsula as McClellan's army pursued him and approached the Confederate capital of Richmond Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated James Longstreet (January 8 1821 &ndash January 2 1904 was one of the foremost Confederate Generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate Start of the Peninsula Campaign Opposing forces See also [[Seven Days Confederate order of battle]] [[Seven Days Union order of battle]] Almost The Northern Virginia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Bull Run, ended in yet another victory for the South. Background and opposing forces After the collapse of McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the Seven Days Battles of June 1862 President Abraham Lincoln appointed Background and opposing forces See also Northern Virginia Campaign See also [[Second Bull Run Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] [71] McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope's Union Army of Virginia, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops. John Pope ( March 16, 1822 &ndash September 23, 1892) was a career United States Army officer and Union general in The Army of Virginia was organized as a major unit of the Union Army and operated briefly and unsuccessfully in 1862 in the American Civil War.
Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North, when General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5. The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid- Atlantic coast of the United States. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam[70] near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history. Sharpsburg is a town in Washington County, Maryland, approximately 13 miles (20 km south of Hagerstown. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday [72] Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. [73]
When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23 1824 September 13 1881 was an American soldier railroad executive inventor industrialist and politician from Rhode Island, Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg[74] on December 13, 1862, when over twelve thousand Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. Background and Burnside's plan The battle was the result of an effort by the Union Army to regain the initiative in its struggle against Lee's smaller but more aggressive army Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker. Joseph Hooker ( November 13, 1814 &ndash October 31, 1879) was a career United States Army officer fought in the Mexican-American Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville[75] in May 1863. Forces and plans The Chancellorsville campaign began with the potential of leading to one of the most lopsided clashes in the war He was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee's second invasion of the North, in June. George Gordon Meade ( December 31, 1815 &ndash November 6, 1872) was a career United States Army officer and civil engineer involved Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg[76] (July 1 to July 3, 1863), the bloodiest battle of the war, which is sometimes considered the war's turning point. Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common There is widespread disagreement over the turning point of the American Civil War. Pickett's Charge on July 3 is often recalled as the high-water mark of the Confederacy, not just because it signaled the end of Lee's plan to pressure Washington from the north, but also because Vicksburg, Mississippi, the key stronghold to control of the Mississippi, fell the following day. See also Battle of Gettysburg See also [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] and [[Gettysburg Union order Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. The high-water mark of the Confederacy refers to a location on Cemetery Ridge, outside Gettysburg Pennsylvania. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties (versus Meade's 23,000). [77] However, Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee's retreat, and after Meade's inconclusive Fall campaign, Lincoln decided to turn to the Western Theater for new leadership.
Western Theater 1861–1863
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For more details on this topic, see Western Theater of the American Civil War. This article presents an overview of major military and naval operations in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.
While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West. They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge. The Battle of Pea Ridge (also known as Elkhorn Tavern) was a land battle of the American Civil War, fought on March 7 and March 8, [78] Leonidas Polk's invasion of Columbus, Kentucky ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy. Leonidas Polk ( April 10, 1806 &ndash June 14, 1864) was a Confederate general who was once a planter in Maury County Tennessee Columbus is a city in Hickman County, Kentucky, United States. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America.
Nashville, Tennessee, fell to the Union early in 1862. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Most of the Mississippi was opened with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid, Missouri, and then Memphis, Tennessee. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Preparation for battle With the surrender of Forts Henry and Donelson, Tennessee, and the evacuation of Columbus Kentucky, Gen New Madrid (nuːˈmædrɪd is a city in New Madrid County, Missouri, 42 miles (68 km south by west of Cairo Illinois, on the Mississippi River Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Union Navy captured New Orléans[79] without a major fight in May 1862, allowing the Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi as well. The Union Navy is the term commonly used to describe the United States Navy and its acts during the American Civil War. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Only the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, prevented unchallenged Union control of the entire river. Vicksburg is a city in Warren County, Mississippi, United States. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States
General Braxton Bragg's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Braxton Bragg (March 22 1817 &ndash September 27 1876 was a career United States Army officer and then a General in the Confederate States Army, a Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville,[80] although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at liberating Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state. Don Carlos Buell (March 23 1818 &ndash November 19 1898 was a career United States Army officer who fought in the Seminole War, the Mexican-American War Kentucky Campaign of 1862 Situated between the Southern states of Tennessee and Virginia and the Northern states of Illinois Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River[81] in Tennessee. William Starke Rosecrans ( September 6, 1819 &ndash March 11, 1898) was an inventor coal-oil company executive diplomat politician and The Battle of Stones River or Second Battle of Murfreesboro (in the South, simply the Battle of Murfreesboro) was fought from December Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States.
The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga. Initial movements in the Chickamauga Campaign In his successful Tullahoma Campaign in the summer of 1863 Rosecrans moved southeast from Murfreesboro Tennessee Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps (from Lee's army in the east), defeated Rosecrans, despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. James Longstreet (January 8 1821 &ndash January 2 1904 was one of the foremost Confederate Generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate Gen. George Henry Thomas. George Henry Thomas ( July 31, 1816 &ndash March 28, 1870) was a career United States Army officer and a Union Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga, which Bragg then besieged.
The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson, by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers; the Battle of Shiloh;[82] the Battle of Vicksburg,[83] cementing Union control of the Mississippi River and considered one of the turning points of the war. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Background In early 1861 the critical border state of Kentucky had declared neutrality in the fight to maintain the Union The Battle of Fort Donelson was fought from February 12 to February 16 1862 in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the Southern United States. Background and opposing forces After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew Background See also [[Vicksburg Campaign]] After crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast Grant had won battles at There is widespread disagreement over the turning point of the American Civil War. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga,[84] driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy. The Third Battle of Chattanooga (popularly known as The Battle of Chattanooga, and including the Battle of Lookout Mountain and the Battle of
Trans-Mississippi Theater 1861–1865
-
For more details on this topic, see Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. The Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War was the major military and naval operations west of the Mississippi River.
Guerrilla activity turned much of Missouri into a battleground. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Missouri had, in total, the third most battles of any state during the war. [85] The other states of the west, though geographically isolated from the battles to the east, had a few small-scale military actions take place. Confederate incursions into Arizona and New Mexico were repulsed in 1862. Late in the war, the Union Red River Campaign was a failure. The Red River Campaign or Red River Expedition consisted of a series of battles fought along the Red River in Louisiana during the American Civil War Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war, but was cut off from the rest of the Confederacy after the capture of Vicksburg in 1863 gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.
End of the war 1864–1865
At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would bring an end to the war. Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal [86] This was total war not in terms of killing civilians but rather in terms of destroying homes, farms and railroad tracks. Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions: Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond; General Franz Sigel (and later Philip Sheridan) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley; General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea (the Atlantic Ocean); Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia; and Maj. Benjamin Franklin Butler (November 5 1818 January 11 1893 was an American Lawyer and Politician who represented Massachusetts in the United States Franz Sigel ( November 18, 1824 &ndash August 21, 1902) was a German military officer and immigrant to the United States who was a Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864 George Crook ( September 8, 1828 &ndash March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer most noted for his distinguished William Woods Averell ( November 5, 1832 &ndash February 3, 1900) was a career United States Army officer and a Cavalry West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama. Nathaniel Prentice (or Prentiss Banks ( January 30, 1816 September 1, 1894) was an American Politician and Soldier Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America.
Union forces in the East attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles during that phase ("Grant's Overland Campaign") of the Eastern campaign. The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and Grant's battles of attrition at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor[87] resulted in heavy Union losses, but forced Lee's Confederates to fall back again and again. An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend. The Bermuda Hundred Campaign was a series of battles fought at the town of Bermuda Hundred, outside Richmond Virginia, during May 1864 in the American Civil Grant was tenacious and, despite astonishing losses (over 65,000 casualties in seven weeks),[88] kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond. He pinned down the Confederate army in the Siege of Petersburg, where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months. The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865 Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static
Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864 Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek. Jubal Anderson Early ( November 3 1816 &ndash March 2 1894) was a Lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil The Battle of Cedar Creek, or The Battle of Belle Grove, October 19 1864, was one of the final and most decisive battles in the Valley Campaigns Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley,[89] a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia. The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia and West Virginia is bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Appalachian
Meanwhile, Sherman marched from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way. Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U John Bell Hood ( June 1 or June 29, 1831 &ndash August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War The fall of Atlanta,[90] on September 2, 1864, was a significant factor in the reelection of Lincoln as president. Background In the Atlanta Campaign Maj Gen William Tecumseh Sherman commanded the Union forces of the Western Theater. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year [91] Hood left the Atlanta area to menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. The Franklin-Nashville Campaign, also known as Hood's Tennessee Campaign, was a series of battles in the Western Theater, fought in the fall of 1864 in Alabama [92] Union Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville, effectively destroying Hood's army. John McAllister Schofield (September 29 1831 &ndash March 4 1906 was an American soldier who held major commands during the American Civil War. George Henry Thomas ( July 31, 1816 &ndash March 28, 1870) was a career United States Army officer and a Union The Battle of Nashville was a two-day battle in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign that represented the end of large-scale fighting in the Western Theater of the
Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his "March to the Sea". Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Savannah is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south,[93] increasing the pressure on Lee's army.
Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. Union forces won a decisive victory at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, forcing Lee to evacuate Petersburg and Richmond. The Battle of Five Forks was fought on April 1, 1865, southwest of Petersburg Virginia, in Dinwiddie County, during the Appomattox Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne The Confederate capital fell[94] to the Union XXV Corps, composed of black troops. XXV Corps was a Corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The remaining Confederate units fled west and after a defeat at Sayler's Creek, it became clear to Robert E. Background After Lt Gen Ulysses S Grant broke the Confederate defenses at the Siege of Petersburg, Gen Lee that continued fighting against the United States was both tactically and logistically impossible.
Lee surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Court House. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Appomattox Court House is a village located three miles (5 km east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg Virginia, in the [95] In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of folding the Confederacy back into the Union with dignity and peace, Lee was permitted to keep his officer's saber and his horse, Traveller. Traveller ( 1857 &ndash 1871) was Confederate General Robert E Johnston surrendered his troops to Sherman on April 26, 1865, in Durham, North Carolina. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Durham is a city in the US state of North Carolina. It is the County seat of Durham County North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States On June 23, 1865, at Fort Towson in the Choctaw Nations' area of the Oklahoma Territory, Stand Watie signed a cease-fire agreement with Union representatives, becoming the last Confederate general in the field to stand down. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Fort Towson was a Frontier outpost for Frontier Army Quartermasters along the Permanent Indian Frontier located about two miles northeast of the Oklahoma Territory was an Organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Stand Watie ( 12 December 1806 &ndash 9 September 1871) (also known as Standhope Oowatie, Degataga "stand The last Confederate naval force to surrender was the CSS Shenandoah on November 4, 1865, in Liverpool, England. History and mission She was designed as a British transport for troops to the East and was built on the River Clyde in Scotland Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927
Slavery during the war
At the beginning of the war some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth By 1862, when it became clear that this would be a long war, the question of what to do about slavery became more general. The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor. It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production. As one Congressman put it, the slaves "…cannot be neutral. As laborers, if not as soldiers, they will be allies of the rebels, or of the Union. "[96] The same Congressman—and his fellow Radical Republicans—put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves, whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual, compensated emancipation and colonization. [97] Copperheads, the border states and War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the border states and War Democrats eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil War Democrats were those who broke with the majority of the Democratic Party and supported the military policies of President Abraham Lincoln during the Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal
In 1861, Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. "[98] At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) in order to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats. Simon Cameron ( March 8, 1799 &ndash June 26, 1889) was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of John Charles Frémont ( January 21, 1813 July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, the David Hunter (July 21 1802 &ndash February 2 1886 was a Union general in the American Civil War.
Lincoln mentioned his Emancipation Proclamation to members of his cabinet on July 21, 1862. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Secretary of State William H. Seward told Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing the proclamation, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State [99] In September 1862 the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation. The Loyal War Governors' Conference was an important political event of the American Civil War. [100] Lincoln had already published a letter[101] encouraging the border states especially to accept emancipation as necessary to save the Union. Lincoln later said that slavery was "somehow the cause of the war". [102] Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, and said that a final proclamation would be issued if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, and Lincoln issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In his letter to Hodges, Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong … And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling . . . I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. "[103]
Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. [104] Lincoln also played a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment,[1] which made emancipation universal and permanent.
Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines. From early years of the war, hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines, especially in occupied areas like Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862, Tennessee from 1862 on, the line of Sherman's march, etc. So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them, where both adults and children learned to read and write. The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps, for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations. In addition, nearly 200,000 African-American men served with distinction as soldiers and sailors with Union troops. Most of those were escaped slaves.
Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers, and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre. The Battle of Fort Pillow, known as the Fort Pillow Massacre, particularly in the North was fought on April 12 1864, at Fort Pillow on [105] This led to a breakdown of the prisoner exchange program, and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease. The Andersonville prison, officially known as Camp Sumter was the largest Confederate Military prison during the American Civil War. [106]
In spite of the South's shortage of manpower, until 1865, most Southern leaders opposed arming slaves as soldiers. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As Howell Cobb said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong. (Thomas Howell Cobb ( September 7, 1815 – October 9, 1868) was an American political figure " Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. Patrick Ronayne Cleburne ( March 16 or March 17, 1828 &ndash November 30, 1864) was an Anglo- Irish soldier serving in Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented. Appomattox is a town in Appomattox County, Virginia, United States. [107]
A few Confederates discussed arming slaves since the early stages of the war, and some free blacks had even offered to fight for the South. In 1862 Georgian Congressman Warren Akin supported the enrolling of slaves with the promise of emancipation, as did the Alabama legislature. Support for doing so also grew in other Southern states. A few all black Confederate militia units, most notably the 1st Louisiana Native Guard, were formed in Louisiana at the start of the war, but were disbanded in 1862. The 1st Louisiana Native Guard (later became the 73rd Regiment Infantry U [108] In early March, 1865, Virginia endorsed a bill to enlist black soldiers, and on March 13 the Confederate Congress did the same. [109]
The Emancipation Proclamation[110] greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France. Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in getting border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves fighting on the same side for the Union. The Union-controlled border states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware. [111] The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, as Union armies moved South. The 13th amendment,[112] ratified December 6, 1865, finally freed the remaining slaves in Kentucky, Delaware, and New Jersey, that numbered 225,000 for Kentucky, 1,800 in Delaware, and 18 in New Jersey as of 1860. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [113]
Threat of international intervention
Entry into the war by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy would have greatly increased the South's chances of winning independence from the Union. [114] The Union, under Lincoln and Secretary of State William Henry Seward worked to block this, and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America (none ever did). This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war in order to get cotton. Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance. During the 1850s and the American Civil War, Cotton diplomacy was the idea that Britain and France required cotton from the South South Carolina exclaimed "Cotton is King!" It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as US grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half. [115]
When the UK did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, iron workers, and British ships to transport weapons. [116]
Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept as minister to Britain for the Union, and Britain was reluctant to boldly challenge the Union's blockade. Charles Francis Adams Sr ( August 18, 1807 &ndash November 21, 1886) the son of President John Quincy Adams and Louisa An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial ship builders in Britain. The most famous, the CSS Alabama, did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes. History Construction Alabama was built in secrecy by British shipbuilders John Laird Sons and Company in Liverpool, Merseyside The Alabama Claims were a series of claims for Damages by the government of the U However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for European politicians, especially in Britain. War loomed in late 1861 between the U. S. and Britain over the Trent Affair, involving the Union boarding of a British mail steamer to seize two Confederate diplomats. Britain in the American Civil War The Trent Affair, also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair, was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two.
In 1862, the British considered mediation—though even such an offer would have risked war with the U. S. Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom’s Cabin three times[117] when deciding on this. "Lord Palmerston" and "Henry Temple" redirect here Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life Among the Lowly is an anti- Slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation further reinforced the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union. The French intervention in Mexico, also known as the Maximilian Affair and The Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of Mexico by the army of the Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris.
Aftermath
Since the war's end, whether the South could have really won the war has been debated. A significant number of scholars believe that the Union held an insurmountable advantage over the Confederacy in terms of industrial strength and population. Confederate actions, they argue, could only delay defeat. This view is part of the Lost Cause historiography of the war. The Lost Cause is the name commonly given to a literary and intellectual movement that sought to reconcile the traditional white society of the Southern United States to Southern historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly in Ken Burns's television series on the Civil War: "I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back. Shelby Dade Foote Jr ( November 17 1916 &ndash June 27 2005) was an American Novelist and a noted historian of the Kenneth Lauren Burns (born July 29 1953) is an American director and producer of Documentary films known for his style of making use of archival … If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that War. "[118] The Confederacy sought to win independence by out-lasting Lincoln. However, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, the hope for a political victory for the South ended. At that point, Lincoln had succeeded in getting the support of the border states, War Democrats, emancipated slaves and Britain and France. By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil [119] Lincoln had also found military leaders like Grant and Sherman who would press the Union's numerical advantage in battle over the Confederate Armies. Generals who did not shy from bloodshed won the war, and from the end of 1864 onward there was no hope for the South.
On the other hand, James McPherson has argued that the North’s advantage in population and resources made Northern victory possible, but not inevitable. The American War of Independence and the Vietnam War are examples of wars won by the side with fewer numbers. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory in order to win, but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies in order to win. [120]
Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause. Although Lincoln's approach to emancipation was slow, the Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers. [121]
| Union | CSA | |
|---|---|---|
| Total population | 22,000,000 (71%) | 9,000,000 (29%) |
| Free population | 22,000,000 | 5,500,000 |
| 1860 Border state slaves | 432,586 | NA |
| 1860 Southern slaves | NA | 3,500,000 |
| Soldiers | 2,200,000 (67%) | 1,064,000 (33%) |
| Railroad miles | 21,788 (71%) | 8,838 (29%) |
| Manufactured items | 90% | 10% |
| Firearm production | 97% | 3% |
| Bales of cotton in 1860 | Negligible | 4,500,000 |
| Bales of cotton in 1864 | Negligible | 300,000 |
| Pre-war U. S. exports | 30% | 70% |
The more industrialized economy of the North aided in the production of arms, munitions and supplies, as well as finances, and transportation. The table shows the relative advantage of the Union over the Confederate States of America (CSA) at the start of the war. The advantages widened rapidly during the war, as the Northern economy grew, and Confederate territory shrank and its economy weakened. The Union population was 22 million and the South 9 million in 1861; the Southern population included more than 3. 5 million slaves and about 5. 5 million whites, thus leaving the South's white population outnumbered by a ratio of more than four to one compared with that of the North. [123] The disparity grew as the Union controlled more and more southern territory with garrisons, and cut off the trans-Mississippi part of the Confederacy. The Union at the start controlled over 80% of the shipyards, steamships, river boats, and the Navy. It augmented these by a massive shipbuilding program. This enabled the Union to control the river systems and to blockade the entire southern coastline. [124] Excellent railroad links between Union cities allowed for the quick and cheap movement of troops and supplies. Transportation was much slower and more difficult in the South which was unable to augment its much smaller rail system, repair damage, or even perform routine maintenance. [125] The failure of Davis to maintain positive and productive relationships with state governors (especially governor Joseph E. Brown of Georgia and governor Zebulon Vance of North Carolina) damaged his ability to draw on regional resources. Joseph Emerson Brown ( April 15, 1821 November 30, 1894) often referred to as Joe Brown, was governor of Georgia Zebulon Baird Vance ( May 13, 1830 April 14, 1894) was a Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, twice [126] The Confederacy's "King Cotton" misperception of the world economy led to bad diplomacy, such as the refusal to ship cotton before the blockade started. King Cotton was a Phrase used in the Southern United States mainly by Southern Politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the [127] The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 volunteered,[128] further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery. Emancipated slaves fought in several key battles in the last two years of the war. [129] European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers too. American immigration ( emigration to the United States of America) refers to the movement of non-residents to the United States. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. 23. 4% of all Union soldiers were German-Americans; about 216,000 were born in Germany. German Americans ( German: Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of Ethnic German ancestry Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [130]
Reconstruction
Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. It had to encompass the two war goals: Secession had to be totally repudiated, and all forms of slavery had to be eliminated. They disagreed sharply on the criteria for these goals. They also disagreed on the degree of federal control that should be imposed on the South, and the process by which Southern states should be reintegrated into the Union.
Reconstruction, which began early in the war and ended in 1877, involved a complex and rapidly changing series of federal and state policies. The long-term result came in the three "Civil War" amendments to the Constitution: the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery; the Fourteenth Amendment, which extended federal legal protections equally to citizens regardless of race; and the Fifteenth Amendment, which abolished racial restrictions on voting. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States.
Reconstruction ended in the different states at different times, the last three by the Compromise of 1877. The Compromise of 1877 was an informal unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U
For details on how whites in the South subverted the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendment until the American Civil Rights movement, see
- Disfranchisement after the Civil War
- Jim Crow laws
- United States v. Cruikshank (1875)
- Civil Rights Cases (1883)
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
- Giles v. Harris (1903)
- Reconstruction[131]
- Redemption (United States history)
Results
All slaves in the Confederacy were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, which stipulated that slaves in Confederate-held areas, but not in border states or in Washington, D. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 United States v Cruikshank, 92 US 542 ( 1875) was an important United States Supreme Court decision in United States Constitutional The Civil Rights Cases, 109 US 3 ( 1883) were a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court Williams v Mississippi, 170 US 213 ( 1898) is a United States Supreme Court case that reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set Giles v Harris, 189 US 475 (1903 was a turn-of-the-century United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a state constitution's requirements Disfranchisement after the Civil War Redemption, in the history of the United States, was a term used by white Southerners to refer to the reversion of the U C. , were free. Slaves in the border states and Union-controlled parts of the South were freed by state action or by the Thirteenth Amendment, although slavery effectively ended in the U. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit Slavery, and with limited exceptions such as those S. in the spring of 1865. The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction. The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties (3% of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease. [132] The war accounted for more casualties than all other U. S. wars combined. [133] The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering controversy today. The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. There have been numerous alternative names for the American Civil War that reflect the historical political and cultural sensitivities of different groups and regions About 4 million black slaves were freed in 1865. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants [134]
One reason for the high number of deaths during the war was the use of Napoleonic tactics such as charges. With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels and (near the end of the war for the Union army) repeating firearms such as the Spencer repeating rifle, soldiers were decimated when standing in lines in the open. The Spencer repeating rifle was a manually operated Lever-action, Repeating rifle fed from a tube magazine with cartridges This gave birth to trench warfare, a tactic heavily used during World War I. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Still, the massed infantry charges which were the centerpiece of Napoleonic tactics and proved so costly in American battles such as Fredericksburg and Gettysburg remained an essential part of European tactics throughout World War I.
See also
- List of American Civil War topics
- Abolitionism
- African Americans in the Civil War
- German-Americans in the Civil War
- Canada and the American Civil War
- Casualties of the American Civil War
- List of Medal of Honor recipients
- Military history of the Confederate States
- National Civil War Museum
- Naming the American Civil War
- New York Draft Riots
- List of people associated with the American Civil War
- List of wars involving the United States
- Official Records of the American Civil War
- Opposition to the American Civil War
- Photography and photographers of the American Civil War
- Rail transport in the American Civil War
- U.S. Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
- American Civil War spies
- List of wars by death toll
- Confederados
Cinema and Television
Films about the war
- The Birth of a Nation (1915)
- The General (1927)
- Gone with the Wind (1939)
- The Red Badge of Courage (1951)
- Friendly Persuasion (1956)
- The Great Locomotive Chase (1956)
- Raintree County (1957)
- The Horse Soldiers (1959)
- Major Dundee (1965)
- Shenandoah (film) (1965)
- The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)
- The Blue and the Gray (1982)
- Glory (1989)
- Gettysburg (1993)
- Andersonville (1996)
- Ride with the Devil (1999)
- Gods and Generals (2003)
- Cold Mountain (2003)
- North and South (TV miniseries) (Book I - November 3, 1985 Book II - May 4, 1986 Book III - February 27, 1994)
Documentaries about the war
- The Civil War (1990)
Games
Board Games
- A House Divided (board game) (2001)
- Battle Cry (game) (2000)
- Gettysburg (game) (1958)
- Terrible Swift Sword (1976)
Computer Games
- Forge of Freedom: The American Civil War (2006)
- The History Channel: Civil War - A Nation Divided (2006)
- Take Command (2004)
Miniatures Games
Notes
- ^ a b James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, from the article Who Freed the Slaves?
- ^ American Civil War, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Abraham Lincoln, House Divided Speech, Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858
- ^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, page 34
- ^ Prevent, as far as possible, any of our friends from demoralizing themselves, and our cause, by entertaining propositions for compromise of any sort, on slavery extension. This is a list of topics relating to the American Civil War. General Cotton Eli Whitney Emancipation Proclamation Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies German-Americans in the American Civil War were the largest ethnic contingent to fight for the Union. At the time of the American Civil War, Canada did not yet exist as a federated nation Military casualties suffered by the United States of America in War or deployments Wars ranked by total deaths Wars ranked by The Medal of Honor is the highest military award in the US military. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The National Civil War Museum, located at One Lincoln Circle at Reservoir Park in Harrisburg Pennsylvania, is a permanent There have been numerous alternative names for the American Civil War that reflect the historical political and cultural sensitivities of different groups and regions The New York Draft Riots (July 11 to July 16 1863 known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination This is a list of people associated with the American Civil War. This is a list of Wars and Military campaigns in chronological order that involved the United States during and since the American Revolutionary War The Official Records of the American Civil War or often more simply the Official Records or ORs, constitute the most extensive collection of Primary sources Popular opposition to the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865 was widespread The American Civil War (1861&ndash1865 was the third War in history to be caught on Camera. During the American Civil War, the Confederate States Army depended heavily on Railroads to get supplies to its lines The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was a United States Congressional investigating committee created to handle issues surrounding the American Civil War The South and North the made extensive use of Spies during the American Civil War. This is a list of wars and human-made disasters by death toll. The Confederados are a cultural sub-group of 10000 to 20000 Confederate Americans who immigrated chiefly to the area of the city of São Paulo, Brazil The Birth of a Nation (also known as The Clansman) a Silent film directed by D The General is a 1927 silent Comedy released by United Artists based upon the Great Locomotive Chase from 1862 Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American dramatic - romantic - War film adapted from Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 The Red Badge of Courage is a 1951 War film made by MGM It was directed by John Huston and produced by Gottfried Reinhardt Friendly Persuasion is a 1956 Palme d'Or -winning Civil War Film starring Gary Cooper, Dorothy McGuire, Anthony Perkins The Great Locomotive Chase is a 1956 Disney film based on the real Great Locomotive Chase that occurred in 1862 during the American Civil War The Horse Soldiers is a 1959 Western film, set in the American Civil War, directed by John Ford, starring John Wayne Major Dundee was a 1965 Western film written by Harry Julian Fink and directed by Sam Peckinpah. Shenandoah is a 1965 Civil War film starring James Stewart and directed by Andrew V The Good the Bad and the Ugly ( Il Buono il Brutto il Cattivo) is a 1966 Italian epic Spaghetti western film directed The Blue and the Gray was a 1982 TV mini-series set during the American Civil War starring John Hammond, Stacy Keach, Lloyd Bridges Glory is a 1989 drama War film based on the history of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment during the American Civil War Gettysburg is a 1993 Film that dramatizes the decisive Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. Andersonville is a film directed by John Frankenheimer about a group of Union soldiers during the American Civil War who are captured by the Ride with the Devil is a 1999 American Civil War drama directed by Ang Lee. Gods and Generals is a 2003 Film based on the novel Gods and Generals by Jeffrey Shaara. Cold Mountain is a 2003 film written and directed by Anthony Minghella, and stars Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, Renée Zellweger, North and South is an American television Miniseries set before during and immediately after the American Civil War. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The Civil War is an acclaimed Documentary film created by Ken Burns about the American Civil War. A House Divided is a strategic level Board wargame about the American Civil War for two players featuring point-to-point movement low-complexity rules Battle Cry is a Board wargame based on the American Civil War, designed by Richard Borg and published by Avalon Hill in 2000 Gettysburg is a Board wargame produced by Avalon Hill which re-enacts the American Civil War Battle of Gettysburg. Terrible Swift Sword The Three Days of Gettysburg (often abbreviated as TSS) is a classic grand tactical regimental level Board wargame Forge of Freedom The American Civil War is an award-winning computer Turn-based strategy game, the first to combine both a strategic level and a tactical level by means of The History Channel Civil War - A Nation Divided is a historical First-person shooter Video game developed by Cauldron, and released Take Command is a series of Real-time tactics computer games by MadMinute Games. Enduring Valor Gettysburg in Miniature is a series of two popular scenario books written for Miniature wargaming the American Civil War Battle of The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common There is no possible compromise upon it, but which puts us under again, and leaves all our work to do over again. Whether it be a Mo. Line, or Eli Thayer's Pop. Sov. It is all the same. Let either be done, & immediately filibustering and extending slavery recommences. On that point hold firm, as with a chain of steel. - Abraham Lincoln to Elihu B. Washburne, December 13, 1860
- ^ Let there be no compromise on the question of extending slavery. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting If there be, all our labor is lost, and, ere long, must be done again. The dangerous ground—that into which some of our friends have a hankering to run—is Pop. Sov. Have none of it. Stand firm. The tug has to come, & better now, than any time hereafter. - Abraham Lincoln to Lyman Trumbull, December 10, 1860
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 241 and 253
- ^ Declarations of Causes for: Georgia, Adopted in January 29, 1861; Mississippi, Adopted in 1861 (no exact date found); South Carolina, Adopted in December 24, 1860; Texas, Adopted in February 2, 1861
- ^ The New Heresy, Southern Punch, editor John Wilford Overall, September 19, 1864 is one of many references that indicate that the Republican hope of gradually ending slavery was the Southern fear. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year It said in part, "Our doctrine is this: WE ARE FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE THAT OUR GREAT AND NECESSARY DOMESTIC INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY SHALL BE PRESERVED. "
- ^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 33-50. Potter argued that the states rights theory of causes (page 33) and various cultural and economic "causes" can't be separated from the slavery issue.
- ^ Jefferson Davis' Resolutions on the Relations of States, Senate Chamber, U. S. Capitol, February 2, 1860, From The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 6, pp. 273-76. - Davis states' rights argument for slavery in the territories is as follows: Resolved, That the union of these States rests on the equality of rights and privileges among its members, and that it is especially the duty of the Senate, which represents the States in their sovereign capacity, to resist all attempts to discriminate either in relation to person or property, so as, in the Territories -- which are the common possession of the United States -- to give advantages to the citizens of one State which are not equally secured to those of every other State. "
- ^ J. L. M. Curry: The Perils and Duty of the South - Speech Delivered in Talladega, Alabama, November 26, 1860 - This was one of many Southern states' rights arguments for defending slavery.
- ^ Lincoln's Speech in Chicago, December 10, 1856 in which he said, "We shall again be able not to declare, that 'all States as States, are equal,' nor yet that 'all citizens as citizens are equal,' but to renew the broader, better declaration, including both these and much more, that 'all men are created equal. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year '"; Also, Lincoln's Letter to Henry L. Pierce, April 6, 1859
- ^ Stampp, The Causes of the Civil War, pages 63–65 (A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States) and pages 152-153 (Cornerstone Speech). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Cornerstone Speech was delivered by Confederate Vice President, Alexander Stephens extemporaneously in Savannah Georgia on March 21, Stampp contrasted the former (Lost Cause) speech with Stephens' earlier Cornerstone Speech to show that Stephens reversed his opinion on causes.
- ^ Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing - 1852-1857, pages 267–269
- ^ William E. Gienapp, "The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War. " in Boritt ed. Why the Civil War Came 79–123
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry pages 88–91
- ^ Most of her slave owners are "decent, honorable people, themselves victims" of that institution. Much of her description was based on personal observation, and the descriptions of Southerners; she herself calls them and Legree representatives of different types of masters. ;Gerson, Harriet Beecher Stowe, p. 68; Stowe, Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1953) p. 39
- ^ Fox Butterfield; All God's Children page 17
- ^ Kenneth M. Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War (1981) p 198; Woodworth, ed. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1996), 145 151 505 512 554 557 684; Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington (1969)
- ^ James McPherson, Drawn With the Sword, page 11
- ^ James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," Civil War History 29 (September 1983)
- ^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 485
- ^ James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom 1988 p 242, 255, 282-83. Maps on page 101 (The Southern Economy) and page 236 (The Progress of Secession) are also relevant
- ^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 503–505
- ^ Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
- ^ Otto H. Olsen (December 2004). Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States. Civil War History. Southernhistory. net. Retrieved on 2007-11-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of
- ^ James McPherson, Drawn with the Sword, page 15
- ^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 275
- ^ First Lincoln Douglas Debate at Ottawa, Illinois August 21, 1858
- ^ Abraham Lincoln, Speech at New Haven, Conn. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common , March 6, 1860
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, page 195
- ^ John Townsend, The Doom of Slavery in the Union, its Safety out of it, October 29, 1860
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, page 243
- ^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, page 461
- ^ William C. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Davis, Look Away, pages 130–140
- ^ William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, page 42
- ^ Winkler, E. A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.. Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ Winkler, E. A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.. Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ Speech of E.S. Dargan, in the Convention of Alabama, January 11, 1861
- ^ Schlesinger Age of Jackson, p. 190
- ^ David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage (2006) p 197, 409; Stanley Harrold, The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861 (1995) p. 62; Jane H. and William H. Pease, "Confrontation and Abolition in the 1850s" Journal of American History (1972) 58(4): 923–937.
- ^ David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 356–384
- ^ Eric Foner. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (1970), p. 9
- ^ James McPherson, The Negro's Civil War, page 3
- ^ President James Buchanan, Message of December 8, 1860
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 284–287
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 290–293
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 293–297
- ^ Crofts pg. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting 341. In the core Unionist enclave of northwestern Virginia the vote was 30,586 to 10,021 against secession, although the total vote in the counties that would become West Virginia was a closer 34,677 to 19,121 against.
- ^ Although early estimates noted that Union soldiers from the region outnumbered Confederates by more than three to one, more recent and detailed studies have concluded that there were nearly equal numbers of Union and Confederate soldiers. http://www.wvculture.org/History/civwaran.html.
- ^ Mark Neely, Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties 1993 p. 10–11
- ^ Gabor Boritt, ed. War Comes Again (1995) p 247
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 234–266
- ^ Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861
- ^ Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861
- ^ a b David Potter, The Impending Crisis, pages 572–573
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 274
- ^ See the account at [1]
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 276–307
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 333–335
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 378–380
- ^ Heidler, 1651–53
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 373–377
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 339–345
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 342
- ^ Shelby Foote, The Civil War: Fort Sumter to Perryville, pages 464-519
- ^ Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, pages 263-296
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 424–427
- ^ a b McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 538-544
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 528–533
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 543–545
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 557–558
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 571–574
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 639–645
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 653–663
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page 664
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 404–405
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 418–420
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 419–420
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 480–483
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 405–413
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 637–638
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 677–680
- ^ Civil War in Missouri Facts (1998). Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; "Was the Civil War a Total War?" Civil War History, Vol. 50, 2004 pp 434+
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 724–735
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 741-742
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 778–779
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 773–775
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 774–776
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 812–815
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 825–830
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 846–847
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 848–850
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom page 495
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry page 355, 494–6, quote from George Julian on 495. George Washington Julian ( May 5, 1817 &ndash July 7, 1899) was a nineteenth century Politician, Lawyer
- ^ Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861
- ^ Stephen B. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Oates, Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths, page 106
- ^ Images of America: Altoona, by Sr. Anne Francis Pulling, 2001, 10.
- ^ Letter to Greeley, August 22, 1862
- ^ Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
- ^ Lincoln's Letter to A. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year G. Hodges, April 4, 1864
- ^ James McPherson, The War that Never Goes Away
- ^ Bruce Catton, Never Call Retreat, page 335
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 791–798
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 831-837
- ^ Bergeron, Arthur W. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year , Jr. Louisianans in the Civil War, "Louisiana's Free Men of Color in Gray", University of Missouri Press, 2002, p. 107-109.
- ^ Jay Winik, April 1865. The Month that Saved America, p. 51-59
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 557–558 and 563
- ^ Harper, Douglas (2003). SLAVERY in DELAWARE. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 840–842
- ^ U. S. Census of 1860
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pages 546–557
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry 386
- ^ Allen Nevins, War for the Union 1862–1863, pages 263–264
- ^ Stephen B. Oates, The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861, page 125
- ^ Ward 1990 p 272
- ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, pages 771–772
- ^ James McPherson, Why did the Confederacy Lose?
- ^ Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ Railroad mileage is from: Chauncey Depew (ed. Chauncey Mitchell Depew ( April 23, 1834 – April 5, 1928) served as a United States Senator from New York from 1899 to ), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895, p. 111; For other data see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B. , ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
- ^ Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum, 162. ISBN 9781400053636.
- ^ McPherson 313–16, 392–3
- ^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 1591–98
- ^ McPherson 432–44
- ^ Heidler, David Stephen, ed. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2002), 598–603
- ^ Black Regiments. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ John Hope Franklin, The Emancipation Proclamation (1965)
- ^ Faust, page 523. Quoting from an 1869 ethnicity study by B. A. Gould of the United States Sanitary Commission. The United States Sanitary Commission was an official agency of the United States government created by legislation signed by President of the United States
- ^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction - America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877, Harper & Row, 1988
- ^ Nofi, Al (2001-06-13). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Statistics on the War's Costs. Louisiana State University. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
- ^ James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, page xix (from the introduction by C. Vann Woodward as of 1988)
- ^ {{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Craig|title=The Deadliest War|publisher=Harvard Magazine|date=May-June 2001| url=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050155.html|accessdate=2007-10-14} }
References
* Blair, Jayne E. The Essential Civil War: A Handbook to the Battles, Armies, Navies And Commanders (2006)
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* American National Biography 24 vol (1999), essays by scholars on all major figures; online and hardcover editions at many libraries
* Hess, Earl J. The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (1997)
* Commager, Henry Steele (ed. ). The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants. (1950), excerpts from primary sources
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External links
- Ohio in the Civil War Archive: Collaborative research archive
- Declarations of Causes of Secession
- Alexander Stephens' Cornerstone Speech
- Lincoln's Call for Troops
- The Civil War Home Page
- Civil War photos at the National Archives
- Civil War in Virginia
- Online texts of Civil War books at the National Park Service
- University of Tennessee: U.S. Civil War Generals
- The Civil War, a PBS documentary by Ken Burns
- Individual state's contributions to the Civil War: California, Florida, Illinois #1, Illinois #2, Ohio, Pennsylvania
- State declarations of the causes of secession: Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, South Carolina
- Civil War Memorials in & around D.C. (with photos)
- WWW-VL: History: USA Civil War 1855-1865
- Civil War Preservation Trust
- Description and Pictures of Civil War Battlefields Over 2,100 pictures from Civil War sites
- Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Kenneth Lauren Burns (born July 29 1953) is an American director and producer of Documentary films known for his style of making use of archival
- ”Fort Morgan and the Battle of Mobile Bay”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- ”Battle of Prairie Grove: Civilian Recollections of the Civil War”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- “Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp”, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- TOCWOC Civil War Blog A group Civil War blog consisting of informed amateurs.
- Civil War Books and Authors Blog A Civil War blog focusing mainly on book reviews.
- Civil War Bookshelf American Civil War historiography and publishing blogged daily by Dimitri Rotov.
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