Amazonas Region
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President	Miguel C. The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Reyes
Capital	Chachapoyas 2334 m
Area	39,249. Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2235 meters (7657 ft Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 13 km²
Population (as of the 2005 Census)
Population   - Total   - Density	443 025 (2004 estimate) 11. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Peru is a multiethnic country It has a population of Amerindians 45% Mestizos 37% Whites 15% Asian Peruvians and Afro-Peruvians 3% The Peru 2005 Census was a detailed enumeration In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology 3/km²
Subdivisions	7 provinces and 83 districts
Elevation   - Lowest   - Highest
Main resources	Coffee, rice, fruits, wood and cebu cattle. Country subdivision refers to the division of a Country 's territory for the sake of its administration, description or other such purpose The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs
Poverty rate
Percentage of country's GDP
Codes
Dialing code	041
ISO 3166-2	PE-AMA
UBIGEO	01
Official website
www.regionamazonas.gob.pe

Amazonas is a region (called a "Departamento" in Spanish which is roughly equivalent to a province or state) in northern Peru. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO Ubigeo is the coding system for geographical locations ( Spanish Código Ubicacíon Geográfica) in Peru used by the National Statistics Institute ( A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. It is bordered by Ecuador on the north and west, the Cajamarca Region on the west, the La Libertad Region on the south and the Loreto and San Martín regions on the east. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Cajamarca is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cajamarca. La Libertad is a region in northwestern Peru. It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north the Loreto is Peru 's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely San Martín is a region in northern Peru. Most of the region is located in the upper part of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas. Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2235 meters (7657 ft

Geography

Valle del Marañón (Marañón Valley) between Chachapoyas and Celendin, Peru

The Amazonas department consists of regions covered by rainforests and mountain ranges. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys The rainforest zone predominates (72. 93%) and it extends to the north over its oriental slope, up to the border with Ecuador in the summits of the Cordillera del Cóndor. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. The Cordillera del Cóndor (Condor Mountain range) is a range in Ecuador and Peru. The mountain range zone is located in the southern provinces of the Amazonas department and it only includes 27. The provinces of Peru, known in Spanish as provincias, are the second-level administrative subdivisions of the country 07% of its whole territorial surface.

One of the factors that help to give big importance to its geography is not only that the big valleys and plains of its rainforest zone are the closest to the Pacific Ocean, but also its connections with the routes of the coast are the lowest. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions This is because they use the Paso de Porculla (the mountain pass of Porculla) that is located at 2,144 m. This is the lowest pass of the whole Peruvian Andes to arrive to the Pan-American road system. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Pan-American Highway (see below for its name in other Western European languages is a network of Roads nearly 48000 kilometres (29800 miles in

The vast and deep valle del Marañón (Marañon's valley), which constitutes one of the most important morphologic features of the department.

Valle del Utcubamba, Amazonas, Peru

The valle del Marañón crosses a big part of its territory and expands itself from south to north. It reaches its biggest largeness in the zone of Bagua. Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is located in the north and central part of the department of Amazonas. It narrows when it crosses the Cordillera Oriental (the Oriental mountain range) in its most violent route towards the east, towards the lowest part of the Amazon. The Cordillera Oriental ("eastern Mountain range " in Peru is in the extreme south-west of the area of study where manifestation like the spurs of A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys Omagua or Low Jungle is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It crosses those wonderful canyons and natural porches called pongos, Quechua word that means doors. A pongo (corruption of the Kichwa punku and the Aymara punku, meaning a door is a type of Canyon or narrow gorge along Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America.

The valle del Utcubamba (Utcubamba's valley), which is the real axis of the Amazonas department, is located between 5° and 6° of south latitude and 78° and 79° of west longitude. The Valle del Utcubamba ( Utcubamba valley develops longitudinally up to the Marañon River, being the principal center of production and of location of human groups It is longitudinally developed up to the Marañon river, in which it flowed at 400 m. The Marañón River (Río Marañón rises about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, flows through a deeply-eroded Andean valley in a northwesterly direction

This zone is the principal center of production and human groups location. It is developed in four very pronounced sectors:

• Vertiente del Marañon (Marañon's spring), that has important quebradas (Seca, Bocana, Copallín Nuevo and Choloque). A spring is a point where Groundwater flows out of the ground and is thus where the Aquifer surface meets the ground surface A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks The Quebrada Seca River is a River in Peru with a length of 29
• Valle Medio (the middle valley) that has eleven quebradas in its both borders.
• Valle Alto (the high valley) that has seven quebradas. The most important one is Magunchal. The Quebrada Magunchal is a River in the Luya Province in Peru.
• Planicie de Bagua (the Bagua's plain), wavy and picturesque, that is located at 550 m. In some places, it mounts up to 900 m. , for example in the inhabited point called La Peca. La Peca is a district in the Bagua Province, Amazonas Region, Peru and also a population center and town in the district

The principal tributaries of the Utcubamba are the Chiriaco, the Nieva, the Santiago (that is born in Ecuador) and the Cenepa, that is born in the north zone of the Cordillera del Cóndor. A tributary is a Stream or River which flows into a mainstem (or parent river The Utcubamba River (Rio Utcubamba is a River in the Amazonas Region of Peru, located at. The Chiriaco river is a river in Peru. The Chiriaco is a tributary of the Marañón and takes Tuntungos, Shushug and Wawas as principal The Nieva River is a Tributary of the Marañón River in Peru. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. The Cenepa River rises in the Condor mountain range in Peru, South America and has a length of 185 km The Cordillera del Cóndor (Condor Mountain range) is a range in Ecuador and Peru. The Cenepa River receives in its trip numerous tributaries like the Comaina. The east of the Comaina river is a singular geologic formation known like Tepui, and one of the most spectacular geographical milestones of the divortium aquarum on that the It flowed in the Marañon river, located near Orellana (province of Condorcanqui). The Marañón River (Río Marañón rises about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, flows through a deeply-eroded Andean valley in a northwesterly direction Francisco de Orellana is a town placed in Amazonas Region where there is a statue in memory of Francisco de Orellana, the first European who discovered the Amazon

Olmos-Marañon Route

The aguarunas in the Amazonas department, Perú. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

The Olmos-Marañon highway, also called Transcontinental road, tries to join the marine zone of the Pacific coast with a navigable point of the Marañon river – the Sarameriza. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Sarameriza is a small fluvial port in the department of Loreto, its place is strategic since it is immediately after the pongo of Manseriche and therefore it is the This place is located further down the Pongo de Manseriche. The Pongo de Manseriche is a gorge in northwest Peru. The Marañón River runs through this gorge before it reaches the Amazon Basin. From this place, it is possible to carry out the navigation for major tonnage boats until they reach the Amazon River and the Atlantic coast. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers

This highway has an indisputable importance not only from a strategic point of view but also for being a fully commercial penetration route. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve

After many years of studies, this route was chosen. It was proved that this route really was the shortest and it also used the Paso de Porculla, which is the lowest of the Andes. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America.

The most considerable landscape is constituted by the important Cordillera del Cóndor. The Cordillera del Cóndor (Condor Mountain range) is a range in Ecuador and Peru. It is located at the North-East of the Amazonas department and its heights are up to 1 500 m. The Cordillera del Cóndor serves as a natural and legal boundary, according to the Rio de Janeiro protocol signed with the Republic of Ecuador in 1942. Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions such as Governments States or subnational administrative The Rio Protocol, short for Treaty of Peace Friendship and Boundaries between Peru and Ecuador, was signed in Rio de Janeiro Brazil, on January 29, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Up to this moment, Ecuador refused systematically to place the corresponding milestones ordered by the guarantors countries of the protocol.

Landscape of the Amazon Region.

All this extensive north area, from the left side margin of the Marañon River, virtually represents a big gap because there aren't any highways of access. The Marañón River (Río Marañón rises about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, flows through a deeply-eroded Andean valley in a northwesterly direction * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve Rivers are the only means of transport for tribes like the aguarunas and the huambisas. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use For the Aguaruna people's language see Aguaruna language. The Aguaruna (or Awajún, the name they prefer are an indigenous The Huambisas are an Indian tribe of Peru, living on the upper Marañón and Santiago rivers

The Cordillera del Cóndor is located in the district of El Cenepa, in the province of Condorcanqui. El Cenepa is a district of the province of Condorcanqui in Peru. It covers a southeast - northeast direction, extending itself towards the south with the branches of Cenepa, Shamatak, Sierra Gallinera and Paku-Yaku. El Cenepa is a district of the province of Condorcanqui in Peru. The locality of Shamatak Grande is in the El Cenepa District in the department of Amazonas, Peru.

The importance of the northern territories of the Amazonas department is not only because it's strategic but also because noteworthy auriferous and petroleum possibilities have been detected in this zone. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit

Some other important places inside this route are:

• Paso de Porculla
• Pongos in Amazonas, the natural porches
• Pongo de Manseriche, "The one who frightens"

Route to Huallaga Central: The plain of Bagua

Hot springs in a the Rupa-Rupa Region

The Utcubamba valley, that is born in the high jalcas of Chachapoyas and that runs from southeast to northwest to mix with the waters of the Marañón river, forms the immense plain of Bagua. The Pongo de Manseriche is a gorge in northwest Peru. The Marañón River runs through this gorge before it reaches the Amazon Basin. The Valle del Utcubamba ( Utcubamba valley develops longitudinally up to the Marañon River, being the principal center of production and of location of human groups The Utcubamba valley is born in the high ''jalcas'' of Chachapoyas and runs from the southeast to the northwest to mix with the waters of the Marañón river This plain has a of warm climate, which temperature can reach a maximum of 40 °C, being the minimum one 21 °C.

Like in the whole high jungle region of Peru –head of mountain-, its water regimen is irregular and sometimes without rains. Rupa-Rupa or High Jungle is one of the eight natural regions of Peru. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

Some of the important places inside this route are:

• Touristic corridor of the Utcubamba
• Pomacochas lagoon

The Aguarunas

The real origin of the Aguaruna people is still a mystery. For the Aguaruna people's language see Aguaruna language. The Aguaruna (or Awajún, the name they prefer are an indigenous In accordance with the racial characteristics of the majority, some anthropologists suppose that they came down the Andes centuries ago and adapted themselves to the geographical conditions of the region. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Others believe that they are emigrants of Central America who came either by the coast or through rivers. They established themselves in a zone much wider than the one they occupy now. Apparently this zone also included the actual Jaén. The city of Jaén is the capital of the Jaén Province in the Cajamarca Region of Peru. It is also said that they were influenced by cultural groups that were immigrants from the islands of Melanesia. Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people"

They have always had the reputation of being brave warriors, standing out for their skills in war. Physically there are differences between the aguarunas and the other inhabitants of the Peruvian rainforest. The Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía Their average height is taller – especially between men – and their physical constitution denotes strength.

The Aguarunas have a traditional, ideological and material culture, and they communicate with each other in their own language. For this reason, there is a book called the Vocabulario aguaruna del Amazonas (Aguaruna's Vocabulary of the Amazon) written by Mildred L. Larson and published by SIL International in 1966. SIL International (the official name of what was originally the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a worldwide U The Aguarunas are located in the geographical area of the Marañón river, that is to say on the banks of the Marañón river and of its tributaries, the rivers Santiago, Nieva, Cenepa, Numpatakay and Chiriaco. The Nieva River is a Tributary of the Marañón River in Peru. The Cenepa River rises in the Condor mountain range in Peru, South America and has a length of 185 km The Chiriaco river is a river in Peru. The Chiriaco is a tributary of the Marañón and takes Tuntungos, Shushug and Wawas as principal

The Aguarunas' families, either monogamous or polygamous, occur in a dispersed form, grouped in extensive families or forming major magnitude towns. Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and

Examples of the last case constitute the towns of Yutupiza on the Santiago river and Japaime on the Nieva.

In the cases in which there exists a pattern of nucleate population, these towns, called in their native language yáakat, do not have streets, footpaths, or squares, are formed by houses of traditional construction. These houses are distributed in a kind of asymmetric form and the tendency is usually to be placed in a linear form along the river.

Another typical aspect of the Aguarunas consists in the fact that they have traditionally worked as a seminomadic population, due to the poverty of the agricultural soil and the extremely elementary, traditional agrarian technology, which brings as a consequence the depletion of the soil in a short period of two or three years.

Inside their major hunting activities, the natives hunt members of sajino, huangana, Brazilian Tapir (sachavaca), Little Red Brocket, ocelot and otorongo (jaguar). The White-lipped Peccary, Tayassu pecari, Tayassu albirostris, is a Peccary Species found in Central and South America The White-lipped Peccary, Tayassu pecari, Tayassu albirostris, is a Peccary Species found in Central and South America The Brazilian Tapir (from the Tupi tapi'ira) or Anta in Portuguese also known as the Lowland Tapir ( Tapirus terrestris) is The Brazilian Tapir (from the Tupi tapi'ira) or Anta in Portuguese also known as the Lowland Tapir ( Tapirus terrestris) is The Little Red Brocket ( Mazama rufina) is a small little-studied Deer native to the Andes. The Ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis) also known as the Painted Leopard, McKenney's Wildcat, Jaguatirica (in Brazil or Manigordo The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of The jaguar (Panthera onca,, or—especially in British English — is a New World Mammal of the Felidae family and one of In their minor hunting activities, they hunt majaz, ronsoco, achuni, añuje, carachupa, otter, diverse classes of monkeys and other animals. The Genus Cuniculus contains the two species of pacas It is the only genus in the family Cuniculidae. Capybara ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) also known as capibara, chigüire in Venezuela chigüiro, carpincho The Black Agouti, Dasyprocta fuliginosa, is a South American agouti Species from the Dasyproctidae family The Nine-banded Long-nosed Armadillo or just Nine-banded Armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (also known as the poor man's Pig or poverty pig is a The Giant Otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis) is an amphibious mammalian Carnivore native to South America. A monkey is any member of either the New World monkeys or Old World monkeys two of the three groupings of Simian Primates the third group being They also hunt birds.

pijuayo fruits

Traditionally they used a spear made from pijuayo (palm tree of very hard wood) and the blowpipe for hunting. This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. Bactris gasipaes is a species of palm native to the Tropical forests of the South and Central America. "Blowpipe" and "blow tube" redirect here For other uses of the terms see Glassblowing A blowgun (also called a blowpipe or At present the spear has been almost completely displaced by the shotgun with pellets but they still use the blowpipe. A shotgun (also known as a scattergun) is a Firearm that is usually designed to be fired from the shoulder which uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number

From the animals taken in hunting, they use the meat, the leather, the skins, the feathers, the teeth and the bones. These animal products serve a double purpose: a nutritive purpose and a handmade, medicinal and/or a witchcraft purpose. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers

They gather wild fruits of some palm trees, like the uvilla and some shrubs. Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid or commonly palm tree) the palm family is a family of Flowering A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree Also they gather buds of palm trees, stems, bark, and resins. In Botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic Shoot and normally occurs in the Axil of a Leaf or at the tip of the stem Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid or commonly palm tree) the palm family is a family of Flowering A stem is one of two main structural axes of a Vascular plant. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. They extract the leche caspi and gather edible worms (suris) and coleopterous and the honey of wild bees. Couma macrocarpa, known by the common names leche caspi, leche huayo, sorva, and cow tree, is a species of tropical plant native A worm is a common name given to a diverse group of invertebrate animals that have a long soft body and no legs Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Finally, they gather medicinal plants and lianas. Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as The liana is any of various long-stemmed usually woody vines that are rooted in the soil at ground level and use trees as well as other means of vertical support to climb up to They use everything gathered to provide food, to make crafts, to make traditional medicine, to use in witchcraft and to use as fuel, inside an ancestral pattern of self-sufficiency. A craft is a Skill, especially involving practical arts. It may refer to a Trade or particular art The term traditional medicine ( Indigenous medicine or folk medicine) describes medical knowledge systems which developed over centuries within various societies Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy

For agricultural instruments, they use the traditional tacarpo (a stick with sharp top, made of wood from the palm tree called pijuayo); together with the axe, the machete and the shovel. The Tacarpo is an agricultural traditional tool of the Peruvian Amazonía, of approximately 2 m long and 4 cm of diameter Bactris gasipaes is a species of palm native to the Tropical forests of the South and Central America. The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape split and cut Wood, Harvest timber, as a Weapon The machete (məˈʃɛti is a large cleaver -like cutting tool A shovel is a Tool for lifting and moving loose material such as Coal, Gravel, Snow, Soil, or Sand and is an

The principal crafts of masculine activities are ropemaking, basketry, the construction of canoes, the making of textiles. A rope is a length of Fibers twisted or Braided together to improve strength for pulling and Connecting. Basket weaving (also basketry, basket making, or basketmaking) is the process of Weaving unspun Vegetable Fibers into A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. The principal crafts of feminine activities are ceramics and the making of necklaces made of seeds, the small wings of insects and beads. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware A bead is a small decorative object that is pierced for threading or stringing The men make crowns of exquisite feathers as well as cotton ribbons in whose ends they places feathers and human hair. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp A ribbon or riband is a thin band of flexible material typically Cloth but also Plastic or sometimes Metal, used primarily for binding and tying These adornments are kept in containers made of bamboo. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily

Between the Aguarunas, there is the traditional institution of mutual help known in their language as ipáámu, which works principally in the construction of young couples' housing, in the cleanliness of the small farms and, with less frequency, in sowing the yuca and peanut. The cassava, yuca, manioc, or mandioca ( Manihot esculenta) is a woody Shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge family native The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico

The Jíbaros

A Peruvian jaguar, most of them are located in the Amazonas Region.

It is impossible to speak about the Peruvian rain forest and its different tribes, without mentioning the one that attracts most of the civilized world's attention by its peculiarity of reducing their victims' heads, the tribe of the Jíbaros. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Jíbaro (Spanish "forest man" are a group of indigenous tribes found in Peru's Amazonas region, eastern Ecuador and western Colombia Most of them do not practice this ancient custom anymore. But even now, it is said that there are people who practice it, in the deepest northern part of the impenetrable rain forest.

The Jíbaros have split themselves into several different tribes who are declared enemies among themselves, who, although they fear each other, do not waste an opportunity to destroy themselves with such cruelty.

A jíbaro, one of the most combative ethnic groups that inhabits the Amazonian forest.

An innate quality of the Jíbaros is that of hiding from the other tribes and also hiding their movements to try to trap the others. For this reason people affirm that Jíbaros rarely pass two times by the same place.

In their appearance, Jíbaros do not differ much from the other natives, although they don't have many tattos and they are not lovers of the adornments that characterize the other tribes. The adornment they use the most is the toucan's feather, which is a demonstration of their ability in the use of the blowpipe, since it is very difficult to hunt this class of birds. The Black-mandibled Toucan ( Ramphastos ambiguus) is a native of the north of South America.

Another typical occupation of the Jíbaros is the textile. Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic Fibers are twisted together to form Yarn (or thread Although women are the ones who spin, men are the ones who weave the cloth they use as garments. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation.

But what distinguished them from the other tribes was their hobby to cut off their enemies' heads and make them extraordinarily tiny, by means of a procedure that has been investigated by specialists.

Today such practice is almost extinguished with the exception of the tribes of the aucas. The Huaorani, Waorani, or Waos are native Amerindians from the Amazonian Region of Ecuador (in the Oriente region with some marked differences They think it is a cause of pride to have the biggest number of tiny heads, which they usually wear like necklaces in their holidays.

History

The archaeological centers lost in the rain forest emerge as a testimony of presence of humans in the area since remote times. Most of the Pre-Hispanic cultures that became prosperous in the area are still a mystery due to the lack of research. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kuélap's Fortress is the most representative monument of this age. It is a huge construction of military architecture which shows the high level of civilization achieved by the people of this region. The Chachapoyas culture developed during the Inca age and represented a strong opposition to the Incan conquest by repelling the first Inca attempts to incorporate the region to their empire. The Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the Clouds, were an Andean people living in the Cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day

The region's capital, Chachapoyas, was founded in 1538 by Alonso de Alvarado. During the same year, its first church was built and later, the Santa Ana, San Lázaro and Señor de Burgos churches were built. In April 1821, the city's inhabitants expelled the Spaniards and ignored their authority, following the steps taken by the San Martín liberating army. José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine

The area of the Amazonas Region was strongly linked to the independence thoughts and actions. The cleric Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza was its most outstanding representative, encouraging the patriots of this era and signing the National Act of Independence. Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (1750-1825 was a Peruvian academic

The Cordillera del Condor, located in this region, was the scenery of the war between Peru and Ecuador in 1981.

The Conquest

The natives of the region received in a jubilant and cordial way to the first Spanish who came into Amazonas. They knew about their arrival in Peru by the news that they had received from Cajamarca. Cajamarca is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cajamarca.

In this city it had been said to Francisco Pizarro that Chachapoyas was an excellent agricultural region which settlers possessed a lot of gold and silver. Francisco Pizarro González 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 &ndash 26 June 1541 was a Spanish Conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire The big conqueror did not lose time and formed immediately an expedition of 20 men, putting the distinguished captain Alonso de Alvarado in charge of it, with an express indication: founding a Christian city. Alonso de Alvarado Montaya González de Cevallos y Miranda ( Secadura, Voto 1500 - Lima 1556 was a Conquistador and knight of the Order A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

The chroniclers say that, when the Spanish arrived to the region, the Chachapoyas people gave big parties in their honor and gave them many rich gifts willingly, also numerous examples of appreciation, including showing some interest to become Christians.

Pizarro decided to send a second expedition, this time with instructions to take possession of the zone, delivering Alvarado a provision so he would be able to found the city of San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas. Alonso de Alvarado Montaya González de Cevallos y Miranda ( Secadura, Voto 1500 - Lima 1556 was a Conquistador and knight of the Order Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2235 meters (7657 ft

But this time Pizarro's envoy met the bellicose resistance of a curaca called Huamán, whom they had to defeat before coming to their destination, where they founded the mentioned city on September 5, 1538. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.

Alvarado had chosen a place called Jalca, which apparently did not have the demanded conditions. Suni or Jalca is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located in the Andes at an altitude between 3500 and 4100 metres above sea level This was the reason why the location of the flaming city was changed several times.

According to the papers of the epoch, the last time that a change was made was in 1544, but it is unknown when the city was established in its current place.

The same day of Chachapoyas' foundation, the members of the first cabildo were elected, turning out to be designated the councillors Gómez de Alvarado, Alonso de Chávez, Gonzalo de Trujillo, Gonzalo de Guzmán, Luis Valera (father of the chronicler Blas Valera), Pedro Romero, Bernardino de Anaya and Francisco de Fuentes. A councillor or councilor ( Cllr, Coun, Clr or Cr for short is a member of a Local government council such as a Generally a chronicle (chronica from Greek (from) is a historical account of facts and events in chronological order Blas Valera was born in Chachapoyas in 1545 Although the author of the Comentarios Reales de los Incas believed that Valera was born in Cajamarca Bernardino de Anaya came to Peru in the middle of the 1500 and founded the city of Chachapoyas, Alderete Maldonado of Anaya more known as the Admiral

According to the Spanish custom, the layout of the city was made by means of rectilinear design streets.

The Colony

St. Turibius de Mongrovejo

A few years after its foundation, the prosperity of the region began to demonstrate itself in magnificent constructions in the city of Chachapoyas, with big courts, wide lounges and architectural characteristics adapted to the zone. For alternative meanings of the word "court" see Court (disambiguation.

The colonial aspect of Chachapoyas stays almost intact until now, and it is one of the most attractive characteristics of this old city.

A refined religious feeling was one of the characteristics that distinguished the settlers of this department during the colony. In the same year of the foundation of Chachapoyas, the first church was built. Its first priest was Hernando Gutiérrez Palacios. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Later the churches of Santa Ana, San Lázaro and Señor de Burgos were built. Santa Ana Church (Saint Ana's church is located in the first block of Chincha Alta street opposite to the Saint Ana's square San Lazaro Church is located in the Amazonas Region, Peru. It is also called Good Death Church because it was a part of the religious complex of the Lazaristas The Señor de Burgos Church is a 17th century Adobe built church located on Plaza de la Independencia in the La Laguna quarter of Chachapoyas, capital of

Three religious convents were also established: San Francisco, La Merced and that of the betlehemitas. An abbey (from Latin abbatia derived from Syriac abba "father" is a Christian Monastery or The majority of the persons who settled in Chachapoyas from the time of its foundation were people with nobility, but poor. Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime They were living in a modest and worthily way and they devoted themselves to agriculture and mining. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Many settlers achieved a loose economic position, keeping, nevertheless, the austerity of the customs that was one of the highlight points of Chachapoyas' social life.

With time the settlers were spreading to other zones of the region, such as Luya, city that was established in 1569 by the governor Lope García de Castro, ratified later in its administrative organization by the viceroy Francisco de Toledo. Luya is located in the south and west part of the department of Amazonas in Peru. Lope García de Castro (d 1576 in Madrid) was a Spanish colonial administrator member of the Council of the Indies and of the Audiencias of Panama A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Francisco de Toledo Count of Oropesa, ( July 10, 1515, Oropesa Spain &mdash1584 Seville) was Spanish viceroy of Peru from

There it bloomed an agriculture of varied production and the upbringing of dairy, sheep and equine cattle. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.

In one of his pastoral visits, Saint Toribio de Mogrovejo visited the principal populations of this department in this epoch. Saint Turibius de/of Mo(ngrovejo or Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo ( 16 November 1538 &ndash 23 March 1606) was a Spanish

Independence

In an active and enthusiastic way, the inhabitants of Chachapoyas incorporated themselves to the cause of freedom. In April 1821, helping the action of San Martin's liberating army, they ignored the Spanish authorities, exiling the subdelegate Francisco Baquedano and the bishop of Maynas Hipólito Sánchez, who were fighting openly against the independence. José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Maynas is a province in the Loreto Region in northeastern Peru. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising

Between the patriots that were born in Amazonas, history remembers:

• Mariano Aguilar
• Manuel Rodríguez
• Luis Zagaceta
• Lucero Villacorta
• Juan Reina
• José Fabián Rodríguez
• Dionisio Hernández

Facing this act of rebellion, the military chief of Moyobamba, colonel José Matos, organized an army of 600 men, who met the patriots on June 6, 1821 in Higos Urco pampa. Moyobamba is a city and capital of the San Martín Region in northern Peru. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Higos Urco pampa is a historical place in Chachapoyas Peru where the battle of the same name was fought on 6 June 1821, before José de

The organization and discipline of the Spanish could not do anything in front of the heroism of the patriots who without training, military knowledge or discipline, faced the realistas determined to give their lives in defense of the proclaimed freedom.

A woman from Amazonas is represented in this battle by Matea Rimachi that has gone on to posterity as the heroine of Higos Urco. The battle of Higos Urco, near Chachapoyas in the Amazonas Region of Peru was part of the war for the Independence of Peru.

Between the important men that Amazonas gave to Peru in this decisive epoch for nationality, figures Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, the professor, politician, philosopher and jurist who formed a generation of patriots. Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (1750-1825 was a Peruvian academic The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than

Rodríguez of Mendoza signed the record of national independence in Lima. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking He was the rector of the Convictorio de San Carlos, member of the Sociedad Amantes del País (Lovers of the Country Society), founder and collaborator of the newspaper Mercurio Peruano, deputy of the Spanish Parliament and congressman of the first Constituent Congress, in which the majority of its members were his disciples. The word rector ("ruler" from the Latin regere and Rector meaning "Teacher" In Latin has a number of different meanings but all of them indicate an academic Sociedad Académica de Amantes del País ( Academic Society of Lovers of the Country) was established in 1790 for the purpose of discussing the national matters Mercurio Peruano is the most important newspaper of the Peruvian Enlightenment The Cortes Generales ( Spanish for General Courts or Cortes Españolas, Spanish Courts) is the Legislature of Spain. A Member of Congress is a Politician who is a member of a Congress. The Primer Congreso Constituyente del Perú de 1822 (Constituent Congress of Peru of 1822 was the first institution chosen democratically in Peru

The Republic

The department of Amazonas was created by a law issued by the government of the marshal Agustín Gamarra, promulgated on November 21, 1832. Marshal (also sometimes spelled marshall in American English, but not in British English) is a word used in several official titles of various branches Agustín Gamarra Messia ( August 27, 1785 in Cusco, Peru – November 18, 1841 in Ingavi, Bolivia) Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian The initiative belonged to two illustrious children of Chachapoyas: Modesto de la Vega and José Braulio de Camporredondo. Camporredondo was in charge of the presidency of the republic, in absence of the marshall Gamarra. Agustín Gamarra Messia ( August 27, 1785 in Cusco, Peru – November 18, 1841 in Ingavi, Bolivia)

The same law contained a series of norms to promote the economic development of the new department including exonerations of rights in its commerce with Ecuador or Brazil. In accordance with this law, the regions of Pataz, Chachapoyas and Maynas will stay inside the limits of the Amazonas Region. The Pataz Province is one of 12 provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru. Maynas is a province in the Loreto Region in northeastern Peru.

President Don Manuel Prado

Salaverry tried futilely to annul the creation of this department that, later, according to diverse demarcating dispositions was diminishing in its area. Felipe Santiago de Salaverry (1805 in Lima, Peru – February 19 1836 in Arequipa, Peru was a Peruvian soldier politician and from 1835 to Most of its territory was dismembered in 1866, when the department of Loreto was created. Loreto is Peru 's northernmost region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory Loreto is by far the nation's largest region and also one of the most sparsely

The creation of its current provinces was realized in the following dates:

• On February 12, 1821, Chachapoyas. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year
• On February 5, 1861, Luya. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Luya is located in the south and west part of the department of Amazonas in Peru.
• On December 26, 1870, Bongará. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Bongará is a province of the Amazonas Region, Peru. It borders by the north with the province of Condorcanqui, by the East with the Loreto Region
• On October 31, 1932, Rodríguez de Mendoza. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Rodríguez de Mendoza is a province of the Amazonas Region, Peru.
• On September 1, 1941, Bagua. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is located in the north and central part of the department of Amazonas.
• On May 18, 1984, Condorcanqui. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar)
• On May 30, 1984, Utcubamba. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Utcubamba is one of 7 provinces of the Amazonas Region, Peru.

The colonial splendour of Chachapoyas, almost a complete city, was disappearing during the Republic because it had been imposed in the country new means of transport that were turning it in a cloistered and outlying city from the rest of the country.

Chachapoyas remained this way during more than one century in the Republic. Without highways of access, the route had to be done on horse, in long and painful caravans from the coast, or by the rivers from the region of the east. Such situation continue until 1960, date in which the highway arrived to Chachapoyas, although it had been already preceded by air transport.

Later, during the last government of the doctor Manuel Prado, there was constructed and inaugurated the highway that joins Chachapoyas with the big route of penetration Olmos-Marañon. Manuel Prado y Ugarteche ( April 21, 1889 &ndash August 15, 1967) was a Peruvian banker and Political figure. With this, Amazonas was put in direct communication with Lima and the rest of the Republic. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking

Political division

Political division of Amazonas

The region is divided into 7 provinces (provincias, singular: provincia), which are composed of 83 districts (distritos, singular: distrito). A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. Its capital is the Province of Chachapoyas.

Provinces

The provinces and their capitals are:

The Amazonas' Ancestors

The fortress of Cochabamba, in the province of Leimebamba, Amazonas. Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is located in the north and central part of the department of Amazonas. Bagua is a city in Peru located about 162km from the city of Chachapoyas. Bongará is a province of the Amazonas Region, Peru. It borders by the north with the province of Condorcanqui, by the East with the Loreto Region Jumbilla is a town in Northern Peru, capital of the province Bongará in the region Amazonas, located at an altitude of 1935 m. Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2235 meters (7657 ft The town of Santa Maria de Nieva, is a capital of the province of Condorcanqui in the department of Amazonas Region. Luya is located in the south and west part of the department of Amazonas in Peru. Lamud is a town in northern Peru, capital of the province Luya in the region Amazonas. Rodríguez de Mendoza is a province of the Amazonas Region, Peru. Mendoza is a town in the San Nicolás District and capital of the Rodríguez de Mendoza Province, located in the South part East of the Amazonas Region, Utcubamba is one of 7 provinces of the Amazonas Region, Peru. Bagua Grande is a town in northern Peru, capital of the province Utcubamba in the region Amazonas.

The department of Amazonas possesses a great past that is still precariously evaluated and spread. The department of Amazonas has a millennial history There are some testimonies exhibited on rocky walls dated from the most remote times On its borders, there are fabulous archaeological testimonies like Cuélap, the most extensive monument of the Peruvian ancestral past. The fortress of Kuelap (or Cuélap associated with the Chachapoyas culture, consists of massive exterior stone walls containing more than four hundred buildings Cuélap was the main city of the Chachapoyas in the times of their cultural climax. The Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the Clouds, were an Andean people living in the Cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day

The Chachapoyas

When the Spanish arrived in Peru in the 16th century, the Chachapoyas were one of the many nations that were part of the Inca Empire". The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. Their incorporation to the Inca Empire had not been easy, due to the sprouts of resistance that the chachapoyas offered repeatedly to the Inca's troops.

The chronicler Pedro Cieza de León offers some picturesque notes about the chachapoyas:

Cieza adds that, after their annexation to the Inca Empire, they adopted the customs imposed by the people from the department of Cuzco. Cusco ( Quechua: Qusqu suyu) is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north the Madre de Dios and

The meaning of the word chachapoyas is unknown. If it is a Quechua voice, perhaps it might come from sacha-p-collas, that could be the equivalent of "colla people who live in the woods" (sacha = wild p = of the colla = nation in which aimara is spoken). Aymara ( Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes.

The Chachapoyas' territory was very extensive. It included the triangular space that is shaped by the confluence of the Marañón River and Utcubamba River in the zone of Bagua, up to the basin of the Abiseo river. Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is located in the north and central part of the department of Amazonas. In this place are the chachapoyas' ruins of Pajatén. Gran Pajatén is an archaological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region This territory included even more to the south, up to the Chontayacu river. In this way it exceeded, in a southern direction, the limits of the current department of Amazonas. But the center of the Chachapoyas culture was the basin of the Utcubamba river.

Not only the defined architectural style known as chachapoyas testify the above mentioned, but also the historical news. For this reason, Garcilazo de la Vega records that the chachapoyas' territory was so extensive that,

(The league was a measurement that covered about 5 kilometers. A league is a unit of Length or Area long common in Europe and Latin America, although no longer an official unit in any nation The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand )

The area of the Chachapoyas corresponds to a region that, being part of a mountain range because of its land, was characterized for being covered by dense tropical woods. Talking in general terms, it was named as Amazonian Andes, in replacement of the old and vague word "mountain region".

As fast as the population was growing, the forests of the Amazonian Andes were felled in order to extend the agrarian border. This act caused that the tropical scenery was diminishing and instead, a place marked by its dryness was outcropping, due to the soil erosion that supervenes when these soils remain unprotected from its ancient green mantle. Nowadays, the Amazonian Andes resemble the barren scenery of the Andean moorlands.

The Amazonian Andes are constituted by the oriental flank of the Andes, covered originally by a dense Amazon vegetation. It spread from the cordillera spurs until reaching surprising altitudes where the forests have not been felled, in certain cases exceeding the 3 500 m. A cordillera is an extensive chain of Mountains or Mountain ranges especially the principal mountain system of a Continent or large Island.

Culturally focused, the Amazonian Andes only included between 2 and 3 thousand meters of altitude. This means that they are limited to the altitude occupied by the Chachapoyas. This is certified by the location of their numerous architectural remains.

Further information: Incorporation of the Chachapoyas to the Inca Empire

Times previous to the Inca Empire

Sarcofagi of Carajía used by the Chachapoyas culture in the Amazonas Region of Peru. The Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the Clouds, were an Andean people living in the Cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day

The Amazonas Region has a millennial history. There are some testimonies exhibited on rocky walls dated from the most remote times. Such is the case of the rock paintings of Chiñuña-Yamón and Limones-Calpón in the province of Utcubamba. Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times Utcubamba is one of 7 provinces of the Amazonas Region, Peru. A part of these haughty pictorial samples was made by people that had a hunting economy. These people perhaps left their trace 6 or 7 thousand years ago. At the times in which the formation of Peruvian civilization was consolidated, it appeared a type of ceramics mainly identified in Bagua. Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is located in the north and central part of the department of Amazonas.

From the Chachapoyas culture, there are innumerable architectural remains, such as Cuélap, Congón (place that was re-baptized by the name of Vilaya), Olán, Purunllacta (place that was re-baptized by the name of Monte Peruvia), Pajatén, etc. The fortress of Kuelap (or Cuélap associated with the Chachapoyas culture, consists of massive exterior stone walls containing more than four hundred buildings Gran Vilaya is a complex of many archaeological remains and ruins spread over a wide area in the Utcubamba Valley in northern Peru. Gran Vilaya is a complex of many archaeological remains and ruins spread over a wide area in the Utcubamba Valley in northern Peru. Gran Pajatén is an archaological site located in the Andean cloud forests of Peru, on the border of the La Libertad region and the San Martín region All these expressions of architecture show a model that allows to identify them like if they are related to each other. What has not been established yet is the age of these architectural remains, neither which one would be the most ancient and which one the last in the cultural development of the chachapoyas.

Further information: Chachapoyas culture

Further information: Origin of the Chachapoyas

Main cultural testimonies

The massive walls which protected the fortress. The Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the Clouds, were an Andean people living in the Cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day

Some of the archaeological testimonies that talk about the cultural splendour reached by the Chachapoyas in pre-Inca times are fantastic. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos These principally refer to two forms of grave and one wall painting.

These are some of the most important cultural testimonies that are found in the Amazonas Region:

• Sarcofagi of Carajía
• Revash's mausoleums
• Tunnels of San Antonio
• Cuelap

Folklore

Peasants in Carajía taking a rest from their daily work. Although the model of burying using coffins of anthropomorphous shape and sarcofagi, was already mentioned in the Mercurio Peruano Revash's mausoleums are some architectonical rests found in the Amazonas Region of Peru. The tunnels of San Antonio are located in the province of Luya. The fortress of Kuelap (or Cuélap associated with the Chachapoyas culture, consists of massive exterior stone walls containing more than four hundred buildings

The folklore of Amazonas is not as varied as in other departments of Peru.

The profusion of dances, songs and clothing is not seen in here, like in Puno or Cuzco. Puno is a city in southeastern Peru, located on the shore of Lake Titicaca, the world's highest navigable lake at 3860 m (12421 ft above sea level Cusco ( Quechua: Qusqu suyu) is a region in Peru. It is bordered by the Ucayali Region on the north the Madre de Dios and Its folklore is nourished from legends and stories in which mystery and inexplicable things are always present. A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to Tall Tale, also known as Tall Tale The Unbelievable Adventures of Pecos Bill is a 1995 family Western movie starring Patrick Towns, lagoons, hills, religious images, always have an origin that violates in an invariable way the rules of logic or biology. A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt or Brackish water separated from the deeper Sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles

For example, if you ask people about the lagoon of Cochaconga, they will say that it is enchanted. They say it has the "form of a neck" and that with the smallest noise provoked by an animal or the scream of a person, there will be a tremendous thunderstorm in which an enormous monster will appear in the shape of cow. A monster is any of a large number of Legendary creatures which usually appear in Mythology, Legend, or Horror fiction. This monster will become mad with the strangers. That's why, whoever passes by this remote place, does it with maximum precautions for not altering the local silence.

To give accommodation to travelers is an elementary norm of good behaviour with people. To deny it can provoke the most tremendous evil on the selfish person. An irrefutable evidence is the marsh of Mono Muerto (Dead Monkey's marsh), in the district of Huambo (Rodríguez de Mendoza). Huambo District is one of twelve districts of the province Rodríguez de Mendoza in Peru. Rodríguez de Mendoza is a province of the Amazonas Region, Peru. A dramatic story that people tell, with more or less details, but with the same respect.

A very rich man was living in his house. The marsh was a part of his estate, in which he was happy and lacking of nothing, until the day a traveler asked him for home and he denied it to him. In Geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of Wetland which is subject For other uses see Estate. An estate comprises the houses and outbuildings and supporting farmland and woods that surround the gardens and grounds A witch doctor of the surroundings, who found out about the attitude of the wealthy neighbor, entrusted that all the curses fell on him. A curandero (or curandera for a female is a traditional Folk healer or Shaman in Hispanic America, who is dedicated to curing physical and/or All his goods disappeared and his grounds became a stinking marsh.

Mysterious power are also assumed to the four lagoons of Puquio, in which there are monsters that influence the crops, as well as to the lagoon of Santa Barbara, which disappears before the view of the walkers and it is destined to initiate the end of the world with the overflow of its waters.

Next to the city of Chachapoyas there is a hill called Piscohuañuna, in the way towards the forest. This name means "where birds die", because the mountain kills all the birds that approach it.

People attribute pernicious influences to certain animals like the mochuelo that "freezes the soul", or "quien-quien", that makes fun of the travelers in the roads; or the cricket, which singing in certain circumstances, like when it has sound of bells, presages big evil. The Little Owl ( Athene noctua) is a Bird which is resident in much of the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, Asia east to Korea The Green Jay ( Cyanocorax yncas) is a Bird species of the New World Jays which exhibits distinct regional variations within its large but Crickets, family Gryllidae (also known as "true crickets" are Insects somewhat related to Grasshoppers and more closely related to katydids

People have big respect to the antique remains. They firmly believe that there will be terrifying punishments for those who violate the graves of the "agüelos" (mummies). A mummy is a Corpse whose Skin and Flesh have been preserved by either intentional or Incidental exposure to Chemicals extreme

Most of the population of the department of Amazonas is indigenous and mestizo, being notable the people' quantity, in some cases entire communities, in which the Spanish type predominates. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin Since the time of the Incas, there are legends about the existence of white people in these places. There are also versions gathered by chroniclers in which they assure that women were chosen here for the Inca, precisely because they were white.

Dances

Some of the dances most representative of the Department of Amazonas are:

• The Chumaichada
• Huanca (dance)
• The Danzantes de Levanto (Levanto's Dancers)
• Carnaval en Amazonas (Carnival in Amazonas)

Religious festivities

Religiousness is an outstanding note in the most of these towns and they demonstrate it through the enthusiasm and withdrawal that they put into these celebrations. La Chumaichada is a typical dance from the Amazonas Region, Peru. Huanca is a typical dance from the Amazonas Region, Peru. Next to Chachapoyas, there is a small town called Huanca where the homonym dance had its origin Los Danzantes de Levanto is a typical dance from the Amazonas Region, Peru. Carnaval en Amazonas is a typical dance from the Amazonas Region, Peru. But, faithful to their tradition, their religious believes are mixed with fantastic apparitions and there is almost always a cave in them. A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter

There are three Virgins who are famous:

• Virgen de Belén (Virgin of Bethlehem) in Chachapoyas. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2235 meters (7657 ft
• Virgen de Sonche (Virgin of Sonche)
• Virgen de Levanto (Virgin of Levanto)

Well, there is no one who does not believe the story that said that the three Virgins were found in a cave to which a young shepherd was mysteriously attracted. Sonche District is one of twenty-one districts of the province Chachapoyas in Peru. For the town in Italy see Levanto (Italy. Levanto is a district of the province of Chachapoyas A shepherd is a person who tends to feeds or guards Sheep, especially in flocks And when the Virgin of Levanto goes to Chachapoyas "her sisters" go to the outer parts of the town for "receiving her". Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2235 meters (7657 ft

The venerated image of Santa Lucía (Saint Lucy) was also found by a girl in a cave. This article is about the Catholic saint For other meanings see Saint Lucia (disambiguation Saint Lucy of Syracuse also known as Saint Lucia Cristo de Bagazán (Christ of Bagazán), who is venerated in Rioja, was also found by a stockbreeder who was looking for a lost ox. The Rioja Province is one of 10 provinces of the San Martín Region in northern Peru. Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding Near Almirante, he heard a voice that was calling him by his name from the interior of a cave, in which he found a Christ image that told him: "take me". Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

In days of long drought, Cristo de la Contradicción (the Christ of Contradiction) disappears from the chapel of the cemetery of Chachapoyas and he is "discovered" when it begins to rain, beginning then big celebrations up to the time of taking him to his place again. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply A chapel is a holy place or area of Worship for Christians, which may be attached to an institution such as a large church, a College, a A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Chachapoyas is a city in northern Peru at an elevation of 2235 meters (7657 ft

Corpus Christi, Holy Week, the Assumption, Dia de los Difuntos (Day of the death), and Christmas are classic dates in the calendar of this department. Corpus Christi ( Latin for Body of Christ) is a Christian feast. Holy Week ( Latin: Hebdomada Sancta or Maior Hebdomada, "Greater Week" in Christianity is the last week before Easter. This article is about the theological concept For the works of art with this title see Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art and Roman Catholic Marian art. The In Christmas Days there are groups of little shepherds that walk around the streets singing and dancing in front of the cribs. A nativity scene may be used to describe any depiction of the Nativity of Jesus in art, but in the sense covered here also called a crib or manger in the With the same splendour, the patronal feasts are celebrated in all the towns.

One of the most well-known and traditional celebrations is known as:

• Los pastorcillos de Navidad (Christmas's little shepherds)

Typical dishes

Some of the most well-known and delicious typical dishes of this region are the following:

• Tamalitos
• Cazuela
• Carne arrollada (rolled beef)
• Purtumute
• Humitas de choclo (sweet tamale made of corn)
• Chipasmute
• Plátanos rellenos (stuffed bananas)

Economy

Rice is the most important cultivation in this region. Los pastorcillos de Navidad is a Christmas tradition unique to the Amazonas region of Peru, in which the children of the city play a main role Tamalito is a typical dish of the Amazonas Region in Peru. Its appearance is similar to the Tamales from the coast but they are drier and smaller Cazuela is a typical dish of the Amazonas Region in Peru. In each province or district of Amazonas, the cazuela has its own way of cooking Carne arrollada is a typical dish of the Amazonas Region in Peru. Purtumute is a typical dish of the Amazonas Region in Peru. The dish is prepared by stewing several types of beans and corn seasoned made with Humitas de choclo is a typical dish of the Amazonas Region in Peru. A tamale ( Spanish tamal, from Nahuatl tamalli) is a traditional indigenous American food consisting of steam-cooked corn Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Chipasmute is a typical dish of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is similar to the Purtumute. Plátanos rellenos is a typical dish of the Amazonas Region in Peru. For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation.

This department includes inter-Andean and forest regions. Suni or Jalca is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It is located in the Andes at an altitude between 3500 and 4100 metres above sea level Omagua or Low Jungle is one of the eight Natural Regions of Peru. It has a strong forestal and hydro energetics potential. The province of Bagua, because of geographical factors, has an incipient development based on cultivations like rice, coffee, cacao, fruit trees and livestock. Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is located in the north and central part of the department of Amazonas. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Coffea arabica (əˈræbɪkə is a species of Coffee indigenous to Ethiopia and Yemen. CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. A fruit tree is a Tree bearing Fruit &mdash the structures formed by the ripened ovary of a Flower containing one or more Seeds. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food

The department of Amazonas presents three well-defined geographical fields:

• The district of El Cenepa (province of Condorcanqui) that has a climate of humid tropical forest
• The province of Bagua, which has a climate of dry tropical forest; and
• The other provinces with a typical formation of very humid low mountainous forest, humid subtropical forest and dry low mountainous forest. El Cenepa is a district of the province of Condorcanqui in Peru. A tropical climate is a kind of Climate typical in the Tropics. Bagua is a province of the Amazonas Region in Peru. It is located in the north and central part of the department of Amazonas.

The provinces of Bongará, Luya and Chachapoyas present a very hilly geographical configuration, that gives them mountain range characteristics. Bongará is a province of the Amazonas Region, Peru. It borders by the north with the province of Condorcanqui, by the East with the Loreto Region Luya is located in the south and west part of the department of Amazonas in Peru. A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys

Amazonas has an eminently agrarian economy. In its extensive territory, it concentrates valuable natural resources: agricultural, mining and energy. Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός

The department has excellent and favorable conditions in both: climate and pastures availability for the agricultural-livestock development. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Pasture is land with Herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of Ungulate Livestock as part of a Farm or Ranch. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food

The information about structure of the agricultural surface, size of the agricultural units, main cultivations and cattle population is taken from what was recorded in the III National Agricultural Census 1994 (III CENAGRO), made by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) (National Institute of Statistics and Informatics). Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI ("National Institute of Statistics and Informatics" is a semi-autonomous Peruvian government agency

The department of Amazonas has 48,173 agricultural units (UA) with 9,811. 75 km². 99. 9% of the UA have lands and 0. 1% do not have them. This 0. 1% are exclusively dedicated to the breeding of animals. Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding

Structure of the agricultural area

^* It only considers the area of the agricultural units that have worked lands. Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the Vegetation is dominated by Grasses ( Poaceae) and other Herbaceous (non-woody Scrubland is a Plant community characterized by scrub Vegetation. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria

From the total of agricultural lands (9750. 34 km²), only 16,4% includes the agricultural area and 83,6% includes the non-agricultural area.

Size of the agricultural units and principal cultivations

^* It only considers the area of the agricultural units that have worked lands. This article discusses the coffee plant for information on the beverage see Coffee. CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America The Moriche Palm, Mauritia flexuosa, also known as the Ité Palm, Ita, Buriti, or aguaje (Peru is a Palm tree

Agricultural units with 0. 5 km² and more only represent 4. 4% of the whole department, but concentrate 61. 8% of the agricultural surface.

Rice is the main transitory cultivation of the department. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many It brings together 18. 5% of the agricultural surface with transitory cultivations (129. 42 km²). Dry yellow maize with 125. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica 08 km² (17. 9%) is the second important one.

Coffee concentrates 66. This article discusses the coffee plant for information on the beverage see Coffee. 4% of the agricultural area with permanent cultivations (198. 19 km²), followed by the cacao with 31. CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. 21 km² (10,5%).

Livestock population according to its Species

Cattle is the most important one in the department. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only living family in the suborder Tylopoda. The Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American Camelid. The llama ( Lama glama) is a South American Camelid, widely used as a Pack animal by the Incas and other natives of the Andes The guanaco ( Lama guanicoe) is a Camelid animal native to South America that stands between 107 and 122 centimeters (3 Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family It is raised in 21,857 AU (Agricultural units) with a population of 139,267 head of cattle. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family Pigs are the second one with 34,421 head, distributed in 14,573 AU. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times

Climate, rates and distance information

 From Chachapoyas to Lima 1,191 km
 From Chachapoyas to Moyobamba 193 km
 From Chachapoyas to Cajamarca 335 km

Culture

Institutions that are linked with the Amazon Region

There are several institutions that are linked with the Amazon region in Peru and that help with the development of it. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Between the principal institutions, we have:

• Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva (AIDESEP) - Interethnic Association for the Rainforest Development
• Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica (CAAAP) - Amazon Center of Anthropology and Practical Application
• Instituto Lingüístico de Verano - Linguistic Summer Institute

Important figures

The department of Amazonas has been the cradle of important figures, whose life and works have reverberated in the National history of Peru. The Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva AIDESEP (Interethnic Association for the Rainforest Development was created as a proof of the adaptation ability of native communities The Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica (Amazon Center of Anthropology and Practical Application is a non-profit association Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Some of these famous people are:

• Blas Valera
• Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza
• Manuel Antonio Mesones Muro
• José del Carmen Marín

See also

• Amazonas before the Inca Empire
• Origin of the Chachapoyas

External links

• Amazonas region official website
• Peru Info: Amazonas Region
• Chachapoyas map