| Aluminium hydroxide | |
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| IUPAC name | Aluminium(III) hydroxide |
| Other names | Aluminium hydroxide, Hydrated alumina |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [21645-51-2] |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | Al(OH)3 |
| Molar mass | 78. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 00344 g/mol |
| Appearance | White amorphous powder. An amorphous solid is a Solid in which there is no Long-range order of the positions of the Atoms (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are |
| Density | 2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 4 g/cm³, solid. |
| Melting point |
300°C |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| EU classification | Irritant (I) |
| R-phrases | R36, R37, R38 |
| S-phrases | S26, S36 |
| Flash point | Non-flammable. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | None. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge |
| Related compounds | Sodium oxide, aluminium oxide hydroxide. Sodium oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula Na 2 O. It is used in Ceramics and Glasses Treatment with water Aluminium oxide hydroxide is found as one of two well defined crystalline phases which are also known as the Minerals Boehmite and Diaspore. |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly WikipediaNaming It is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite). Gibbsite, Al(OH3 is one of the mineral forms of Aluminium hydroxide. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al2O3, differing only by loss of water. Aluminium oxide hydroxide is found as one of two well defined crystalline phases which are also known as the Minerals Boehmite and Diaspore. These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide forms gels, which is the basis for application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification. A gel (from the lat gelu &mdashfreezing cold ice or gelatus &mdashfrozen immobile is an apparently solid jelly-like material formed from a Flocculation is a process where a Solute comes out of Solution in the form of floc or flakes This gel crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be dehydrated (e. g. , with the utility of water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids. Heat-dried aluminium hydroxide powder is known as activated alumina and is used in gas purification, as a catalyst support and an abrasive.
Contents |
Production
Aluminium hydroxide is an intermediate product in the Bayer process. The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining Bauxite to produce Alumina. In this process, bauxite is dissolved in hot sodium hydroxide solution, and insoluble are filtered off. Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature On cooling, aluminium hydroxide precipitates. The aluminium hydroxide is further calcined to give alumina, which may be smelted in the Hall-Héroult process in order to produce aluminium. The Hall-Héroult process is the major industrial process for the production of Aluminium.
Chemistry
Gibbsite has a typical metal hydroxide structure with hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen It is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers. [1]
Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. It dissolves in acid, forming Al(H2O)63+ or its hydrolysis products. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions It also dissolves in strong alkali, forming Al(OH)4-. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal
Pharmacology
Pharmacologically, this compound is used as an antacid under names such as Alu-Cap, Aludrox or Pepsamar. An antacid is any substance generally a base or Basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity. The hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing its acidity. This decrease of acidity of the contents of the stomach may in turn help to relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia. Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin mucous membranes or eye Heartburn or pyrosis is a painful or burning sensation in the Esophagus, just below the breastbone usually associated with regurgitation of gastric acid Dyspepsia (from the Greek "δυς-" (Dys- and "πέψη" (Pepse known in plain English as indigestion, meaning hard It can also cause constipation and is therefore often used with magnesium carbonate, which has counterbalancing laxative effects. Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 is a white Solid that occurs in nature as a Mineral. This compound is also used to control phosphate (phosphorus) levels in the blood of people suffering from kidney failure.
Aluminium hydroxide is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e. A vaccine is a biological preparation which is used to establish or improve immunity to a particular disease g. , Alhydrogel), since it contributes to induction of a good antibody (Th2) response. Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH3 is the most stable form of Aluminium in normal conditions Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily However, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens. [2]
Because the brain lesions found in Alzheimer's disease contain aluminium, there is concern that consumption of excess aluminium compounds may cause or contribute to the development of this and other neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. Neurodegenerative Disease ( Greek νέυρο- néuro-, "nerval" and Latin dēgenerāre, "to decline" or "to [3][4] In addition, elevated aluminium levels in blood, resulting from kidney dialysis with well water containing high aluminium, result in dementia that is similar to but probably different from that of Alzheimer's disease. Dementia (from Latin de- "apart away" + Mens ( genitive mentis) "mind" is the progressive decline [5] However, this hypothesis is controversial.
References
- Galbraith, A; Bullock, S; Manias, E. Hunt, B. & Richards, A. (1999). Fundamentals of pharmacology: a text for nurses and health professionals. Harlow: Pearson, 482.
- ^ A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 4th. edition 1975, Oxford University Press.
- ^ Petrovsky N, Aguilar JC. (2004). "Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends". Immunol Cell Biol. 82 (5): 488-96. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Perl DP, Moalem S (2006). "Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease, a personal perspective after 25 years". J. Alzheimers Dis. 9 (3 Suppl): 291–300. PMID 17004365.
- ^ Kawahara M (November 2005). "Effects of aluminum on the nervous system and its possible link with neurodegenerative diseases". J. Alzheimers Dis. 8 (2): 171–82; discussion 209–15. PMID 16308486.
- ^ Carpenter DO (2001). "Effects of metals on the nervous system of humans and animals". Int J Occup Med Environ Health 14 (3): 209–18. PMID 11764847.
External links
Dictionary
aluminium hydroxide
-noun
- (inorganic chemistry) The hydrated form of alumina, having the formula Al(OH)3; it reacts with bases to form aluminates.
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