Aluminium chloride
IUPAC name	aluminium trichloride trichloroalumane trichloridoaluminium
Other names	aluminum trichloride
Identifiers
CAS number	[7446-70-0] (anhydrous) [10124-27-3] (hexahydrate)
Properties
Molecular formula	AlCl3
Molar mass	133. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 34 g mol−1 (anhydrous) 241. 432 g mol−1 (hexahydrate)
Appearance	White or pale yellow solid, hygroscopic. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption
Density	2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 48 g cm−3
Melting point	190 °C 463 K) under 2. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 5 atm pressure
Boiling point	178 °C (451 K) (subl)
Solubility in water	43. Pressure (symbol 'p' is the force per unit Area applied to an object in a direction perpendicular to the surface The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 9 g/100 ml (0°C) 44. 9 g/100 ml (10°C) 45. 8 g/100 ml (20°C) 46. 6 g/100 ml (30°C) 47. 3 g/100 ml (40°C) 48. 1 g/100 ml (60°C) 48. 6 g/100 ml (80°C) 49 g/100 ml (100°C)
Structure
Crystal structure	6-coordinate layer lattice
Coordination geometry	Octahedral (solid) Tetrahedral (liquid)
Molecular shape	Trigonal planar (monomeric vapour)
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
EU classification	Corrosive (C)
R-phrases	R34
S-phrases	(S1/2), S7/8, S28, S45
Related compounds
Other anions	Aluminium fluoride Aluminium bromide Aluminium iodide
Other cations	Boron trichloride Gallium(III) chloride Indium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride Magnesium chloride
Related Lewis acids	Iron(III) chloride Boron trifluoride
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part" is a small Molecule that may become chemically bonded to other A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Supplementary data for Aluminium chloride. External MSDS sheets Baker Fisher EM Science Akzo Nobel (hexahydrate Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Aluminum fluoride is the Inorganic compound with the formula Al[[fluorine F]]3 Aluminium bromide is any chemical compound with the empirical formula AlBrx Aluminium iodide is any Chemical compound containing only Aluminium and Iodine. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Boron trichloride is a Chemical compound with the formula BCl3 Gallium trichloride is the Chemical compound with the formula GaCl3 Indium(III chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula In[[Chlorine Cl3]] Magnesium chloride is the name for the Chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2Ox Iron chloride redirects here For Iron(II chloride see Iron(II chloride. Boron trifluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula BF3 Supplementary data for Aluminium chloride. External MSDS sheets Baker Fisher EM Science Akzo Nobel (hexahydrate Supplementary data for Aluminium chloride. External MSDS sheets Baker Fisher EM Science Akzo Nobel (hexahydrate The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) is a compound of aluminium and chlorine. Supplementary data for Aluminium chloride. External MSDS sheets Baker Fisher EM Science Akzo Nobel (hexahydrate Supplementary data for Aluminium chloride. External MSDS sheets Baker Fisher EM Science Akzo Nobel (hexahydrate Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. WikipediaNaming Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and The solid has a low melting and boiling point, and is covalently bonded. It sublimes at 178 °C. Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Molten AlCl₃ conducts electricity poorly,^[1] unlike more ionic halides such as sodium chloride. An ionic bond (or electrovalent bond) is a type of Chemical bond that can often form between Metal and Non-metal Ions (or A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a It exists in the solid state as a six-coordinate layer lattice.

AlCl₃ adopts the "YCl₃" structure, featuring Al³⁺ cubic close packed layered structure. ^[2] In contrast, AlBr₃ has a more molecular structure, with the Al³⁺ centers occupying adjacent tetrahedral holes of the close-packed framework of Br⁻ ions. Upon melting AlCl₃ gives the dimer Al₂Cl₆, which can vaporise. A dimer is a Chemical or Biological entity consisting of two subunits called Monomers which are held together by either Intramolecular forces A vapor or vapour (see Spelling differences) is a substance in the Gas phase at a Temperature lower than its Critical temperature At higher temperatures this Al₂Cl₆ dimer dissociates into trigonal planar AlCl₃, which is structurally analogous to BF₃. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Dissociation in Chemistry and Biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds ( complexes, Molecules, or Salts) separate Boron trifluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula BF3

Aluminium chloride is highly deliquescent, and can explode upon abrupt contact with water because of the high heat of hydration. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Aqueous solutions of AlCl₃ are ionic and thus conduct electricity well. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Such solutions are found to be acidic, indicative of partial hydrolysis of the Al³⁺ ion. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions The reactions can be described (simplified) as:

[Al(H₂O)₆]³⁺ + H₂O ⇌ [Al(OH)(H₂O)₅]²⁺ + H₃O⁺

AlCl₃ is probably the most commonly used Lewis acid and also one of the most powerful. It finds widespread application in the chemical industry as the classic catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions, both acylations and alkylations. The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst The Friedel-Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. It also finds use in polymerization and isomerization reactions of hydrocarbons. In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks In Chemistry isomerisation is the process by which one Molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms but the atoms are rearranged In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Aluminium also forms a lower chloride, aluminium(I) chloride (AlCl), but this is very unstable and only known in the vapor phase. WikipediaNaming The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Aluminium monochloride is the Metal Halide with the formula AlCl ^[1]

Contents 1 Chemical properties 2 Preparation 3 Uses 4 Precautions 5 References 6 External links

Chemical properties

Aluminium chloride is a powerful Lewis acid, capable of forming stable Lewis acid-base adducts with even weak Lewis bases such as benzophenone or mesitylene. Benzophenone is the Organic compound with the formula ( C 6 H 52C O, generally abbreviated Ph 2CO In Organic chemistry, mesitylene or 135-trimethylbenzene (C9H12 is an Aromatic hydrocarbon with three Methyl ^[3] Not surprisingly it forms AlCl₄⁻ in the presence of chloride ions. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus

In water, partial hydrolysis forms HCl gas or H₃O⁺, as described in the overview above. Aqueous solutions behave similarly to other aluminium salts containing hydrated Al³⁺ ions, giving a gelatinous precipitate of aluminium hydroxide upon reaction with the correct quantity of aqueous sodium hydroxide:

AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(s) + 3NaCl(aq)

Preparation

Aluminium chloride is manufactured on a large scale by the exothermic reaction of aluminium metal with chlorine or hydrogen chloride. WikipediaNaming Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH3 is the most stable form of Aluminium in normal conditions Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a In Thermodynamics, the word exothermic "outside heating" describes a process or reaction that releases Energy usually in the form of Heat, but ^[1]

2 Al + 3 Cl₂ → 2 AlCl₃

2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl₃ + 3 H₂

Hydrated forms are prepared by dissolving aluminium oxides with hydrochloric acid.

Uses

The Friedel-Crafts reaction^[3] is the major use for aluminium chloride, for example in the preparation of anthraquinone (for the dyestuffs industry) from benzene and phosgene. The Friedel-Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. Anthraquinone ( 910-dioxoanthracene) is an aromatic Organic compound. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I ^[1] In the general Friedel-Crafts reaction, an acyl chloride or alkyl halide reacts with an aromatic system as shown:^[3]

With benzene derivatives, the major product is the para isomer. The Friedel-Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. In Organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an Organic compound which is a reactive derivative of a Carboxylic acid. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 In Calculus, a branch of mathematics the derivative is a measurement of how a function changes when the values of its inputs change This article is about the chemical concept For "isomerism" of atomic nuclei see Nuclear isomer. The alkylation reaction has many associated problems, such as in Friedel-Crafts, so it is less widely used than the acylation reaction. The Friedel-Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. For both reactions, the aluminium chloride, as well as other materials and the equipment, must be moderately dry, although a trace of moisture is necessary for the reaction to proceed. A general problem with the Friedel-Crafts reaction is that the aluminium chloride "catalyst" needs to be present in full stoichiometric quantities in order for the reaction to go to completion, because it complexes strongly with the products (see chemical properties above). Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Stoichiometry (sometimes called reaction stoichiometry to distinguish it from composition stoichiometry is the Calculation of Quantitative (measurable The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. This makes it very difficult to recycle, so it must be destroyed after use, generating a large amount of corrosive waste. For this reason chemists are examining the use of more environmentally benign catalysts such as ytterbium(III) triflate or dysprosium(III) triflate, which can be recycled. Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous Triflate, more formally known as trifluoromethanesulfonate, is a Functional group with the formula CF3SO3- Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce

Aluminium chloride can also be used to introduce aldehyde groups onto aromatic rings, for example via the Gatterman-Koch reaction which uses carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride and a copper(I) chloride co-catalyst):^[4]

Aluminium chloride finds a wide variety of other applications in organic chemistry. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. The Gattermann-Koch reaction, named for the German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch, in Organic chemistry refers to a Friedel-Crafts Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Copper(I chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride is the lower Chloride of Copper, with the formula CuCl Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation ^[5] For example, it can catalyse the "ene reaction", such as the addition of 3-buten-2-one (methyl vinyl ketone) to carvone:^[6]

AlCl₃ is also widely used for polymerization and isomerization reactions of hydrocarbons. The Ene reaction (also known as the Alder-ene reaction) is a Chemical reaction between an Alkene with an Allylic Hydrogen (the Methyl vinyl ketone (MVK is a reactive organic compound classified as an Enone. Carvone is a member of a family of chemicals called terpenoids. In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks In Chemistry isomerisation is the process by which one Molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms but the atoms are rearranged In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Important examples^[1] include the manufacture of ethylbenzene, which used to make styrene and thus polystyrene, and also production of dodecylbenzene, which is used for making detergents. Ethylbenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3 Styrene, also known as vinyl benzene as well as many other names (see table is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2 Polystyrene ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn ( IUPAC Polyphenylethene is an aromatic Polymer made from the aromatic Monomer Styrene Dodecylbenzene is a liquid aromatic compound used to prepare an anionic detergent Dodecylbenzene sodium sulfonate. A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning.

Aluminium chloride combined with aluminium in the presence of an arene can be used to synthesize bis(arene) metal complexes, e. g. bis(benzene)chromium, from certain metal halides via the so-called Fischer-Hafner synthesis. Bis(benzenechromium is the Chemical compound with the formula Cr( η6 -C6H62 Ernst Otto Fischer ( November 10, 1918 &ndash July 23, 2007) was a German Chemist who won the Nobel Prize for pioneering

Aluminium chloride, often in the form of derivatives such as aluminium chlorohydrate, is a common component in antiperspirants at low concentrations. Aluminium chlorohydrate is a group of Salts having the general formula Al n Cl (3n-m( OH)m Deodorants are substances applied to the body particularly the Armpits mainly to reduce Body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of Perspiration. Hyperhidrosis sufferers need a much higher concentration (15% or higher), sold under such brand names as Drysol, Maxim, Odaban, CertainDri, B+Drier, Anhydrol Forte and Driclor. Primary hyperhidrosis is the condition characterized by abnormally increased Perspiration, in excess of that required for regulation of Body temperature.

Precautions

Anhydrous AlCl₃ reacts vigorously with water and bases, so suitable precautions are required. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Hydrated salts are less problematic.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1984. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
2. ^ A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1984. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
3. ^ ^{a b c} G. A. Olah (ed. ), Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Vol. 1, Interscience, New York, 1963. John Wiley & Sons Inc, also referred to as Wiley, is a global Publishing company that markets its products to professionals and consumers students and instructors New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous
4. ^ L. G. Wade, Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States, 2003. Prentice Hall is a leading educational publisher It is an Imprint of Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River is a Borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States.
5. ^ P. Galatsis, in: Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Acidic and Basic Reagents, (H. J. Reich, J. H. Rigby, eds. ), pp12-15, Wiley, New York, 1999. John Wiley & Sons Inc, also referred to as Wiley, is a global Publishing company that markets its products to professionals and consumers students and instructors New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous
6. ^ B. B. Snider, Accounts of Chemical Research 13, 426 (1980).

External links

• Aluminum Chloride Information
• International Chemical Safety Card 1125
• Index of Organic Synthesis procedures that utilize AlCl₃
• PubChem summary of AlCl₃

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