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13 magnesium ← aluminium → silicon
B
↑
Al
↓
Ga
General
Name, symbol, number aluminium, Al, 13
Chemical series poor metals
Group, period, block 13, 3, p
Appearance silvery
Standard atomic weight 26.9815386(13) g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 3
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 2. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic A period 3 element is one of the Chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 70 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 2. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 375 g·cm−3
Melting point 933. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 47 K
(660. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 32 °C, 1220. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 58 °F)
Boiling point 2792 K
(2519 °C, 4566 °F)
Heat of fusion 10. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 71 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 294. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 0 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 24. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 200 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
Atomic properties
Crystal structure face centered cubic
0. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. 40494 nm
Oxidation states 3, 2 [1], 1 [2]
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 61 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)		 1st: 577. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 5 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1816. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 7 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2744. 8 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 125 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 118 pm
Covalent radius 118 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 26. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 50 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 237 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 23. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 1 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) (rolled) 5000 m·s−1
Young's modulus 70 GPa
Shear modulus 26 GPa
Bulk modulus 76 GPa
Poisson ratio 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 35
Mohs hardness 2. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 75
Vickers hardness 167 MPa
Brinell hardness 245 MPa
CAS registry number 7429-90-5
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of aluminium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
26Al syn 7.17×105y β+ 1. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Aluminium ( Al) has multiple Isotopes Only 27Al ( Stable isotope) and 26Al ( radioactive isotope ''t''1/2 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 320 000 Years and 3 200 000 years (1013 Seconds and 1014 seconds A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun Positron emission is a type of Beta decay, sometimes referred to as " beta plus " (&beta+ 17 26Mg
ε - 26Mg
γ 1. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 8086 -
27Al 100% 27Al is stable with 14 neutrons
References
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Aluminium (IPA: /ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm/, /ˌæljəˈmɪniəm/) or aluminum (/əˈluːmɪnəm/, see spelling below) is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. It has the symbol Al; its atomic number is 13. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after oxygen and silicon. See also Abundances of the elements (data page The abundance of a Chemical element measures how relatively common the element is or how much of the element EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium is too reactive chemically to occur in nature as the free metal. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific [1] The chief source of aluminium is bauxite ore. Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining

Aluminium is remarkable for its ability to resist corrosion (due to the phenomenon of passivation) and its low density. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Passivation is the process of making a material "passive" in relation to another material prior to using the materials together Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and very important in other areas of transportation and building. Aluminium alloys are Alloys of Aluminium, often with copper zinc manganese silicon or magnesium This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Its reactive nature makes it useful as a catalyst or additive in chemical mixtures, including being used in ammonium nitrate explosives to enhance blast power. The Chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the Nitrate of Ammonia with the chemical formula N[[Hydrogen H]]4 N[[Oxygen O]]3 An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied

Contents

Characteristics

Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Aluminium is nontoxic, nonmagnetic, and nonsparking. It is also insoluble in alcohol, though it can be soluble in water in certain forms. The yield strength of pure aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. The yield strength or yield point of a Material is defined in Engineering and Materials science as the stress at which a material Aluminium alloys are Alloys of Aluminium, often with copper zinc manganese silicon or magnesium [2] Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 It is ductile, and easily machined, cast, and extruded. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without Conventional Machining, one of the most important material removal methods is a collection of material-working processes in which power-driven Machine tools, such as lathes Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is (usually poured into a mold which Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile

Corrosion resistance is excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state The strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. The Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, consists of two different metals connected by a Salt bridge or a porous disk between the individual half-cells Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 [2]

Aluminium atoms are arranged in an face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Aluminium has a high stacking-fault energy of approximately 200 mJ/m². The stacking-fault energy (SFE is a material property on a very small scale [3]

Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain full silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver paints. Aluminium mirror finish has the highest reflectance of any metal in the 200–400 nm (UV) and the 3000–10000 nm (far IR) regions, while in the 400–700 nm visible range it is slightly outdone by tin and silver and in the 700–3000 (near IR) by silver, gold, and copper. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79

Aluminium is a good thermal and electrical conductor, by weight better than copper. Heat conduction or thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter from a region of higher Temperature to a region of lower In Science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable Electric charges. Aluminium is capable of being a superconductor, with a superconducting critical temperature of 1. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance 2 kelvins and a critical magnetic field of about 100 gauss. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The gauss, abbreviated as G is the Cgs unit of Magnetic field B (which is also known as "magnetic flux density" and "magnetic [4]

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of aluminium

Aluminium has nine isotopes, whose mass numbers range from 23 to 30. Aluminium ( Al) has multiple Isotopes Only 27Al ( Stable isotope) and 26Al ( radioactive isotope ''t''1/2 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Only 27Al (stable isotope) and 26Al (radioactive isotope, t1/2 = 7. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 2 × 105 y) occur naturally; however, 27Al has a natural abundance of 99. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun 9+ %. 26Al is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five In general spallation is a process in which fragments of material ( Spall) are ejected from a body due to impact or stress For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface The ratio of 26Al to 10Be has been used to study the role of transport, deposition, sediment storage, burial times, and erosion on 105 to 106 year time scales. Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of Cosmogenic 26Al was first applied in studies of the Moon and meteorites. Environmental Radioactivity is the study of radioactive materials in the Human environment. Meteoroid fragments, after departure from their parent bodies, are exposed to intense cosmic-ray bombardment during their travel through space, causing substantial 26Al production. After falling to Earth, atmospheric shielding protects the meteorite fragments from further 26Al production, and its decay can then be used to determine the meteorite's terrestrial age. Meteorite research has also shown that 26Al was relatively abundant at the time of formation of our planetary system. Most meteoriticists believe that the energy released by the decay of 26Al was responsible for the melting and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation 4. In Planetary science, planetary differentiation is the process of separating out different constituents of a planetary body as a consequence of their physical or chemical Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but 55 billion years ago. [5]

Natural occurrence

In the Earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant (8. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon 13%) metallic element, and the third most abundant of all elements (after oxygen and silicon). However, because of its strong affinity to oxygen, it is not found in the elemental state but only in combined forms such as oxides or silicates. Feldspars, the most common group of minerals in the earth's crust, are aluminosilicates. Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming Minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth 's crust.

Although aluminium is an extremely common and widespread element, the common aluminium minerals are not economic sources of the metal. Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and Bauxite occurs as a weathering product of low iron and silica bedrock in tropical climatic conditions. Weathering is the decomposition of earth rocks, Soils and their Minerals through direct contact with the planet's Atmosphere. [6]

Production and refinement

Although aluminium is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust (believed to be 7. 5 to 8. 1 percent), it is rare in its free form, occurring in oxygen-deficient environments such as volcanic mud, and it was once considered a precious metal more valuable than gold. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. Napoleon III, emperor of France, is reputed to have given a banquet where the most honoured guests were given aluminium utensils, while the other guests had to make do with gold. Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President [7][8] The Washington Monument was completed, with the 100 ounce (2. The Washington Monument is a large tall sand-colored Obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington D 8 kg) aluminium capstone being put in place on December 6, 1884, in an elaborate dedication ceremony. It was the largest single piece of aluminium cast at the time. At that time, aluminium was more expensive than silver, gold, or platinum. Aluminium has been produced in commercial quantities for just over 100 years.

Aluminium is a strongly reactive metal that forms a high-energy chemical bond with oxygen. Compared to most other metals, it is difficult to extract from ore, such as bauxite, due to the energy required to reduce aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and For example, direct reduction with carbon, as is used to produce iron, is not chemically possible, since aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Aluminium oxide has a melting point of about 2,000 °C. Therefore, it must be extracted by electrolysis. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current In this process, the aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite and then reduced to the pure metal. Cryolite ( Na 3 Al[[fluorine F]]6 Sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon Mineral identified with the once large deposit The operational temperature of the reduction cells is around 950 to 980 °C. Cryolite is found as a mineral in Greenland, but in industrial use it has been replaced by a synthetic substance. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Cryolite is a chemical compound of aluminium, sodium, and calcium fluorides: (Na3AlF6). Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides The aluminium oxide (a white powder) is obtained by refining bauxite in the Bayer process of Karl Bayer. The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining Bauxite to produce Alumina. Karl Josef Bayer ( March 4, 1847 - October 4, 1904) was an Austrian chemist that invented the (Previously, the Deville process was the predominant refining technology. The Deville process was the first industrial process used to produce Alumina from Bauxite. )

The electrolytic process replaced the Wöhler process, which involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium. Wöhler process was used in the production of Aluminium. It involved the reduction of Anhydrous Aluminium chloride with Potassium, and produced Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Both of the electrodes used in the electrolysis of aluminium oxide are carbon. An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e Once the ore is in the molten state, its ions are free to move around. The reaction at the cathode (negative electrode) is

Al3+ + 3 e− → Al

Here the aluminium ion is being reduced (electrons are added). A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state The aluminium metal then sinks to the bottom and is tapped off.

At the anode (positive electrode), oxygen is formed:

2 O2− → O2 + 4 e−

This carbon anode is then oxidized by the oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide. An anode is an Electrode through which Electric current flows into a polarized electrical device

O2 + C → CO2

The anodes in a reduction cell must therefore be replaced regularly, since they are consumed in the process.

Unlike the anodes, the cathodes are not oxidized because there is no oxygen present, as the carbon cathodes are protected by the liquid aluminium inside the cells. Nevertheless, cathodes do erode, mainly due to electrochemical processes. After five to ten years, depending on the current used in the electrolysis, a cell has to be rebuilt because of cathode wear.

World production trend of aluminium
World production trend of aluminium

Aluminium electrolysis with the Hall-Héroult process consumes a lot of energy, but alternative processes were always found to be less viable economically and/or ecologically. The Hall-Héroult process is the major industrial process for the production of Aluminium. The worldwide average specific energy consumption is approximately 15±0. 5 kilowatt-hours per kilogram of aluminium produced (52 to 56 MJ/kg). The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity The most modern smelters achieve approximately 12. 8 kW·h/kg (46. 1 MJ/kg). (Compare this to the heat of reaction, 31 MJ/kg, and the Gibbs free energy of reaction, 29 MJ/kg. The standard enthalpy change of reaction (denoted ΔH ° or ΔH o is the Enthalpy change that occurs in a system when one mole of matter In Thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy ( IUPAC recommended name Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is a Thermodynamic potential which ) Reduction line currents for older technologies are typically 100 to 200 kA; state-of-the-art smelters [9] operate at about 350 kA. Trials have been reported with 500 kA cells.

Recovery of the metal via recycling has become an important facet of the aluminium industry. Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce Recycling involves melting the scrap, a process that requires only five percent of the energy used to produce aluminium from ore. However, a significant part (up to 15% of input material) is lost as dross (ash-like oxide). Dross is a Mass of Solid impurities floating on a molten metal [10] Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium beverage cans brought it to the public consciousness. A beverage can (or drinks can) is most often an Aluminum Can manufactured to hold a single serving of a Beverage.

Electric power represents about 20% to 40% of the cost of producing aluminium, depending on the location of the smelter. Smelters tend to be situated where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive, such as South Africa, the South Island of New Zealand, Australia, the People's Republic of China, the Middle East, Russia, Quebec and British Columbia in Canada, and Iceland. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland (

Aluminium output in 2005
Aluminium output in 2005

In 2005, the People's Republic of China was the top producer of aluminium with almost one-fifth world share, followed by Russia, Canada, and USA, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental

Over the last 50 years, Australia has become a major producer of bauxite ore and a major producer and exporter of alumina. [11] Australia produced 62 million tonnes of bauxite in 2005. The Australian deposits have some refining problems, some being high in silica but have the advantage of being shallow and relatively easy to mine. [12]

See also: Category:Aluminium minerals

Chemistry

Oxidation state one

Aluminium halides usually exist in the form AlX3. e. g. AlF3, AlCl3, AlBr3, AlI3 etc.

Oxidation state two

Oxidation state three

Clusters

In the journal Science of 14 January 2005 it was reported that clusters of 13 aluminium atoms (Al13) had been made to behave like an iodine atom; and, 14 aluminium atoms (Al14) behaved like an alkaline earth atom. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered The researchers also bound 12 iodine atoms to an Al13 cluster to form a new class of polyiodide. This discovery is reported to give rise to the possibility of a new characterisation of the periodic table: superatoms. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Superatoms are clusters of Atoms that seem to exhibit some of the properties of elemental atoms The research teams were led by Shiv N. Khanna (Virginia Commonwealth University) and A. Virginia Commonwealth University, or VCU, is a large public American research University with its main campuses located in downtown Richmond, Welford Castleman Jr (Penn State University). The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related, land-grant, space grant public research University [13]

Applications

General use

A piece of aluminium metal.
A piece of aluminium metal.

Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal. [14] Global production of aluminium in 2005 was 31. 9 million tonnes. It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (837. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 5 million tonnes). [15] Relatively pure aluminium is encountered only when corrosion resistance and/or workability is more important than strength or hardness. A thin layer of aluminium can be deposited onto a flat surface by physical vapor deposition or (very infrequently) chemical vapor deposition or other chemical means to form optical coatings and mirrors. Physical vapor deposition (PVD is a variety of vacuum deposition and is a general term used to describe any of a variety of methods to deposit Thin films by the condensation Chemical vapor deposition (CVD is a Chemical process used to produce high-purity high-performance solid materials An optical coating is a thin layer of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens or Mirror, which alters the way in which the optic A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. When so deposited, a fresh, pure aluminium film serves as a good reflector (approximately 92%) of visible light and an excellent reflector (as much as 98%) of medium and far infrared.

Pure aluminium has a low tensile strength, but when combined with thermo-mechanical processing, aluminium alloys display a marked improvement in mechanical properties, especially when tempered. Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms Tempering is a Heat treatment technique for metals and Alloys In Steels tempering is done to "toughen" the metal by transforming brittle Aluminium alloys form vital components of aircraft and rockets as a result of their high strength-to-weight ratio. A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the Aluminium readily forms alloys with many elements such as copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese and silicon (e. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 g. , duralumin). Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium or dural) is the trade name of one of the earliest types of age-hardenable Aluminium alloys Today, almost all bulk metal materials that are referred to loosely as "aluminium," are actually alloys. For example, the common aluminium foils are alloys of 92% to 99% aluminium. WikipediaManual of Style#National varieties of English --> Aluminium foil (known [16]

Some of the many uses for aluminium metal are in:

household aluminium foil
household aluminium foil

Aluminium compounds

Aluminium alloys in structural applications

Aluminium foam
Aluminium foam
Main article: Aluminium alloy

Aluminium alloys with a wide range of properties are used in engineering structures. Aluminium alloys are Alloys of Aluminium, often with copper zinc manganese silicon or magnesium Alloy systems are classified by a number system (ANSI) or by names indicating their main alloying constituents (DIN and ISO). Deutsches Institut für Normung eV ( DIN; in English, the German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for

The strength and durability of aluminium alloys vary widely, not only as a result of the components of the specific alloy, but also as a result of heat treatments and manufacturing processes. A lack of knowledge of these aspects has from time to time led to improperly designed structures and gained aluminium a bad reputation. (See main article)

One important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their fatigue strength. Unlike steels, aluminium alloys have no well-defined fatigue limit, meaning that fatigue failure will eventually occur under even very small cyclic loadings. Fatigue limit, endurance limit, and fatigue strength are all expressions used to describe a property of materials the amplitude (or range of Cyclic stress This implies that engineers must assess these loads and design for a fixed life rather than an infinite life.

Another important property of aluminium alloys is their sensitivity to heat. Workshop procedures involving heating are complicated by the fact that aluminium, unlike steel, will melt without first glowing red. Forming operations where a blow torch is used therefore requires some expertise, since no visual signs reveal how close the material is to melting. The meaning of " blowtorch " varies between Britain and the USA Aluminium alloys, like all structural alloys, also are subject to internal stresses following heating operations such as welding and casting. The problem with aluminium alloys in this regard is their low melting point, which make them more susceptible to distortions from thermally induced stress relief. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Controlled stress relief can be done during manufacturing by heat-treating the parts in an oven, followed by gradual cooling -- in effect annealing the stresses. Annealing, in Metallurgy and Materials science, is a Heat treatment wherein a material is altered causing changes in its properties such as strength

The low melting point of aluminium alloys has not precluded their use in rocketry; even for use in constructing combustion chambers where gases can reach 3500 K. The Agena upper stage engine used a regeneratively cooled aluminium design for some parts of the nozzle, including the thermally critical throat region. The Agena (designated RM-81 by the USAF) was a rocket upper stage developed by Lockheed for the ill-fated WS-117L US Reconnaissance satellite

Household wiring

See also: Aluminium wire

Compared to copper, aluminium has about 65% of the conductivity by volume, although 200% by weight. Aluminum wire is a type of wiring used in Houses and power grids. Traditionally copper is used as household wiring material. In the 1960s aluminium was considerably cheaper than copper, and so was introduced for household electrical wiring in the United States, even though many fixtures had not been designed to accept aluminium wire. However, in some cases the greater coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminium causes the wire to expand and contract relative to the dissimilar metal screw connection, eventually loosening the connection. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes A screw is a shaft with a helical groove or thread formed on its surface and provision at one end to turn the screw Also, pure aluminium has a tendency to creep under steady sustained pressure (to a greater degree as the temperature rises), again loosening the connection. Creep is the tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under the influence of stresses It occurs as a result of long term exposure to levels of Finally, Galvanic corrosion from the dissimilar metals increased the electrical resistance of the connection. Galvanic corrosion is an Electrochemical process in which one Metal Corrodes preferentially when in electrical contact with a different type of metal

All of this resulted in overheated and loose connections, and this in turn resulted in fires. Builders then became wary of using the wire, and many jurisdictions outlawed its use in very small sizes in new construction. Eventually, newer fixtures were introduced with connections designed to avoid loosening and overheating. At first they were marked "Al/Cu", but they now bear a "CO/ALR" coding. In older assemblies, workers forestall the heating problem using a properly-done crimp of the aluminium wire to a short "pigtail" of copper wire. Crimping is joining two pieces of Metal or other malleable material by deforming one or both of them to hold the other Pigtails (also known as angel wings and bunches, or Twin Tail(ツインテール/TsuinTe-ru in Japan Today, new alloys, designs, and methods are used for aluminium wiring in combination with aluminium terminations.

History

Ancient Greeks and Romans used aluminium salts as dyeing mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds; alum is still used as a styptic. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC For the purely-slang term alum meaning "graduate" see Alumnus. An antihemorrhagic ( antihaemorrhagic) agent is a substance that promotes Hemostasis (stops Bleeding) In 1761 Guyton de Morveau suggested calling the base alum alumine. Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau (also Guyton-Morveau after the French Revolution; January 4, 1737 &ndash January 2, 1816 In 1808, Humphry Davy identified the existence of a metal base of alum, which he at first termed alumium and later aluminum (see Etymology section, below). Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor

The statue of the Anteros as the Angel of Christian Charity (commonly mistaken for Eros) in Piccadilly Circus London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues to be cast in aluminium.
The statue of the Anteros as the Angel of Christian Charity (commonly mistaken for Eros) in Piccadilly Circus London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues to be cast in aluminium. In Greek mythology, Anteros (Αντέρως Antérōs was the god of requited love literally "love returned" or "counter-love" and also the punisher Piccadilly Circus is a famous road junction and public space of London 's West End in the City of Westminster,built in 1819 to connect Regent

Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with isolating aluminium (Latin alumen, alum) in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium. Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 - 23 September 1882 was a German Chemist, best-known for his synthesis of Urea, but also the first to isolate several Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. Aluminium chloride (AlCl3 is a compound of Aluminium and Chlorine. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 As the metal had first been produced two years earlier (in an impure form) by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted, Ørsted can also be listed as its discoverer. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe [18] Further, Pierre Berthier discovered aluminium in bauxite ore and successfully extracted it. Pierre Berthier ( July 3, 1782 &ndash August 24, 1861) was a French Geologist and mining engineer. [19] Frenchman Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville improved Wöhler's method in 1846, and described his improvements in a book in 1859, chief among these being the substitution of sodium for the considerably more expensive potassium. Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville ( March 9, 1818 - July 1, 1881) was a French Chemist.

(Note: The title of Deville's book is "De l'aluminium, ses propriétés, sa fabrication" (Paris, 1859). Deville likely also conceived the idea of the electrolysis of aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite; however, Charles Martin Hall and Paul Héroult might have developed the more practical process after Deville. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current )

Before the Hall-Héroult process was developed, aluminium was exceedingly difficult to extract from its various ores. The Hall-Héroult process is the major industrial process for the production of Aluminium. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining This made pure aluminium more valuable than gold. Bars of aluminium were exhibited alongside the French crown jewels at the Exposition Universelle of 1855, and Napoleon III was said to have reserved a set of aluminium dinner plates for his most honored guests. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Crown jewels are jewels or artifacts of the reigning royal family of their respective country The Exposition Universelle of 1855 was an International Exhibition held on the Champ de Mars in Paris from May 15 to November 15, Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President

Aluminium was selected as the material to be used for the apex of the Washington Monument in 1884, a time when one ounce (30 grams) cost the daily wage of a common worker on the project;[20] aluminium was about the same value as silver. The Washington Monument is a large tall sand-colored Obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington D This article is about the unit of mass For the unit of force see Pound-force.

The Cowles companies supplied aluminium alloy in quantity in the United States and England using smelters like the furnace of Carl Wilhelm Siemens by 1886. The Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company, founded as Cowles Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company, and Cowles Syndicate Company Limited formed in the United The United States of America —commonly referred to as the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy. Carl Wilhelm Siemens (en Charles William Siemens, known as Sir William Siemens) ( 4 April, 1823 &ndash 19 November, 1883 [21] Charles Martin Hall of Ohio in the U. Charles Martin Hall ( December 6, 1863 – December 27, 1914) was an American inventor and engineer Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads S. and Paul Héroult of France independently developed the Hall-Héroult electrolytic process that made extracting aluminium from minerals cheaper and is now the principal method used worldwide. The French scientist Paul ( Louis-Toussaint) Héroult ( April 10 1863 – May 9 1914) was the inventor of the Aluminium This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Hall-Héroult process is the major industrial process for the production of Aluminium. The Hall-Heroult process cannot produce Super Purity Aluminium directly. Hall's process,[22] in 1888 with the financial backing of Alfred E. Hunt, started the Pittsburgh Reduction Company today known as Alcoa. Alfred Ephraim Hunt was a 19th century American Metallurgist and Industrialist best known for founding the company that would eventually become Alcoa Inc ( is the world's third largest producer of Aluminum, behind Rio Tinto Alcan and Rusal. Héroult's process was in production by 1889 in Switzerland at Aluminium Industrie, now Alcan, and at British Aluminium, now Luxfer Group and Alcoa, by 1896 in Scotland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The aluminium producer British Aluminium Ltd was originally formed as the British Aluminium Company Ltd on 7 May 1894 and was subsequently known as British Alcan Aluminium Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. [23]

By 1895 the metal was being used as a building material as far away as Sydney, Australia in the dome of the Chief Secretary's Building. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Many navies use an aluminium superstructure for their vessels, however, the 1975 fire aboard USS Belknap that gutted her aluminium superstructure, as well as observation of battle damage to British ships during the Falklands War, led to many navies switching to all steel superstructures. A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Belknap, in honor of Rear Admiral George Eugene Belknap. The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the The Arleigh Burke class was the first such U. Characteristics The Arleigh Burke class are among the largest and most powerful destroyers ever built both larger and more heavily armed than many previous cruisers S. ship, being constructed entirely of steel.

In April 2008 the price of aluminium was around $1. 35/lb. [24]

Etymology

Nomenclature history

The earliest citation given in the Oxford English Dictionary for any word used as a name for this element is alumium, which Humphry Davy employed in 1808 for the metal he was trying to isolate electrolytically from the mineral alumina. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The citation is from his journal Philosophical Transactions: "Had I been so fortunate as. . to have procured the metallic substances I was in search of, I should have proposed for them the names of silicium, alumium, zirconium, and glucium. "[25]

By 1812, Davy had settled on aluminum, which, as other sources note, matches its Latin root. He wrote in the journal Chemical Philosophy: "As yet Aluminum has not been obtained in a perfectly free state. "[26] But the same year, an anonymous contributor to the Quarterly Review, a British political-literary journal, objected to aluminum and proposed the name aluminium, "for so we shall take the liberty of writing the word, in preference to aluminum, which has a less classical sound. The Quarterly Review, a literary and political periodical founded in March 1809 by the well known London publishing house John Murray. "[27]

The -ium suffix had the advantage of conforming to the precedent set in other newly discovered elements of the time: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium (all of which Davy had isolated himself). Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Nevertheless, -um spellings for elements were not unknown at the time, as for example platinum, known to Europeans since the sixteenth century, molybdenum, discovered in 1778, and tantalum, discovered in 1802. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Tantalum (ˈtæntələm (formerly tantalium /tænˈtæliəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Ta and Atomic number 73

Americans adopted -ium to fit the standard form of the periodic table of elements, for most of the nineteenth century, with aluminium appearing in Webster's Dictionary of 1828. Noah Webster (October 16 1758 &ndash May 28 1843 was an American Lexicographer, textbook author Spelling reformer word enthusiast and editor In 1892, however, Charles Martin Hall used the -um spelling in an advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the -ium spelling in all the patents[22] he filed between 1886 and 1903. [28] It has consequently been suggested that the spelling reflects an easier to pronounce word with one fewer syllable, or that the spelling on the flier was a mistake. Hall's domination of production of the metal ensured that the spelling aluminum became the standard in North America; the Webster Unabridged Dictionary of 1913, though, continued to use the -ium version.

In 1926, the American Chemical Society officially decided to use aluminum in its publications; American dictionaries typically label the spelling aluminium as a British variant. The American Chemical Society ( ACS) is a Learned society ( Professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry

Present-day spelling

In the UK and other countries using British spelling, only aluminium is used. American and British English spelling differences are one aspect of American and British English differences. In the United States, the spelling aluminium is largely unknown, and the spelling aluminum predominates. [29][30] The Canadian Oxford Dictionary prefers aluminum, whereas the Australian Macquarie Dictionary prefers aluminium. The Canadian Oxford Dictionary (abbreviated CanOD) is a Dictionary of Canadian English. The Macquarie Dictionary is a Dictionary of Australian English. The spelling in virtually all other languages is analogous to the -ium ending.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted aluminium as the standard international name for the element in 1990, but three years later recognized aluminum as an acceptable variant. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization Hence their periodic table includes both, but places aluminium first. [31] IUPAC officially prefers the use of aluminium in its internal publications, although several IUPAC publications use the spelling aluminum. [32]

Biological role

Precautions

The toxicity of aluminium can be traced to increased deposition in bone and the central nervous system, particularly in the presence of reduced renal function. Because aluminium competes with calcium for absorption, increased amounts of dietary aluminium may contribute to the reduced skeletal mineralization (osteopenia) observed in preterm infants and infants with growth retardation. Full-term infants with normal renal function do not seem to be at substantial risk from aluminium toxicity from soy protein-based formulas. Aluminium can cause neurotoxicity in very high doses which can alter the function of the blood-brain barrier. Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or artificial toxic substances which are called Neurotoxins alters the normal activity of the Nervous system in The blood-brain barrier (BBB is a metabolic or cellular structure in the Central nervous system (CNS that restricts the passage of various chemical substances and microscopic [33] It is one of the few abundant elements that have no known function in living cells. A small percentage of people are allergic to it — they experience contact dermatitis: an itchy rash from using styptic or antiperspirant products, digestive disorders and inability to absorb nutrients from eating food cooked in aluminium pans, and vomiting and other symptoms of poisoning from ingesting such products as Amphojel, and Maalox (antacids). Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. Contact dermatitis is a term for a Skin reaction resulting from exposure to Allergens (allergic contact dermatitis or irritants (irritant contact dermatitis A rash is a change of the Skin which affects its color appearance or Texture. An antihemorrhagic ( antihaemorrhagic) agent is a substance that promotes Hemostasis (stops Bleeding) Deodorants are substances applied to the body particularly the Armpits mainly to reduce Body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of Perspiration. Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the An antacid is any substance generally a base or Basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity. Maalox is a brand name Antacid containing Aluminium hydroxide and Magnesium hydroxide to neutralize or reduce Stomach acid. Such allergies are extremely rare though, in other people aluminium is not considered as toxic as heavy metals, but there is evidence of some toxicity if it is consumed in excessive amounts. The use of aluminium cookware, popular because of its corrosion resistance and good heat conduction, has not been shown to lead to aluminium toxicity in general. "Saucepan" redirects here In Australia "the Saucepan" is sometimes used as an unofficial name for part of the constellation of Pavo, when finding the Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Heat conduction or thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter from a region of higher Temperature to a region of lower Excessive consumption of antacids containing aluminium compounds and excessive use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants are more likely causes of toxicity. An antacid is any substance generally a base or Basic salt, which counteracts stomach acidity. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Aluminium increases estrogen-related gene expression in human breast cancer cells grown in the laboratory. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Gene expression is the process by which inheritable information from a Gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional Gene product, such Breast cancer is a Cancer that starts in the cells of the Breast in women and men [34] These salts' estrogen-like effects have led to their classification as a metalloestrogen. Metalloestrogens are a class of Inorganic Xenoestrogens which can affect the gene expression of human cells responding to Estrogen.

It has been suggested that aluminium is a cause of Alzheimer's disease, as some brain plaques have been found to contain the metal. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. Senile plaques (syn neuritic plaques senile druse braindruse are extracellular deposits of Amyloid in the Gray matter of the brain Research in this area has been inconclusive; aluminium accumulation may be a consequence of the Alzheimer's damage, not the cause. In any event, if there is any toxicity of aluminium it must be via a very specific mechanism, since total human exposure to the element in the form of naturally occurring clay in soil and dust is enormously large over a lifetime. [35][36]

Mercury applied to the surface of an aluminium alloy can damage the protective oxide surface film by forming Mercury-aluminium amalgam. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Aluminium alloys are Alloys of Aluminium, often with copper zinc manganese silicon or magnesium Aluminium amalgam is a Solution of Aluminium in mercury This may cause further corrosion and weakening of the structure. For this reason, mercury thermometers are not allowed on many airliners, as aluminium is used in many aircraft structures. The thermometer is a device that measures Temperature or Temperature gradient using a variety of different principles it comes from the Greek roots An airliner is a large Fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers

A mixture of powdered aluminium and Fe2O3 is known as thermite, and burns with a high energy output to form Fe and Al2O3. Iron(III oxide —also known as ferric oxide, Hematite, red iron oxide, synthetic maghemite, colcothar, or simply Rust —is Thermite is a Pyrotechnic composition of Aluminium powder and a metal oxide which produces an Aluminothermic reaction known as a Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Thermite can be produced inadvertently during grinding operations, but the high ignition temperature makes incidents unlikely in most workshop environments. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of

Aluminium and plants (phytoremediation)

Aluminium is primary among the factors that contribute to the loss of plant production on acid soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, the concentration in acid soils of toxic Al3+ cations increases and disturbs root growth and function. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge

Wheat's adaptation to allow aluminium tolerance is such that the aluminium induces a release of organic compounds that bind to the harmful aluminium cations. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Sorghum is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism. Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are used as Fodder plants either cultivated or as part The first gene for aluminium tolerance has been identified in wheat. A group in the U. S. Department of Agriculture showed that sorghum's aluminium tolerance is controlled by a single gene, as for wheat. This is not the case in all plants.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bassam Z. Aluminium alloys are Alloys of Aluminium, often with copper zinc manganese silicon or magnesium Aluminium batteries or aluminum batteries are commonly known as aluminium-air batteries or Al-air batteries since they produce electricity from the reaction Aluminium in Africa originates primarily in Guinea, Mozambique and Ghana. WikipediaManual of Style#National varieties of English --> Aluminium foil (known A beverage can (or drinks can) is most often an Aluminum Can manufactured to hold a single serving of a Beverage. Shakhashiri. Chemical of the Week: Aluminum. Science is Fun. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
  2. ^ a b I. J. Polmear, Light Alloys, Arnold, 1995
  3. ^ G. E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, 1988
  4. ^ John F. Cochran and D. E. Mapother (July 1958). "Superconducting Transition in Aluminum". Physical Review 111 (1): 132–142. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.111.132. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  5. ^ Robert T. Dodd, Thunderstones and Shooting Stars, pp. 89-90. ISBN 0-674-89137-6.
  6. ^ Guilbert, John M. and Carles F. Park, The Geology of Ore Deposits, Freeman, 1986, pp. 774-795 ISBN 0-7167-1456-6
  7. ^ S Venetski (July 1969). ""Silver" from clay" (translated). Metallurgist 13 (7): 451–453. Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their doi:10.1007/BF00741130. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  8. ^ ChemMatters October 1990 Page 14
  9. ^ Aluminium Smelters. AME Mineral Economics. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
  10. ^ Benefits of Recycling. Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
  11. ^ The Australian Industry. Australian Aluminium Council. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
  12. ^ Australian Bauxite. Australian Aluminium Council. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
  13. ^ Eberly College of Science (13 January 2005). Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Clusters of Aluminum Atoms Found to Have Properties of Other Elements Reveal a New Form of Chemistry". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News
  14. ^ "aluminum". Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc  
  15. ^ L E Hetherington, T J Brown, A J Benham, P A J Lusty, N E Idoine (2007). World Mineral Production: 2001 - 2005 (available online), British Geological Survey. ISBN 978-0-85272-592-4.  
  16. ^ L. S. Millberg. Aluminum Foil. How Products are Made. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
  17. ^ Aluminum in Watchmaking
  18. ^ Yinon Bentor. Periodic Table: Aluminum. ChemicalElements. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
  19. ^ Pierre Berthier. Today in Science History. Retrieved on 2007-08-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation
  20. ^ George J. Binczewski (1995). "The Point of a Monument: A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument". JOM 47 (11): 20–25.  
  21. ^ "Cowles' Aluminium Alloys" (January 1886). The Manufacturer and Builder 18 (1): 13. New York: Western and Company, via Cornell University Library.   and McMillan, Walter George (1891). A Treatise on Electro-Metallurgy. London, Philadelphia: Charles Griffin and Company, J. B. Lippincott Company, via Google Books scan of New York Public Library copy, 302-305. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death   and Sackett, William Edgar, John James Scannell and Mary Eleanor Watson (1917/1918). New Jersey's First Citizens. New Jersey: J. J. Scannell via Google Books scan of New York Public Library copy, 103-105. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a  
  22. ^ a b US400,664 (PDF version) (1889-04-02) Charles Martin Hall Process of Reducing Aluminium from its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis 
  23. ^ Donald Holmes Wallace [1937] (1977). Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Charles Martin Hall ( December 6, 1863 – December 27, 1914) was an American inventor and engineer Market Control in the Aluminum Industry. Harvard University Press via Ayer Publishing via Google Books limited view, 6. ISBN 0-4050-9786-7. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.  
  24. ^ Aluminum prices
  25. ^ "alumium", Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, second edition Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. OED Online Oxford University Press. Accessed October 29, 2006. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Citation is listed as "1808 SIR H. DAVY in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 353". The ellipsis in the quotation is as it appears in the OED citation.
  26. ^ "aluminum", ibid. Citation is listed as "1812 SIR H. DAVY Chem. Philos. I. 355"
  27. ^ "aluminium", ibid. Citation is listed as "1812 Q. Rev. VIII. 72"
  28. ^ Peter Meiers. Manufacture of Aluminum. The History of Fluorine, Fluoride and Fluoridation.
  29. ^ Greenwood, N. N. ; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.  
  30. ^ John Bremner, Words on Words: A Dictionary for Writers and Others Who Care about Words, page 22–23. ISBN 0-231-04493-3
  31. ^ IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements
  32. ^ IUPAC Web site publication search for 'aluminum'
  33. ^ Banks, W. A. ; Kastin, A. J. (1989). "Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier. ". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 13 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  34. ^ Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7
  35. ^ Alzheimer's Disease and Aluminum. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (October 2005).
  36. ^ Michael Hopkin. "Death of Alzheimer victim linked to aluminium pollution", news @ nature. com, 21 April 2006. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.  

External links

Dictionary

aluminium

-noun

  1. A light, silvery metal extracted from bauxite, and a chemical element (symbol Al) with an atomic number of 13.
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