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This article is about a historical territory. For the locale in Placer County, California, see Alta, California. Alta is a small unincorproated community in Placer County, California, United States, about northeast of Auburn.

Alta California (Upper California) was formed in 1804 when the province of California, then a part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain, was divided in two along the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The southern part became the territory of Baja California (Lower California). The Baja California peninsula ( English: Lower California peninsula) is a Peninsula in western Mexico. The two territories were also alternatively called Nueva California (New California; Upper California) and Vieja California (Old California; Lower California).

Alta California - covering land that forms the modern US states of California, Nevada, Utah, northern Arizona, western Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming - gained independence from Spain in 1821 upon conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The Mexican War of Independence (1810 - 1821 was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16 1810 After the war, the region was included in the short-lived First Mexican Empire (deemed illegal by Spain in 1822) but was not recognized as one of the newly independent United Mexican States (the 1824 Constitution refers to Alta California as one of "the territories"). The Mexican Empire was the official name of independent Mexico under a monarchical regime from 1822 to 1823 Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The 1824 Constitution of Mexico was the first full Constitution adopted by the Mexican Republic. Mexico lost control of the territory as a result of the Mexican-American War.

The last Mexican Governor of California was Pío Pico, who served until 1846. This is a list of governors of California prior to it becoming a U Pío de Jesus Pico ( May 5, 1801 September 11, 1894) was the last Mexican Governor of Alta California. The capital of Alta California was Monterey.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, there was a San Francisco-based newspaper called The Daily Alta California (or The Alta Californian). The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Mark Twain's first widely successful book, The Innocents Abroad, was an edited collection of letters written for this publication. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress was published by American author Mark Twain in 1869.

Contents

Lands under Spanish rule

See also: Spanish missions in California

Under Spanish rule, all lands in California were claimed by the king of Spain, who granted them to the Roman Catholic Church and to individuals. The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between Specifically, the Spanish constructed and funded the missions for the Franciscans of the Catholic Church to gather and convert the Native American people, presidios to house Spanish soldiers who would enforce the peace, and Spanish settlement lands. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The presidios and missions were the first lands chosen and developed.

By law, the mission land and property was to pass to the resident Native Americans of California after a period of about ten years, when the natives would become Spanish citizens. In the interim period, the Franciscans were to act as mission administrators who held the land in trust for the Natives. The Franciscans, however, prolonged this power arrangement and ran the missions for more than 60 years. [1][2]

Once the Spanish began to send settlers to Northern California, a gray area began to grow over the future (and boundaries) of the mission properties. Property disputes arose over the mission (and adjacent) lands, between the Spanish Crown and the Catholic Church, and also between the Natives and the Spanish settlers: There were heated debates between the Spanish State and ecclesiastical bureaucracies over the government authority of the missions. [3] Setting an interesting precedent, the Franciscan priests of Santa Clara sent a petition to the Governor in 1782, claiming the "missions Indians" owned both land and cattle, and represented the Natives in a petition against the Spanish settlers of the San Jose pueblo. [4] The fathers mentioned the "Indians' crops" were being damaged by the San Jose settlers' livestock, and also mentioned settlers "getting mixed up with the livestock belonging to the Indians from the mission. " They also stated the Mission Indians had property and rights to defend it. [5]

Under Spanish rule, Southern California and the Ranchos prospered and grew with the Missions. Californio cattle ranchers and the local people evolved into a different society from the northern American settlers of the fur trapper/mining economy that developed in the Sacramento River valley. Californio's (Spanish for "Californian" is a term used to identify a Californian of Hispanic and/or Latin-American descent first as a part of New Spain, later This dichotomy of evolution was reflected during the Mexican-American War where the American immigrants of the north coveted the property, lands and riches of the more prosperous Southern California Californios and their vast Ranchos. (Reference Historical California Adobes and Rancho San Pascual).

Mexican-American War

Upon the declaration of war by the US Congress - partly in response to events in Texas after its annexation by the United States, and partly in response to calls from Northern California's American residents who were striving for independence from Mexico - US Army and US Navy forces entered into the territory and overpowered the remaining Mexican military units. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities.

In Southern California, the Californios formed a defensive army and were victorious after the Siege of Los Angeles, the Battle of San Pascual, and the Battle of Dominguez Rancho; but the subsequent encounters at the Battle of Rio San Gabriel and the Battle of La Mesa were indecisive. Californio's (Spanish for "Californian" is a term used to identify a Californian of Hispanic and/or Latin-American descent first as a part of New Spain, later The "Siege of Los Angeles" was a military occupation by the United States Marines of the Pueblo de Los Angeles during the Mexican-American war The Battle of San Pasqual (also spelled San Pascual) was a military encounter that occurred during the Mexican-American War in what is now the San Pasqual The Battle of Dominguez Rancho (October 8-9 1846 was a military engagement of the Mexican-American War. The Battle of Rio San Gabriel was a decisive action of the California campaign of the Mexican-American War and occurred at the sites of present-day Montebello The Battle of La Mesa occurred on January 9, 1847, in present-day Vernon California, the day after the Battle of Rio San Gabriel. They formally surrendered with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on 13 January 1847. The Treaty of Cahuenga. usually called the "Capitulation of Cahuenga" ended the fighting of the Mexican-American War in California in 1847 Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common California was ceded to the United States in 1848 by the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish) is the Peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to

Flags over California

Spanish Empire, first by Juan Cabrillo in 1542, founding San Diego, north to the Russian River. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (ca 1499 &ndash January 3 1543 was a Portuguese explorer known as João Rodrigues Cabrilho in Portuguese noted for his exploration For other uses see Russian River. The Russian River is a River in the Northern California counties of Mendocino Validated and mapped in 1602, by sea voyage of the San Agustin under Sebastián Vizcaíno. Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548-1624 was a Spanish soldier entrepreneur explorer and diplomat whose varied roles took him to New Spain, the Philippines, the Baja
St. George Cross of England, June 1579, voyage of the Golden Hind under Captain Francis Drake at Bodega Bay (exact location disputed)
October 1775, the Sonora at Bodega Bay, under Lt. The St George's Cross (or the Cross of St George is a centred red cross on a white background Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician Bodega Bay is a shallow rocky Inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the coast of northern California in the United States. Bodega Bay is a shallow rocky Inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the coast of northern California in the United States. Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra until 1821, when New Spain gained independence from the Spanish Empire. Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra (baptized 3 June, 1743 &ndash 26 March, 1794) was a Peruvian naval officer born in The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries
Russian-American Company, by Ivan Alexandrovich Kuskov, the founder of Fort Ross and, from 1812 to 1821, its colonial administrator. The Russian-American Company ( Under His Imperial Majesty's Protection Russian-American Company)was a state-sponsored Trading company begun by Grigory and Natalia Note: There is an overlap of rule with the Mexican Empire (next item), until the Russians sold Fort Ross in 1841 to John Sutter, and subsequently left the area in 1842
Argentina, by Hippolyte de Bouchard, a French corsair who occupied Monterey from November 24 to November 29, 1818, raising the Argentine flag there and claiming Alta California for that country
Mexican Empire, 24 August 1821, Mexico under Emperor Agustin Iturbide (October 1822, probable time new flag raised in California) until 1823
Mexican Republic, 1823, until January 13, 1847 at Los Angeles
Bear Flag of the California Republic, June 14, 1846, at Sonoma until 9 July 1846
United States of America, 9 July 1846; see History of California. The Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century when it was ruled by an Emperor. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Johann Augustus Sutter ( February 28 1803 &ndash June 18 1880) was a Swiss pioneer of California known for his association For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Hippolyte de Bouchard, or Hipólito Bouchard ( January 15, 1780, or 1783– January 4, 1843) was a French Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century when it was ruled by an Emperor. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu ( September 27, 1783 &ndash July 19, 1824) was Emperor of Mexico as Augustin The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The California Republic, also called the Bear Flag Republic, was the result of a revolt by Americans on June 14 1846, in the town of Sonoma Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display The History of California is divided into the following articles

Governors of Alta California

Ranchos of California

Main article: Ranchos of California

The Spanish (and later the Mexicans) encouraged settlement with large land grants which were turned into ranchos, where cattle and sheep were raised. The Ranchos or Alta California land grants established land use patterns that are still recognizable in the California of today Cow hides (at roughly $1 each) and fat (known as tallow, used to make candles as well as soaps) were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century. The owners of these ranchos styled themselves after the landed gentry in Spain. Landed gentry is a term traditionally applied in Britain to those people of a certain type and education who possess land in the form of country estates often (but Their workers included some Native Americans who had learned to speak Spanish and ride horses.

Alta California in popular culture

See also

Spanish and Mexican control

Russian colonies

United States control

Notes

  1. ^ Beebe, 2001, page 71
  2. ^ Fink, 1972, pages 63-64. The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. This is a list of governors of California prior to it becoming a U The Presidio of Monterey, located in Monterey California, is an active US Army installation The Presidio of San Francisco (originally El Presidio Real de San Francisco or Royal Presidio of San Francisco) is a park on the northern tip of the San El Camino Real ( Spanish for The Royal Road, also known as The King's Highway) usually refers to the 600- Mile (966- Kilometer) The Island of California refers to a long-held European misconception dating from the 16th century that California was not part of mainland North America but Russian colonization of the Americas proceeded in several places This is a list of governors of California prior to it becoming a U The California Republic, also called the Bear Flag Republic, was the result of a revolt by Americans on June 14 1846, in the town of Sonoma
  3. ^ Milliken, 1995, page 2 footnote.
  4. ^ Milliken,1995, page 72-73
  5. ^ Milliken, 1995, page 73, quoting Murguia and Pena [1782] 1955:400.

References

External links

The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley
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