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The Almoravids, was a Berber[1] dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the 11th century. Classical Arabic (CA also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts from Umayyad The Lamtuna are a Berber Tribe from the region of Mauritania - Western Sahara - Morocco - Algeria. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Aghmāt was an important medieval Berber town in southern Morocco which is today an archaeological site known as "Joumâa Aghmat" Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today Classical Arabic (CA also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts from Umayyad The Mozarabs (in Spanish: mozárabes; in moçárabes in Catalan: mossàrabs; from musta'rib "مستعرب" “arabicized” African Romance is an extinct Romance language that was once spoken in North Africa ( Algeria and Morocco) Andalusian Arabic (also known as Andalusi Arabic, Spanish Arabic, or Moorish Arabic) was a variety of the Arabic language spoken in A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam The Ibadi movement or Ibadiyya (Arabic الاباضية al-Ibāḍiyyah is a form of Islam distinct from the Shi'a and Sunni denominations Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The Dinar is the name of the official currency in several countries The maravedí was the name of various Iberian coins of gold and then silver between the 11th and 14th centuries and the name of different Iberian accounting units between the Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra
Under this dynasty the Moorish empire was extended over present-day Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gibraltar, Tlemcen (in Algeria) and a great part of what is now Senegal and Mali in the south, and Spain and Portugal to the north in Europe. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Tlemcen is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the the province of the same name. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. At its extent, the empire stretched 3,000 kilometres north to south (an all-time latitude spanner until Spanish America). The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere.
The exact meaning of "Murabit" is a matter of controversy. Some have suggested that the word might be derived from the Arabic ribat meaning fortress (a term with which it shares the root r-b-t). Most historians, however, now believe that it refers to ribat meaning "ready for battle" (cf. jihad). Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. [2][3]
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Beginnings
The most powerful of the tribes of the Sahara to the Sénégal River was the Lamtuna, whose culture of origin was 'Wadi Noun' (Nul Lemta). The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest The Sénégal River is a 1790 km long River in West Africa, that forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania. The Lamtuna are a Berber Tribe from the region of Mauritania - Western Sahara - Morocco - Algeria. They later closend as close as the upper leger River culture, where they founded the city of Aoudaghost. They had been converted to Islam in the 9th century. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
Influence of orthodox Islam
About the year 1040 (or a little earlier) one of their chiefs, jahya ibn Ibrahim, made the pilgrimage to Makkah. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored On his way home, he attended the teachers of the mosque at Kwairouan, in Tunisia, who soon learnt from him that his people knew little of the religion they were supposed to profess, and that though his will was good, his own ignorance was great. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. By the good offices of the theologians of Kairawan, one of whom was from Fez, Yahya was provided with a missionary, Abdallah ibn Yasin, a zealous partisan of the Malikis, one of the four Madhhab, Sunni schools of Islam. Fes or Fez ( Arabic: فاس, French Fès is the fourth largest City in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat Abdallah Ibn Yasin (died 1059 was a Theologian and founder of the Al-Murabitoon movement and dynasty of North African rulers and later The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or
His preaching was before-long rejected by the Lamtunas; so on the advice of Yahya, who accompanied him, he retired to Saharan regions from which his influence spread. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest There was no element of heresy in his creed, which was mainly distinguished by a strict obedience to the Qur'an, and the orthodox tradition or Sunnah. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet”
Military training
Abd-Allah ibn Yasin imposed a penitential scourging on all converts as a purification, and enforced a regular system of discipline for every breach of the law; even on the chiefs. Under such directions, the Almoravids were brought into excellent order. Their first military leader, Yahya ibn Ibrahim, gave them a good military organization. Their main force was infantry, armed with javelins in the front ranks and pikes behind, which formed into a phalanx; and was supported by camelmen and horsemen on the flanks. This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. A pike is a Pole weapon, a very long thrusting Spear used two-handed and used extensively by Infantry both for attacks on enemy foot soldiers and as The phalanx (Ancient Greek φάλαγξ Modern Greek φάλαγγα phālanga (plural phalanxes or phalanges (Ancient and Modern Greek φάλαγγες Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. In Military tactics, a flanking maneuver, also called a flank attack, is an attack on the sides of an opposing force
Military successes
.PNG/300px-Almoravid_Dynasty_1073_-_1147_(AD).PNG)
From the year 1053, the Almoravids began to spread their religious way to the Berber areas of the Sahara, and to the regions south of the desert. They converted Takrur (a small state in modern Senegal) to Islam, and after winning over the Sanhaja Berber tribe, they quickly took control of the entire desert trade route, seizing Sijilmasa at the northern end in 1054, and Aoudaghost at the southern end in 1055. Takrur, Tekrur, or Tekrour (c 800 - c 1285) was an ancient state of West Africa, which flourished roughly parallel to the Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. The Sanhaja (also commonly spelled "Sanhadja" were one of the largest Berber tribal confederations of the Maghreb, along with the Zanata Sijilmasa (or Sijilmassa) was a Mediaeval trade centre in the western Maghreb. Yahya ibn Ibrahim was killed in a battle in 1056, but Abd-Allah ibn Yasin, whose influence as a religious teacher was paramount; named his brother Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar as chief. Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar (died in 1087 (أبو بكر بن عمر was an Al-Murabitoon ruler Under him, the Almoravids soon began to spread their power beyond the desert, and subjected the tribes of the Atlas Mountains. The Atlas Mountains ( Kabyle: Idurar n leṭles جبال الأطلس) is a Mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2400 They then came in contact with the Berghouata, a branch of the Zenata of central Morocco, who followed a "heresy" founded by Salih ibn Tarif, three centuries earlier. The Barghawata (also Barghwata or Berghouata) were a medieval Berber tribe confederation of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, belonging The Zenata are one of the main divisions of the medieval Berbers, along with Senhaja and Masmuda. Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf (Arabic صالح بن طريف was the second king of the Berghouata, and proclaimed himself a prophet of a new religion The Berghouata made a fierce resistance, and it was in battle with them that Abdullah ibn Yasin was killed. They were, however, completely conquered by Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar, who took the defeated chief's widow, Zainab, as a wife. Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar (died in 1087 (أبو بكر بن عمر was an Al-Murabitoon ruler Zaynab an-Nafzāwiyyat ( (fl 11th century a Berber woman of influence in the early Almoravid movement which gained control of Morocco, Algeria
In 1061, Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar made a division of the power he had established, handing over the more-settled parts to his cousin Yusuf ibn Tashfin, as viceroy; resigning to him also his favourite wife Zainab. Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar (died in 1087 (أبو بكر بن عمر was an Al-Murabitoon ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin or Tashafin (reigned c 1061 - 1106 (يوسف بن تاشفين or يوسف بن تشفين was an ethnic Berber and Al-Murabitoon ruler A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. For himself, he reserved the task of suppressing the revolts which had broken out in the desert, but when he returned to resume control, he found his cousin too powerful to be superseded. He returned to the Sahara, where, in 1087, having been wounded with a poisoned arrow, he died.
Yusuf ibn Tashfin had in the meantime brought what is now known as Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauretania into complete subjection; and in 1062, had founded the city of Marrakech. Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory In Antiquity Mauretania was originally an independent Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa (named after the Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" In 1080, he conquered the kingdom of Tlemcen (in modern-day Algeria) and founded the present city of that name, his rule extending as far east as Oran. Tlemcen is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the the province of the same name. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán.
Ghana Empire
In 1075, the Almoravids conquered Ghana Empire. The Ghana Empire or Wagadou Empire (existed c 750 - 1076) was located in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali According to Arab tradition, the ensuing war pushed Ghana over the edge, ending the kingdom's position as a commercial and military power by 1100, as it collapsed into tribal groups and chieftaincies, some of which later assimilated into the Almoravids while others founded the Mali Empire. The Mali Empire or Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa was a Medieval West African civilization of the Mandinka from c The Almoravid religious influence was gradual and not heavily involved in military strife, as Almoravids increased in power by marrying among the nation's nobility.
Iberian Peninsula
In 1086 Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by the Muslim princes in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) to defend them against Alfonso VI, King of Castile and León. Yusuf ibn Tashfin or Tashafin (reigned c 1061 - 1106 (يوسف بن تاشفين or يوسف بن تشفين was an ethnic Berber and Al-Murabitoon ruler The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. In that year, Yusuf ibn Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras, inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the az-Zallaqah. Yusuf ibn Tashfin or Tashafin (reigned c 1061 - 1106 (يوسف بن تاشفين or يوسف بن تشفين was an ethnic Berber and Al-Murabitoon ruler Algeciras - Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest urban area on the Bay of Gibraltar He was prevented from following up his victory by trouble in Africa, which he had to settle in person.
When he returned to Iberia in 1090, it was avowedly for the purpose of deposing the Muslim princes, and annexing their states. He had in his favour the mass of the inhabitants, who had been worn out by the oppressive taxation imposed by their spend-thrift rulers. Their religious teachers, as well as others in the east, (most notably, al-Ghazali in Persia and al-Tartushi in Egypt, who was himself an Iberian by birth, from Tortosa), detested the native Muslim princes for their religious indifference, and gave Yusuf a fatwa -- or legal opinion -- to the effect that he had good moral and religious right, to dethrone the rulers, whom he saw as heterodox and who did not scruple to seek help from the Christians, whose habits he claimed they had adopted. Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 ( ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی or امام محمد غزالی was born and died For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. see Ibrahim ibn Yaqub al-Tartushi for the 10th century traveller Tortosa ( Latin: Dertusa or Dertosa, Arabic: طرطوشة Ṭurṭūšah) is the capital of the comarca A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an By 1094, he had removed them all, except for the one at Zaragoza; and though he regained little from the Christians except Valencia, he re-united the Muslim power, and gave a check to the reconquest of the country by the Christians. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous
The Commander of the Muslims
After friendly correspondence with the caliph at Baghdad, whom he acknowledged as Amir al-Mu'minin (Commander of the Faithful), Yusuf ibn Tashfin in 1097 assumed the title of Amir al Muslimin (Commander of the Muslims). Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous He died in 1106, when he was reputed to have reached the age of 100.
The Almoravid power was at its height at Yusuf's death, and the Moorish empire then included all North-West Africa as far as Algiers, and all of Iberia south of the Tagus, with the east coast as far as the mouth of the Ebro, and included the Balearic Islands. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest The Tagus ( Latin Tagus, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, pron. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean
Decline
History of al-Andalus 711 - 1492
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711 - 732 Invasions |
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1039 - 1085 Taifas |
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1085-1145 Almoravids |
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1147 - 1238 Almohads |
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1238 - 1492 Kingdom of Granada |
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Three years afterwards, under Yusef's son and successor, Ali ibn Yusuf, Sintra and Santarém were added, and Iberia was again invaded in 1119 and 1121, but the tide had turned; the French having assisted the Aragonese to recover Zaragoza. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Umayyad conquest of Hispania ( 711 – 718) began as an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Berbers inhabitants The Battle of Guadalete was fought in 711 or 712 at an unidentified location between the Christian Visigoths of Hispania under their king Roderic The Battle of Toulouse ( 721) was a victory of a Frankish army led by Duke Odo of Aquitaine over an Umayyad army besieging the city of The Battle of Tours (October 10 732 also called the Battle of Poitiers and in معركة بلاط الشهداء (ma‘arakat Balâṭ ash-Shuhadâ’ Battle of Court ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of This article is about the Andalusian Muslim general and statesman Al-Mansur (938 - 1002 A taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) in the history of Iberia was an independent Muslim -ruled principality The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i The July 16 1212 battle of Las Navas de Tolosa ( Spanish: Batalla de Las Navas de Tolosa / Arabic: معركة العقاب Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri (بنو نصر was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain. The Battle of Granada was the siege of the city of Granada over a period of months leading up to its capitulation on the 2 January 1492 The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Ali ibn Yusuf (علي بن يوسف (died in 1142 was a Al-Murabitoon ruler in North Africa and Al-Andalus who was an ethnic Berber, reigned Sintra ( pron 'sĩtɾɐ is both a town and a municipality in Portugal, located in the district of Lisbon. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former In 1138, Ali ibn Yusuf was defeated by Alfonso VII of Castile and León, and in the Battle of Ourique (1139), by Afonso I of Portugal, who thereby won his crown; and Lisbon was recovered by the Portuguese in 1147. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King The Battle of Ourique (oˈɾik(ɨ took place in July 25 (St James day 1139, probably in the Countryside outside the town of Ourique, Afonso I ( English Alphonzo or Alphonse) more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (ɐˈfõsu ẽˈʁikɨʃ or also Affonso (Archaic Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal.
Ali ibn Yusuf was a pious non-entity, who fasted and prayed while his empire fell to pieces under the combined action of his Christian foes in Iberia and the agitation of Almohads (the Muwahhids) in Morocco. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i After Ali ibn Yusuf's death in 1142, his son Tashfin ibn Ali lost ground rapidly before the Almohads, and in 1146 he was killed by a fall from a precipice, while endeavouring to escape after a defeat near Oran. Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán.
His two successors were Ibrahim ibn Tashfin and Is'haq ibn Ali, but their reign was only short. The conquest of the city of Marrakech by the Almohads in 1147 marked the fall of the dynasty, though fragments of the Almoravids (the Banu Ghaniya), continued to struggle in the Balearic Islands, and finally in Tunisia. Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" The Banu Ghaniya were distant relatives of the Almoravid dynasty, who appointed them as governors of the Balearic Islands in 1126. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa.
Interestingly, family names such as Morabito, Murabito and Mirabito are common in western Sicily, the Aeolian Islands and southern Calabria in Italy. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. The Aeolian Islands ( Italian Isole Eolie) are a Volcanic Archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily. Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest These names may have appeared in this region as early as the 11th century, when Robert Guiscard and the Normans defeated the Saracens (Muslims) in Sicily. Robert Guiscard (from Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, often rendered the Resourceful, the Cunning, the Wily The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Saracen was a term used by Europeans in the Middle Ages for Fatimids at first then later for all who professed the religion of Islam. In addition to southern Italy, there are also sizable populations of Mourabit (also spelled Morabit or Murabit) in modern-day Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania. The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country
| Morocco | |
| This article is part of the series: History of Morocco |
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| Barghawata (744-1058) | |
| Idrisid dynasty (780-974) | |
| Fatimid dynasty (922-937) | |
| Idrisid dynasty (937-974) | |
| Caliphate of Córdoba (974-1039) | |
| Maghrawa emirate (987-1070) | |
| Hammudid dynasty (1039-1055) | |
| Almoravid dynasty (1073-1147) | |
| Almohad dynasty (1130-1269) | |
| Marinid dynasty (1215-1420) | |
| Kingdom of Fez (1420-1554) | |
| Saadi dynasty (1509-1659) | |
| Republic of Bou Regreg (1627-1666) | |
Alaouite dynasty  (1666-present) |
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| Beiruk (1767-1916) | |
| Treaty of Fez (1912) | |
| 1970s (1970s) |
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| 1980s (1980s) |
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| 1990s (1990s) |
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| 2000s (2000s) |
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Rulers
- Abdallah Ibn Yasin (1040-1059)
- Yusuf ibn Tashfin (1061–1106)
- Ali ibn Yusuf (1106–42)
- Tashfin ibn Ali (1142–46)
- Ibrahim ibn Tashfin (1146)
- Ishaq ibn Ali (1146–47)
Culture
- Isaac Alfasi (m. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Capsian culture brought Morocco into the Neolithic about 8000 BC at a time when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today The Barghawata (also Barghwata or Berghouata) were a medieval Berber tribe confederation of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, belonging The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic خلافة قرطبة ruled the Iberian peninsula ( Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of The Magrawa were a Berber tribe in Morocco and central and western Algeria. The Hammudid dynasty is one of the Alid dynasties of Muslim Berbers in Al-Andalus ( i The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name The Kingdom of Fez was a state of North Africa. It bordered the Mediterranean Sea to its north Spain (Melilla to the northeast Abdalwadid The Saadi Dynasty (Arabic سعديون) (in English also Saadite or Saadian original name Bani Zaydan began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh The Republic of Bou Regreg was a 17th century governmental unit in present day western Morocco. The Alaouite Dynasty is the name of the current Moroccan royal family By the Treaty of Fez (معاهدة فاس signed March 30, 1912, Sultan Abdelhafid gave up the Sovereignty of Morocco In the 1970s in Morocco the patriotism engendered by Morocco’s participation in the Middle East conflict and by the events in Western Sahara contributed to Hassan's popularity In the 1990s in Morocco gradual political reforms culminated in the constitutional reform of 1996 which created a new bicameral legislature with expanded although still limited powers In March 2000 women's groups organised demonstrations in Casablanca proposing reforms to the legal status of women in the country Yusuf ibn Tashfin or Tashafin (reigned c 1061 - 1106 (يوسف بن تاشفين or يوسف بن تشفين was an ethnic Berber and Al-Murabitoon ruler Ali ibn Yusuf (علي بن يوسف (died in 1142 was a Al-Murabitoon ruler in North Africa and Al-Andalus who was an ethnic Berber, reigned Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi (1013 - 1103 - also Isaac Hakohen, Alfasi or the Rif (רי"ף - was a Talmudist and Posek (decisor 1103) - rabbis and writer
See also
- History of Morocco
- History of Islam
- History of Spain
- History of Portugal
- The modern Murabitun movement of Western converts
- Maravedís were coins of Almoravid origin, kept in Spain for centuries. The Capsian culture brought Morocco into the Neolithic about 8000 BC at a time when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century The History of Spain spans the period from Prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's current position Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. This article is about the modern movement For the medieval al-Murabitun dynasty in Morocco and Spain see Almoravides. The maravedí was the name of various Iberian coins of gold and then silver between the 11th and 14th centuries and the name of different Iberian accounting units between the
- History of Gibraltar
External links
- Almoravids Dynasty Berber dynasty
References
- ^ Glick, Thomas F. This article details the history of Gibraltar. Prehistoric Evidence of hominid inhabitation of the Rock dates back to the Neanderthals A Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. (2005) Brill Academic Publishers page 37
- ^ Nehemia levtzion, "Abd Allah b. Yasin and the Almoravids", in: John Ralph Willis, Studies in West African Islamic History, p. 54
- ^ P. F. de Moraes Farias, "The Almoravids: Some Questions Concerning the Character of the Movement", Bulletin de l’IFAN, series B, 29:3-4 (794-878), 1967
- General History of Africa, Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, Ed. M. Elfasi, Ch. 13 I. Hrbek and J. Devisse, The Almoravids (pp. 336-366), Unesco, 1988
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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