An alloy is a solid solution or homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, which itself has metallic properties. A solid solution is a Solid - state Solution of one or more solutes in a Solvent. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across It usually has different properties from those of its component elements.
Alloying one metal with others often enhances its properties. For instance, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus, and electrical and thermal conductivity, of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties, such as tensile strength[1] and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms Shear strength in Engineering is a term used to describe the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or Structural failure where the This is sometimes due to the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, since larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element occur. For example, impurities in semi-conducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it [2][3] Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Bronze, used for statues, ornaments and church bells, is an alloy of tin and copper. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus
Unlike pure metals, most alloys do not have a single melting point. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Instead, they have a melting range in which the material is a mixture of solid and liquid phases. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of The temperature at which melting begins is called the solidus and the temperature when melting is complete is called the liquidus. In Chemistry, Materials science, and Physics, the solidus is a temperature (a line on a Phase diagram) below which a given substance is completely The liquidus temperature, TL or Tliq is mostly used for Glasses and Alloys It specifies the maximum temperature at which Crystals However, for most alloys there is a particular proportion of constituents which give them a single melting point or (rarely) two. This is called the alloy's eutectic mixture.
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Classification
Alloys can be classified by the number of their constituents. An alloy with two components is called a binary alloy; one with three is a ternary alloy, and so forth. Alloys can be further classified as either substitution alloys or interstitial alloys, depending on their method of formation. In substitution alloys, the atoms of the components are approximately the same size and the various atoms are simply substituted for one another in the crystal structure. An example of a (binary) substitution alloy is brass, made up of copper and zinc. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Interstitial alloys occur when the atoms of one component are substantially smaller than the other and the smaller atoms fit into the spaces (interstices) between the larger atoms.
Terminology
In practice, some alloys are used so predominantly with respect to their base metals that the name of the primary constituent is also used as the name of the alloy. For example, 14 carat gold is an alloy of gold with other elements. The KARAT (abbreviation "K" or 'Kt' or "KP" for Karat Plumb is a measure of the Purity of Gold Alloys. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Similarly, the silver used in jewelry and the aluminium used as a structural building material are also alloys. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones WikipediaNaming
The term "alloy" is sometime used in everyday speech as a synonym for a particular alloy. For example, automobile wheels made of aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply "alloy wheels". Aluminium alloys are Alloys of Aluminium, often with copper zinc manganese silicon or magnesium The usage is obviously indefinite, since steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys.
See also
References
- ^ Adelbert Phillo Mills, (1922) Materials of Construction: Their Manufacture and Properties, John Wiley & sons, inc, 489 pages, originally published by the University of Wisconsin, Madison
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, (1969) Density of States of an Insulating Ferromagnetic Alloy Phys. Rev. 188, 870 - 874, [Issue 2 – December 1969
- ^ X. Y. Zhang and H. Suhl (1985) Phys. Rev. A 32, 2530 - 2533 (1985) [Issue 4 – October 1985
External links
This is an incomplete list of named Alloys grouped alphabetically by base Metal. Intermetallics or intermetallic compounds is a term that is used in a number of different ways Second Album by Rock and roll Singer-songwriter near-legend Graham Parker.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic