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An alligator is a crocodilian in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Crocodilia is an order of large Reptiles that appeared about 84 million years ago in the late Cretaceous Period ( Campanian stage Alligators and caimans are Archosaurs Species of Crocodilians and form the family Alligatoridae (sometimes regarded instead François Marie Daudin ( March 25, 1774 &ndash1804 was a French Zoologist. The American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, (known colloquially as simply gator) is one of the two living Species of Alligator, a genus The Chinese Alligator or Yangtze Alligator ( Alligator sinensis) is one of two known living species of Alligator, a genus in the family Crocodilia is an order of large Reptiles that appeared about 84 million years ago in the late Cretaceous Period ( Campanian stage A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Alligators and caimans are Archosaurs Species of Crocodilians and form the family Alligatoridae (sometimes regarded instead The name alligator is an anglicized form of the Spanish el lagarto (the lizard), the name by which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the There are two living alligator species: the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the Chinese Alligator (Alligator sinensis). In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, (known colloquially as simply gator) is one of the two living Species of Alligator, a genus The Chinese Alligator or Yangtze Alligator ( Alligator sinensis) is one of two known living species of Alligator, a genus in the family
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Description
The Alligator has been described as 'a living fossil from the Age of Reptiles, having survived on earth for 200 million years'. [1]
An average American alligator's weight and length is 800 lbs (360 kg) and 13 feet (4 m) long. According to the Everglades National Park website, the largest alligator ever recorded in Florida was 17 feet 5 inches long (5. 3 m), although according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission web site the Florida state record for length is a 14 foot 5/8 inch male from Lake Monroe in Seminole County. The Florida record for weight is a 1,043 pound (13 feet 10 1/2 inches long) male from Orange Lake in Alachua County. The largest alligator ever recorded in Alabama measured 12 feet 08 inches (3. 7 m). The largest alligator ever recorded measured 19 feet 2 inches (5. 8 m) and was found on Marsh Island, Louisiana. Few of the giant specimens were weighed, but the larger ones could have exceeded a ton in weight. The Chinese Alligator is smaller, rarely exceeding 7 feet (2 m) in length.
An alligator's lifespan is usually estimated in the range of 50 years or more. A specimen named Muja has resided in the Belgrade Zoo in Serbia since 1937, making it at least 71 years old. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Another specimen, Čabulītis, in Riga Zoo, Latvia died in 2007 being more than 72 years old. Čabulītis ( fl 1935 – 21 August 2007) was a captive American Alligator residing in the Riga Zoo in Riga, Riga Zoo is a city -owned Zoo in Riga, Latvia. It is located in Mežaparks, on the western bank of Ķīšezers lake
Habitat
Alligators are native to only two countries: the United States and China. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National In the Southeast U. S. , Alligators are found in most freshwater and brackish areas.
Location
American Alligators are found in the subtropical southeast US: all of Florida and Louisiana; the southern parts of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; coastal South and North Carolina; Southeastern Texas and in extreme southeastern Oklahoma and Arkansas. The majority of American Alligators inhabit Florida and Louisiana, with over a million alligators in each state. American Alligators live in freshwater environments, such as ponds, marshes, wetlands, rivers, lakes, and swamps, as well as brackish environments. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved A pond is a body of water smaller than a Lake, both being examples of Terrain features Although the term pond is universally used to describe waterbodies that In Geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of Wetland which is subject A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water Southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side.
The Chinese alligator currently is found only in the Yangtze River valley and is extremely endangered, with only a few dozen believed to be left in the wild. Indeed, far more Chinese alligators live in zoos around the world than can be found in the wild. For example, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southern Louisiana has several in captivity in an attempt to preserve the species. Miami-Dade County Zoo in Miami,FL also has a breeding pair of Chinese alligators.
Behavior
Large male alligators are solitary, territorial animals. In Ethology, Sociobiology and Behavioral ecology, the term territory refers to any sociographical area that an Animal of a particular Species Smaller alligators can often be found in large numbers in close proximity to each other. The largest of the species (both males and females), will defend prime territory; smaller alligators have a higher tolerance of other alligators within a similar size class.
Although alligators have heavy bodies and slow metabolisms, they are capable of short bursts of speed, especially in very short lunges. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Alligators' main prey are smaller animals that they can kill and eat with a single bite. Alligators may kill larger prey by grabbing it and dragging it in the water to drown. Alligators consume food that cannot be eaten in one bite by allowing it to rot or by biting and then spinning or convulsing wildly until bite-size pieces are torn off. This is referred to as the "death roll. " A hard-wired response developed over millions of years of evolution, even juvenile alligators execute death rolls when presented with chunks of meat. Critical to the alligator's ability to initiate a death roll, the tail must flex to a significant angle relative to its body. Immobilizing an alligator's tail incapacitates its ability to begin a death roll. [2]
Most of the muscle in an alligator's jaw is intended for biting and gripping prey. The muscles that close the jaws are exceptionally powerful, however the muscles for opening their jaws are relatively weak in comparison. As a result, an adult man can hold an alligator's jaw shut with his bare hands. In general, a strip of duct tape is enough to prevent an adult alligator from opening its jaws and is one of the most common methods used when alligators are to be captured and/or transported. Duct tape (sometimes called duck tape; [3] Alligators are generally timid towards humans and tend to walk or swim away if one approaches. Unfortunately, this has led some people to the practice of approaching alligators and their nests in a way that may provoke the animals into attacking. There are federal laws that prohibit feeding of the alligators in several locations where they can be found; however, some people choose to ignore these. If fed, the alligators will eventually lose their fear of humans and may, in turn, choose to approach human settlements rather than moving away.
Diet
When young they eat fish, insects, snails, crustaceans, and worms. The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting A worm is a common name given to a diverse group of invertebrate animals that have a long soft body and no legs As they grow, they take progressively larger prey items, including larger fish such as gar, turtles, various mammals, birds, antelope and other reptiles. In American English the name gar (or garpike) is strictly applied to members of the Lepisosteus, a family including seven living species of fish in two Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths. Gastroliths (' Stomach stones' or ' Gizzard stones' are rocks, which are or have been held inside the digestive tract of an animal They will even consume carrion if they are sufficiently hungry. Carrion (from the Latin caro, meaning meat refers to the carcass of a dead animal Adult alligators can take razorbacks and deer and are well known to kill and eat smaller alligators. In some cases, larger alligators have been known to hunt the Florida panther and bears, making it the apex predator throughout its distribution. The Florida panther is a critically endangered representative of Cougar ( Puma concolor) that lives in the low pinelands palm forests and As humans encroach onto their habitat, attacks on humans are few but not unknown. Alligators, unlike the large crocodiles, do not immediately regard a human upon encounter as prey, but may still attack in self-defense if provoked.
Attacks on humans
Human deaths caused by alligators have increased. While there were only nine fatal attacks in the U. S. A. between 1970 and 2000, eleven people were killed by alligators in the five years between 2001 and 2006 alone.
Alligators do tend to be wary of humans, but overconfidence has led some people to enter the animals' habitat in ways that provoke aggression. Aggressive behavior by alligator males can increase in the Spring during mating season.
Reproduction
Alligators generally mature at a length of six feet (1. Everglades National Park is a national park in the US state of Florida. 8 m). The mating season is in early spring. The female builds a nest of vegetation where the decomposition of the vegetation provides the heat needed to incubate the eggs. The sex of the offspring is determined by the temperature in the nest and is fixed within 7 to 21 days of the start of incubation. Incubation temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) or lower produce a clutch of females; those of 34 °C (93 °F) or higher produce entirely males. Nests constructed on levees are hotter than those constructed on wet marsh and, thus, the former tend to produce males and the latter, females. The natural sex ratio at hatching is five females to one male. Females hatched from eggs incubated at 30 °C weigh significantly more than males hatched from eggs incubated at 34 °C. [3] The mother will defend the nest from predators and will assist the hatchlings to water. She will provide protection to the young for about a year if they remain in the area. The largest threat to the young are adult alligators. Predation by adults on young can account for a mortality rate of up to fifty percent in the first year. In the past, immediately following the outlawing of alligator hunting, populations rebounded quickly due to the suppressed number of adults preying upon the new recruits, increasing survival among the young alligators. The mother keeps the young for one year.
Farming
Alligator farming is a big and growing industry in Florida, Texas and Louisiana. These states produce a combined annual total of some 45,000 alligator hides. Alligator hides bring good prices and hides in the 6-7 foot (1. 8-2 m) range have sold for $300 each, though the price can fluctuate considerably from year to year. The market for alligator meat is growing and approximately 300,000 pounds (140 000 kg) of meat is produced annually. According to the Florida Department of Agriculture, raw alligator meat contains roughly 200 calories per 3oz (85 g) serving size, of which 27 calories come from fat. [4]
Differences between alligators and crocodiles
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While alligators are often confused with crocodiles, they belong to two quite separate taxonomic families. A crocodile is any Species belonging to the family Crocodylidae (sometimes classified instead as the Subfamily Crocodylinae) Every type of crocodile, except the American crocodile, is usually larger and heavier than alligators, has fewer teeth, and has a shorter life-span. The American crocodile ( Crocodylus acutus) is the most widespread of the four extant species of Crocodiles from the Americas. Alligators differ from crocodiles principally in having wider and shorter heads, with more obtuse snouts; in lacking a jagged fringe which appears on the hind legs and feet of the crocodile; in having the toes of the hind feet webbed not more than half way to the tips; and an intolerance to salinity. Alligators strongly prefer fresh water, while crocodiles can tolerate salt water due to specialized glands for filtering out salt.
The alligator's upper jaw is wider than its lower jaw. The teeth in the lower jaw fit into small depressions in the upper jaw. The upper and lower jaws of the crocodile are the same width, and teeth in the lower jaw fit fall along the edge or outside the upper jaw when the mouth is closed. When the crocodile's mouth is closed, the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw fits into a constriction in the upper jaw. [5]
Both species of alligator also tend to be darker in color, often nearly black but color is very dependent on the water. Algae-laden waters produce greener alligators; alligators from waters with a lot of tannic acid from overhanging trees are often darker (although the Chinese alligator has some light patterning. ) Also, in alligators only the upper teeth can be seen with the jaws closed, in contrast to true crocodiles, in which upper and lower teeth can be seen. However, many individuals bear jaw deformities which complicate this means of identification.
Alligators tend to be clumsier on both land and water than crocodiles, and are reportedly less agressive. Some zoo keepers have reportedly been able to take more liberties with alligators than with crocodiles. When cleaning alligator pools, some zoo keepers can tread on alligators without soliciting a response, though crocodiles almost invariably react aggressively. [6]
As for appearance, one generally reliable rule is that alligators have U-shaped heads, while crocodiles are V-shaped. Crocodiles have a longer narrower snout, with eyes farther forward. [7]Also, if one looks at an alligator and then a crocodile, one will notice a difference in their mouths: only the upper teeth are visible when an alligator's mouth is closed, while a crocodile's mouth will reveal both upper and lower teeth, as their fourth tooth sticks out from the lower jaw, rather than fitting neatly into the upper jaw. [7]
Alligators are not nearly as dangerous and not as daring as crocodiles, for crocodiles sometimes prey on other crocodiles; and alligators rarely prey on other alligators.
Media
| Alligator bellow | |
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| Alligator bellow, ogg/Vorbis format). To learn how to create video or audio files for Wikipedia and its sister projects check WikipediaCreation and usage of media files. Vorbis is a free and open source, lossy audio Codec project headed by the Xiph | |
| Another alligator bellow | |
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| Alligator bellow, ogg/Vorbis format). To learn how to create video or audio files for Wikipedia and its sister projects check WikipediaCreation and usage of media files. Vorbis is a free and open source, lossy audio Codec project headed by the Xiph | |
| Alligator hiss | |
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| Alligator hiss ogg/Vorbis format). To learn how to create video or audio files for Wikipedia and its sister projects check WikipediaCreation and usage of media files. Vorbis is a free and open source, lossy audio Codec project headed by the Xiph | |
See also
References
- ^ http://www.fws.gov/species/species_accounts/bio_alli.html
- ^ [Death roll of the alligator: mechanics of twist feeding in water. This is a list of fatal alligator attacks that occurred in the United States in reverse chronological order by decade Frank E. Fish, Sandra A. Bostic, Anthony J. Nicastro and John T. Beneski, The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 210, pages 2811-2818 (2007). ]
- ^ Crocodilian Captive Care FAQ: How to properly handle/transport crocodilians etc.
- ^ Calories in Alligator Meat
- ^ http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/cbd-faq-q1.htm
- ^ Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation, pp. 195. ISBN 0715352725.
- ^ a b Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: The Book of General Ignorance. John Hardress Wilfred Lloyd (born 30 September 1951) is a British comedy writer and television producer For the English tenor see John Mitchinson (tenor. For the Bishop see John Mitchinson (bishop. The Book of General Ignorance is the first in a series of books based on the final round in the intellectual British Panel game QI Faber & Faber, 2006.
External links
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