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For allegories in category theory, see Allegory (category theory). In mathematics in the subject of Category theory, an allegory is a category that has some of the structure of the category of sets and Binary relations between them
Allegory of Music by Filippino Lippi. Tempera on panel, 61 × 51 cm, c. 1500. The "Allegory of Music" is a popular theme in painting; in this example, Lippi uses symbols popular during the High Renaissance, many of which refer to Greek mythology.
Allegory of Music by Filippino Lippi. Filippo Lippi (c 1457 &ndash April 1504 was a well-known painter working during the High Renaissance in Florence, Italy. Tempera on panel, 61 × 51 cm, c. 1500. The "Allegory of Music" is a popular theme in painting; in this example, Lippi uses symbols popular during the High Renaissance, many of which refer to Greek mythology. The High Renaissance, in the History of art, denotes the culmination of the art of the Italian Renaissance between 1450 and 1527

An allegory (from Greek: αλλος, allos, "other", and αγορευειν, agoreuein, "to speak in public") is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than the literal. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Representation describes the signs that stand in for and take the place of something else This article is about meaning as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of mimetic, or representative art. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Mimesis ( μίμησις from μιμεîσθαι) is a critical and Philosophical term that carries a wide range of meanings including

The etymological meaning of the word is broader than the common use of the word. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Though it is similar to other rhetorical comparisons, an allegory is sustained longer and more fully in its details than a metaphor, and appeals to imagination, while an analogy appeals to reason or logic. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects Imagination is the ability to form Mental images/sounds/feelings or the ability to Spontaneously Generate images/sounds/feelings within one's own Mind Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring Information from a particular subject (the analogue or source to another particular subject (the target and Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. The fable or parable is a short allegory with one definite moral. A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are A parable is a brief succinct story in Prose or verse, that illustrates a Moral or Religious lesson

Since meaningful stories are nearly always applicable to larger issues, allegories may be read into many stories, sometimes distorting their author's overt meaning. For instance, many people have suggested that The Lord of the Rings is an allegory for the World Wars, though it was written well before the outbreak of World War II and in spite of J. R. R. Tolkien's emphatic statement in the introduction to the second edition "It is neither allegorical nor topical. The Lord of the Rings is an epic A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations . . . I cordially dislike allegory in all its manifestations, and always have done so since I grew old and wary enough to detect its presence. "

Northrop Frye discussed what he termed a "continuum of allegory", ranging from what he termed the "naive allegory" of The Faerie Queene, to the more private allegories of modern paradox literature. Herman Northrop Frye, CC, MA (Oxon, DD, DLitt, FRSC ( July 14, 1912 &ndash January 23, 1991 The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser, published first in three books in 1590 and later in six books in 1596 In this perspective, the characters in a "naive" allegory are not fully three-dimensional, for each aspect of their individual personalities and the events that befall them embodies some moral quality or other abstraction; the allegory has been selected first, and the details merely flesh it out.

Contents

Examples

Allegory has been a favourite form in the literature of nearly every nation. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter It represents many tales. In classical literature two of the best-known allegories are the cave in Plato's Republic (Book VII) and the story of the stomach and its members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa (Livy ii. The Allegory of the Cave is an Allegory used by the Greek Philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome 32); and several occur in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including The Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid is a narrative poem In Late Antiquity Martianus Capella organized all the information a fifth-century upper-class male needed to know into an allegory of the wedding of Mercury and Philologia, with the seven liberal arts as guests; Capella's allegory was widely read through the Middle Ages. "Martianus" redirects here For the beetle Genus, see Martianus (beetle. The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education.

Medieval thinking accepted allegory as having a reality underlying any rhetorical or fictional uses. The allegory was as true as superficial facts of surface appearances. Thus, the bull Unam Sanctam (1302) presents themes of the unity of Christendom with the pope as its head in which the allegorical details of the metaphors are adduced as actual facts which take the place of a logical demonstration, yet employing the vocabulary of logic: "Therefore of this one and only Church there is one body and one head—not two heads as if it were a monster. On November 18, 1302, Pope Boniface VIII issued the Papal bull Unam sanctam which historians consider one of the most extreme statements Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon . . If, then, the Greeks or others say that they were not committed to the care of Peter and his successors, they necessarily confess that they are not of the sheep of Christ" (complete text).

In the late fifteenth century, the enigmatic Hypnerotomachia, with its elaborate woodcut illustrations, shows the influence of themed pageants and masques on contemporary allegorical representation, as humanist dialectic conveyed them. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (in English Poliphilo's Strife of Love in a Dream, from Greek hypnos, ‘sleep’ eros, The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment which flourished in sixteenth and early seventeenth century Europe though it was developed earlier in Italy Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century

Titian's Allegory of Age Governed by Prudence, with three human heads symbolising age and the triple-headed beast (dog, lion, wolf) standing for prudence.
Titian's Allegory of Age Governed by Prudence, with three human heads symbolising age and the triple-headed beast (dog, lion, wolf) standing for prudence. Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian

Some elaborate and successful specimens of allegory are to be found in the following works, arranged in the approximate chronological order:

Modern allegories in fiction tend to operate under constraints of modern requirements for verisimilitude within conventional expectations of realism. Aesop (also spelled Æsop, from the Greek Αἴσωπος — Aisōpos) (620-560 BC) known only for the genre of Fables Aesop's Fables or Aesopica refers to a collection of Fables credited to Aesop (620&ndash 560 BC) a slave and story-teller who lived Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece The Republic ( Greek: / Politeía, meaning "political system" Latin: Res Publica, meaning "public business" or The Allegory of the Cave is an Allegory used by the Greek Philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece The Phaedrus ( Greek: Φαίδρος written by Plato, is a dialogue between Plato's main Protagonist, Socrates, and Phaedrus an Plato, in his dialogue Phaedrus (sections 246a - 254e uses the Chariot Allegory to explain his view of the human soul Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus The Trojan Women (in Τρωάδες Trōades) is a Tragedy by the Greek Playwright Euripides. The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου Typology is a theological doctrine of theory of types and their antitypes found in Scripture. "Martianus" redirects here For the beetle Genus, see Martianus (beetle. The Roman de la rose is a medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision William Langland (ca 1332 - ca 1386 is the conjectured Author of the 14th-century English Dream-vision Piers Plowman. Piers Plowman (written ca 1360 &ndash 1399) or Visio Willelmi de Petro Ploughman ( William's Vision of Piers Plowman) is the title Pearl is a Middle English alliterative Poem written in the late 14th century. The Divine Comedy Everyman (German Jedermann) is a late 15th century English Morality play, There is a similar Edmund Spenser (c 1552 &ndash 13 January, 1599) was an important English Poet and Poet Laureate best known for The The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser, published first in three books in 1590 and later in six books in 1596 John Bunyan (28 November 1628 &ndash 31 August 1688 a Christian writer and Preacher, was born at Harrowden (one mile south-east of Bedford The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come by John Bunyan (published February 1678) is a Christian Allegory Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 A Tale of a Tub was the first major work written by Jonathan Swift, composed between 1694 and 1697 and published in 1704 Joseph Addison (May 1 1672 – June 17 1719 was an English essayist and Poet. Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann ( January 24, 1776 &ndash June 25, 1822) better known by his Pen name E Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer " The Great Carbuncle " is a Short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet The Confidence-Man His Masquerade was the last major novel by Herman Melville, the American Writer and Author of Moby-Dick Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Masque of the Red Death " originally published as " The Mask of the Red Death " is a Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe Lyman Frank Baum ( May 15 1856 &ndash May 5 1919) was an American Author, Actor, and Independent filmmaker Verisimilitude in its literary context is defined as the fact or quality of being verisimilar the appearance of being true or real likeness or resemblance of the truth reality or a fact’s Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Works of fiction with strong allegorical overtones include:

Where some requirements of "realism", in its flexible meanings, are set aside, allegory can come more strongly to the surface, as in the work of Bertold Brecht or Franz Kafka on one hand, or on the other in science fiction and fantasy, where an element of universal application and allegorical overtones are common, as with Dune. Waiting for the Barbarians is a Novel by the South African author J Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 Fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson based on The Lion (born; 10 February 1898&ndash14 August 1956 was a German Poet, Playwright, and Theatre director. Dune is a Science fiction novel written by Frank Herbert and published in 1965.

Allegorical films include:

The English School's Allegory of Queen Elizabeth with Father Time at her right and Death looking over her left shoulder. Two cherubs are removing the weighty crown from her tired head.
The English School's Allegory of Queen Elizabeth with Father Time at her right and Death looking over her left shoulder. Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang ( December 5, 1890 &ndash August 2, 1976) was an Austrian German - American Metropolis is a silent Science fiction film directed by Fritz Lang and written by Lang and Thea von Harbou. Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( pronounced) (14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 was a nine-time Academy Award -nominated Swedish film, stage For the Biblical concept see Seven seals. For the Rakim album see The Seventh Seal (Rakim album. 2001 A Space Odyssey is a 1968 Science fiction film directed by Stanley Kubrick, written by Kubrick and Arthur C El Topo ( The Mole) is a 1970 allegorical, cult Western movie and Underground film, directed by and Star Trek VI The Undiscovered Country is the sixth feature film based on the Star Trek Science fiction Television series. The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction - martial arts - Action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and is a successful landmark 1954 Japanese Science fiction film directed and co-written by Ishiro Honda with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 Fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson based on The Lion The Golden Compass is a Fantasy film based upon Northern Lights (published as The Golden Compass in the U Father Time (known as Pakiž in some countries is a Personification of Time. In English Death is often given the name the " Grim Reaper " and shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large Scythe, and wearing a midnight black gown robe Two cherubs are removing the weighty crown from her tired head.

Some artwoks of allegory include:

See also

References

  1. ^ Roppolo, Joseph Patrick. Allegory in the Middle Ages was a vital element in the Synthesis of Biblical and Classical traditions into what would become recognizable as Medieval culture By the 16th century allegory was firmly linked to what is known as the Elizabethan world picture, taken from Ptolemy and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite Allegorical sculpture refers to sculptures that symbolize and particularly personify abstract ideas A roman à clef or roman à clé (French for "novel with a key" is a Novel describing real life behind a façade of Fiction Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both "Meaning and 'The Masque of the Red Death'", collected in Poe: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Robert Regan. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1967. p. 134

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

allegory

-noun

  1. The representation of abstract principles by characters or figures.
  2. A picture, book, or other form of communication using such representation.
  3. A symbolic representation.
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