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Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid
Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid

Alkaloid are naturally occurring chemical compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. Ephedrine (EPH is a Sympathomimetic Amine commonly used as a Stimulant, appetite suppressant concentration aid Decongestant, and to treat A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 The name derives from the word alkaline and was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A natural product is a Chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism - found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical Secondary metabolites are Organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or Reproduction of Organisms Many alkaloids can be purified from crude extracts by acid-base extraction. Acid-base extraction is a procedure using sequential Liquid-liquid extractions to purify Acids and bases from mixtures based on their chemical properties Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism They often have pharmacological effects and are used as medications and recreational drugs. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes Examples are the local anesthetic and stimulant cocaine, the stimulant caffeine, nicotine, the analgesic morphine, or the antimalarial drug quinine. A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible Local anesthesia and a loss of Nociception. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic Nicotine is an Alkaloid found in the Nightshade family of plants ( Solanaceae) which constitutes approximately 0 Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Antimalarial drugs are designed to prevent or cure Malaria. Some antimalarial agents particularly Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, are also used Quinine (ˈkwaɪnaɪn kwɪˈniːn ˈkwiːniːn is a natural white Crystalline Alkaloid having Antipyretic (fever-reducing antimalarial, Some alkaloids have a bitter taste. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses

Caffeine
Caffeine

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Alkaloid classifications

Alkaloids are usually classified by their common molecular precursors, based on the metabolic pathway used to construct the molecule. Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic In Biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. When not much was known about the biosynthesis of alkaloids, they were grouped under the names of known compounds, even some non-nitrogenous ones (since those molecules' structures appear in the finished product; the opium alkaloids are sometimes called "phenanthrenes", for example), or by the plants or animals they were isolated from. Biosynthesis is a phenomenon wherein Chemical compounds are produced from simpler Reagents Biosynthesis unlike Chemosynthesis, takes place within living When more is learned about a certain alkaloid, the grouping is changed to reflect the new knowledge, usually taking the name of a biologically-important amine that stands out in the synthesis process.

Physicochemical properties

Low-molecular weight alkaloids without hydrogen bond donors such as hydroxy groups are often liquid at room temperature, examples are nicotine, sparteine, coniine, and phenethylamine. Capsaicin /ˌkæpˈseˌɪsɪn/ (8- Methyl - N - Vanillyl -6-nonen Amide) is the active component of Chili peppers A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen Nicotine is an Alkaloid found in the Nightshade family of plants ( Solanaceae) which constitutes approximately 0 Sparteine is a class 1a Antiarrhythmic agent. It is an Alkaloid and can be extracted from Scotch broom. Coniine is a poisonous Alkaloid found in poison hemlock and the Yellow Pitcher Plant, and contributes to hemlock's fetid smell Phenethylamine, or β -phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine is an Alkaloid and Monoamine.

The basicity of alkaloids depends on the lone pairs of electrons on their nitrogen atoms. lone pair is a (valence electron pair without bonding or sharing with other Atoms They are found in the outermost Electron shell of an atom so lone pairs Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 As organic bases, alkaloids form salts with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid and organic acids such as tartaric acid or maleic acid. A mineral acid is an Acid derived by Chemical reaction from inorganic Minerals as opposed to Organic acids These have Hydrogen Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. An organic acid is an Organic compound with Acidic properties Tartaric acid is a white crystalline Organic acid. It occurs naturally in many plants particularly Grapes Bananas and Tamarinds and is Maleic acid or ( Z)-butenedioic acid or cis -butenedioic acid or malenic acid or maleinic acid or toxilic These salts are usually more water-soluble than their free base form. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent.

See also

References

Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and A natural product is a Chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism - found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical Secondary metabolites are Organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or Reproduction of Organisms

Dictionary

alkaloid

-noun

  1. (organic chemistry) Any of many organic heterocyclic bases, that occur in nature and often have medicinal properties.
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