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Stick model of alkaline phosphatase
Stick model of alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (EC 3.1.3.1) is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids. This article is about the Enzyme Commission codes For the European Commission system for coding chemicals see EC-No. In Biochemistry, a hydrolase is an Enzyme that catalyzes the Hydrolysis of a Chemical bond. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. Nucleotides are Organic compounds that consist of three joined structures a nitrogenous base a Sugar, and a Phosphate group Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. The process of removing the phosphate group is called dephosphorylation. Phosphorylation is the addition of a Phosphate (PO4 group to a Protein molecule or a small molecule As the name suggests, alkaline phosphatases are most effective in an alkaline environment. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal

Contents

Bacterial

In bacteria, alkaline phosphatase is located in the periplasmic space, external to the cell membrane. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have The periplasmic space or periplasm is a space between the inner Cytoplasmic membrane and external Outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer Since this space is much more subject to environmental variation than the actual interior of the cell, bacterial alkaline phosphatase is comparatively resistant to inactivation, denaturation, and degradation, and also has a higher rate of activity. Denaturation is a process in which Proteins or Nucleic acids lose their structure (tertiary structure by application of some external stress or compound for Although the actual purpose of the enzyme is still not fully understood, the simple hypothesis, that it is a means for the bacteria to generate free phosphate groups for uptake and use, is supported by the fact that alkaline phosphatase is usually only produced by the bacteria during phosphate starvation and not when phosphate is plentiful. However, other possibilities exist; for instance, the presence of phosphate groups usually prevents organic molecules from passing through the membrane, therefore dephosphorylating them may be important for bacterial uptake of organic compounds in the wild. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Some complexities of bacterial regulation and metabolism suggest that other, more subtle, purposes for the enzyme may also play a role for the cell. This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. In the laboratory, however, mutant Escherichia coli lacking alkaline phosphatase survive quite well, as do mutants unable to shut off alkaline phosphatase production. A laboratory (informally lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific Research, Experiments and A mutant is an individual organism or new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of Mutation, which is a base-pair sequence change within the DNA

Use in research

The most common alkaline phosphatases used in research are:

Alkaline phosphatase has become a useful tool in molecular biology laboratories, since DNA normally possesses phosphate groups on the 5' end. True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh Pandalus borealis (also called Pandalus eous) is a species of Shrimp found in cold parts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Many A calf (kɑːf plural calves, /kɑːvz/ is the young of various species of Mammal. In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Removing these phosphates prevents the DNA from ligating (the 5' end attaching to the 3' end), thereby keeping DNA molecules linear until the next step of the process for which they are being prepared; also, removal of the phosphate groups allows radiolabeling (replacement by radioactive phosphate groups) in order to measure the presence of the labeled DNA through further steps in the process or experiment. Ligation may refer to The act of making a ligature (tie In medicine a ligature is a device similar to a tourniquet usually of thread or string tied around Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Isotopic labeling is a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system For these purposes, the alkaline phosphatase from shrimp is the most useful, as it is the easiest to inactivate once it has done its job.

Another important use of alkaline phosphatase is as a label for enzyme immunoassays. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, also called ELISA, Enzyme ImmunoAssay or EIA, is a biochemical technique used mainly in Immunology

One common use in the dairy industry is as a marker of pasteurisation. This molecule is denatured by elevated temperatures found during pasteurisation, and can be tested for via colour change of a para-nitro-phenol phosphate substrate in a buffered solution (Aschaffenburg Mullen Test). Raw milk would typically produce a yellow colouration within a couple of minutes, whereas properly pasteurised milk should show no change. There are of course exceptions to this in the case of heat stable alkaline phophatases produced by some bacteria.

Inhibitors

All mammalian alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes except placental (PLAP and SEAP) are inhibited by homoarginine and similarly all except the intestinal and placental ones are blocked by levamisole. The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation Levamisole (Ergamisol HCl salt is an Antibiotic belonging to a class of synthetic Imidazothiazole derivatives Heating for ~2 hours at 65oC inactivated most isoenzymes except Placental isoforms (PLAP and SEAP).

Human

alkaline phosphatase, intestinal
Identifiers
Symbol ALPI
Entrez 248
HUGO 437
OMIM 171740
RefSeq NM_001631
UniProt P09923
Other data
EC number 3.1.3.1
Locus Chr. 2 q37.1
Identifiers
Symbol ALPL
Alt. The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful Federated search engine or Web portal that allows users to search many discrete Health sciences The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO is an organization involved in the Human Genome Project, a project about mapping the human genome The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a Database that catalogues all the known Diseases with a genetic component, and—when possible—links them The National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM a branch of the National Institutes Swiss-Prot is a manually curated Biological database of Protein sequences This article is about the Enzyme Commission codes For the European Commission system for coding chemicals see EC-No. In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a Chromosome 2 is one of the 23 pairs of Chromosomes in Humans People normally have two copies of this chromosome Alkaline phosphatase liver/bone/kidney, also known as ALPL, is a human Gene. Alkaline phosphatase liver/bone/kidney, also known as ALPL, is a human Gene. Symbols HOPS
Entrez 249
HUGO 438
OMIM 171760
RefSeq NM_000478
UniProt P05186
Other data
EC number 3.1.3.1
Locus Chr. 1 p36.12
Identifiers
Symbol ALPP
Entrez 250
HUGO 439
OMIM 171800
RefSeq NM_001632
UniProt P05187
Other data
EC number 3.1.3.1
Locus Chr. 2 q37.1

Physiology

In humans, alkaline phosphatase is present in all tissues throughout the entire body, but is particularly concentrated in liver, bile duct, kidney, bone, and the placenta. The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful Federated search engine or Web portal that allows users to search many discrete Health sciences The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO is an organization involved in the Human Genome Project, a project about mapping the human genome The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a Database that catalogues all the known Diseases with a genetic component, and—when possible—links them The National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM a branch of the National Institutes Swiss-Prot is a manually curated Biological database of Protein sequences This article is about the Enzyme Commission codes For the European Commission system for coding chemicals see EC-No. In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest Human Chromosome. Alkaline phosphatase placental (Regan isozyme, also known as ALPP, is a human Gene. Alkaline phosphatase placental (Regan isozyme, also known as ALPP, is a human Gene. The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful Federated search engine or Web portal that allows users to search many discrete Health sciences The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO is an organization involved in the Human Genome Project, a project about mapping the human genome The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a Database that catalogues all the known Diseases with a genetic component, and—when possible—links them The National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM a branch of the National Institutes Swiss-Prot is a manually curated Biological database of Protein sequences This article is about the Enzyme Commission codes For the European Commission system for coding chemicals see EC-No. In the fields of Genetics and Evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a Chromosome such as the position of a Chromosome 2 is one of the 23 pairs of Chromosomes in Humans People normally have two copies of this chromosome The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce The placenta is an Ephemeral organ present in placental Vertebrates, such as Eutherial Mammals and Sharks during Gestation The optimal pH for the enzyme activity is pH=10 in standard conditions (298K,1 atm).

Diagnostic use

High ALP levels can show that the bile ducts are blocked. A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. [1] Blood plasma (serum) levels of ALP are typically 20-70 units per liter in adults (Reference - USMLE), depending on the assay and local normal guidelines . Blood plasma is the Liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended Levels are significantly higher in children and pregnant women.

Lowered levels of ALP are less common than elevated levels.

The following conditions can cause abnormal levels of ALP:

Elevated levels (hyperphosphatasemia)

If it is unclear why alkaline phosphatase is elevated, isoenzyme studies using electrophoresis can confirm the source of the ALP. Isozymes (also known as isoenzymes) are Enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. Heat stability also distinguishes bone and liver isoenzymes ("bone burns, liver lasts").

Lowered levels (hypophosphatasemia)

Other notes

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) is found within white blood cells. Verapamil (brand names Isoptin, Verelan, Calan, Bosoptin, Covera-HS) is an L-type Calcium channel blocker. Carbamazepine ("CBZ" is an Anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug used primarily in the treatment of Epilepsy and Bipolar disorder Phenytoin sodium is a commonly used Antiepileptic. Phenytoin acts to dampen the unwanted runaway brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain Erythromycin is a Macrolide Antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of Penicillin, and is often used for people Allopurinol is a drug used primarily to treat conditions arising from excess Uric acid, most notably chronic Gout. Ranitidine ( INN) (rəˈnɪtɨdiːn is a Histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant Bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated # or Fx or Fx) is a medical condition in which a Bone is cracked or broken Multiple myeloma (also known as MM, myeloma, plasma cell myeloma, or as Kahler's disease after Otto Kahler) is a type of In Biology, the skeleton is a strong and often a rigid framework that supports the body of an animal holding it upright and giving it shape and strength (Also skeletal Osteomalacia is the general term for the softening of the bones due to defective Bone mineralization. Rickets is a softening of the bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of the Parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of Parathyroid hormone (PTH Hypothyroidism is the disease state in humans and animals caused by insufficient production of Thyroid hormone by the Thyroid gland. Primary Polycythemia, often called Polycythemia vera (PCV polycythemia rubra vera (PRV or erythremia occurs when excess red blood cells are produced Myelofibrosis, also known as myeloid metaplasia, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, and primary myelofibrosis, is a disorder of the Bone marrow The term leukemoid reaction, also referred to as transient myeloproliferative disorder, describes an elevated White blood cell count or Leukocytosis, that Hormonal contraception refers to Birth control methods that act on the hormonal system Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited Metabolic disorder of decreased tissue nonspecific Alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP and defective Bone mineralization Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan Hormone replacement therapy may refer to Hormone replacement therapy (menopause Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. Cardiac surgery is Surgery on the Heart and/or Great vessels performed by a Cardiac surgeon. Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Hypothyroidism is the disease state in humans and animals caused by insufficient production of Thyroid hormone by the Thyroid gland. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative Achondroplasia is a type of Autosomal dominant Genetic disorder that is a common cause of Dwarfism. This article is about the medical term For the Marxist political concept see Parliamentary cretinism. In Medicine, enteritis refers to Inflammation of the Small intestine. Pernicious anemia (also known as Biermer's anemia, Addison's anemia, or Addison-Biermer anemia) is a form of Megaloblastic anemia due to Chronic myelogenous (or myeloid leukemia ( CML) is a form of Leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly Myeloid cells Alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) ( is a Hydrolase Enzyme responsible for removing Phosphate groups from many types of molecules including Blood levels of LAP can help in the diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and leukemoid reaction. Chronic myelogenous (or myeloid leukemia ( CML) is a form of Leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly Myeloid cells The term leukemoid reaction, also referred to as transient myeloproliferative disorder, describes an elevated White blood cell count or Leukocytosis, that

See also

References

  1. ^ ALP: The Test

External links

Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs which include liver enzymes, are groups of Clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give information about the Acid phosphatase is a Phosphatase, a type of enzyme used to free attached phosphate groups from other molecules during Digestion.
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