Group	2
Period
2	4 Be
3	12 Mg
4	20 Ca
5	38 Sr
6	56 Ba
7	88 Ra

The alkaline earth metals are a series of elements comprising Group 2 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A period 2 element is one of the Chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 A period 3 element is one of the Chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 A period 7 element is one of the Chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88 In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56 Radium (ˈreɪdiəm is a radioactive Chemical element which has the symbol Ra and Atomic number 88 The alkaline earth metals provide a good example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with well characterized homologous behavior down the group. ”

The alkaline earth metals are silvered colored, soft metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water, though not as rapidly as the alkali metals, to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions In Chemistry, an ionic compound is a Chemical compound in which Ions are held together in a lattice structure by Ionic bonds Usually the positively Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen For example, where sodium and potassium react with water at room temperature, magnesium reacts only with steam and calcium with hot water:

Mg + 2 H₂O → Mg(OH)₂ + H₂

Beryllium is an exception: It does not react with water or steam, and its halides are covalent. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Beryllium (bəˈrɪliəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Be and Atomic number 4

All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their valence shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge

The alkaline earth metals are named after their oxides, the alkaline earths, whose old-fashioned names were beryllia, magnesia, lime, strontia and baryta. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Beryllium oxide ( BeO) is a white crystalline oxide It is notable as it is an electrical insulator with a thermal conductivity higher than any other non-metal that actually Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid Mineral that occurs naturally as Periclase and is a source Calcium oxide ( CaO) commonly known as burnt lime, lime or quicklime, is a widely used Chemical compound. Strontium oxide or strontia, SrO is formed when Strontium reacts with Oxygen. Barium hydroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Ba(OH2 These oxides are basic (alkaline) when combined with water. "Earth" is an old term applied by early chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant to heating--properties shared by these oxides. The realization that these earths were not elements but compounds is attributed to the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. In his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry) of 1789 he called them salt-forming earth elements. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Later, he suggested that the alkaline earths might be metal oxides, but admitted that this was mere conjecture. In 1808, acting on Lavoisier's idea, Humphry Davy became the first to obtain samples of the metals by electrolysis of their molten earths. Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current

Biological occurrences

• Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems; it has no known role in living organisms, and when encountered by them, is generally highly toxic.

• Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. They are involved in more than one role, with for example Mg/Ca ion pumps playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium functioning as the active center in some enzymes, and calcium salts taking a structural role (e. "Ion pump" redirects here For pumps that reduce pressure see Ion pump (physics. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins g. bones). Bones are rigid organs that form part of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates They function to move support and protect the various organs of the body produce

• Strontium and barium have a lower availability in the biosphere. They generally have no natural role in biological systems, (perhaps the only documented example is the primitive marine organism Acantharea, which uses strontium sulfate to build its exoskeleton). The Acantharea are a small group of Radiolarian Protozoa, distinguished mainly by their skeletons An exoskeleton is an external Skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body in contrast to the internal Endoskeleton of for example a Human. These elements have some uses in medicine, for example "barium meals" in radiographic imaging, whilst strontium compounds are employed in some toothpastes. A barium meal, also known as an upper gastrointestinal series is a procedure in which radiographs of the Esophagus, Toothpaste is a Paste or Gel Dentifrice used to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of Teeth.

• Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to life.

References

• Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals, Royal Chemistry Society.
• Group 1 Alkali Metals and Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals, Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic.
• Science aid: Group 2 Metals Study aid for teens
• Maguire, Michael E. "Alkaline Earth Metals. " Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. Ed. J. J. Lagowski. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 33-34. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale.

Explanation of above periodic table slice:

Alkaline earth metals

Atomic numbers in black indicate solids

Solid borders indicate primordial elements (older than the Earth)

Dashed borders indicate natural radioactive elements with no isotopes older than the Earth

EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation.

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