First Aliyah: Biluim wearing traditional Arab headdress, the keffiyeh. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) Bilu (ביל"ו Acronym based on a verse from the Book of Isaiah (25 "בית יעקב לכו ונלכה" " B eit The keffiyeh (كوفية, plural ar كوفيات kūfiyyāt) shmagh, shemagh or yashmag (ar شماغ) (from Turkish

Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה Translit.: Aliya Translated: ascent) refers to Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel). Hebrew uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel points. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to Transliterate Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The opposite action, Jewish emigration from Israel, is referred to as Yerida ("descent"). PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Yerida ( is the somewhat derogatory term widely used to mean Emigration by Jews and Israelis from the State of Israel.

Religious, ideological and cultural concept

Aliyah is widely regarded as an important Jewish cultural concept and a fundamental concept of Zionism that is enshrined in Israel's Law of Return, which permits any Jew the legal right to assisted immigration and settlement in Israel, as well as automatic Israeli citizenship. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The Law of Return ( Hebrew: חוק השבות ḥok ha-shvūt) is Israeli legislation originating in 1950 that gives Jews those of Jewish ancestry " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics A Jew who makes aliyah is called an oleh (m. singular) or olah (f. singular), the plural for both is olim. Many Religious Jews espouse aliyah as a return to the Promised land, and regard it as the fulfillment of God's biblical promise to the descendants of the Hebrew patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Promised Land ( הארץ המובטחת, translit: ha-Aretz ha-Muvtachat) is another name for the Land of Israel, the region which according God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: According to the Hebrew Bible, Isaac ( Hebrew: Yitzchak יִצְחָק, Standard Yiẓḥaq Jacob ( Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard   Yaʿaqov Tiberian   Yaʿăqōḇ; Aliyah is included as a commandment by some opinions on the enumeration of the 613 commandments. See also Mitzvah See also Biblical law in Christianity The 613 Mitzvot ("commandments" (also " 613 Mitzvos

In Zionist discourse, the term aliyah (plural aliyot) includes both voluntary immigration for ideological, emotional, or practical reasons and, on the other hand, mass flight of persecuted populations of Jews. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the The vast majority of Israeli Jews today trace their family's recent roots to outside of the country. While many have actively chosen to settle in Israel rather than some other country, many had little or no choice about leaving their previous home countries. While Israel is commonly recognized as "a country of immigrants", it is also, in large measure, a country of refugees. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race

According to the most common traditional Jewish ordering of books of the Bible, the very last word of the Bible (i. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is e. the last word in the original Hebrew of verse 2 Chronicles 36:23) is veya`al, a "jussive" verb form derived from the same root as aliyah, meaning "let him go up" (to Israel). In the terminology used to discuss the grammar of the Semitic languages and some other Afro-Asiatic languages, a triliteral ( Arabic: جذر ثلاثي

Historical background

Aliyah 1948-2000: by numbers and by source.

Mass return to the Land of Israel is a recurring theme in Jewish prayers recited every day, three times a day, and holiday services on Passover and Yom Kippur traditionally conclude with the words "Next year in Jerusalem. Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר ˈjɔm kiˈpur also known in English as the Day of Atonement, is the most solemn and important of the Jewish holidays Its " For generations, however, aliyah was associated with the coming of the Jewish Messiah. Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible Jews prayed for their Messiah to come, who was to redeem the Land of Israel from gentile rule and return world Jewry to the land under a Halachic theocracy. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler

Pre-Zionist aliyah (1200-1882)

The number of Jews returning to the Land of Israel from the Jewish Diaspora rose significantly between the 13th and 19th centuries, mainly due to a general decline in the status of Jews across Europe and an increase in religious persecution. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs of affiliations. The expulsion of Jews from England (1290), France (1391), Austria (1421) and Spain (the Alhambra decree of 1492) were seen by many as a sign of approaching redemption and contributed greatly to the messianic spirit of the time. This article describes the Edict of Expulsion, given by Edward I of England in 1290, that expelled all Jews from England for Austria first became a center of Jewish learning during the thirteenth century Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule in Spain, before they The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of

Aliyah was also spurred during this period by the resurgence of messianic fervor among the Jews of France, Italy, the Germanic states, Poland, Russia and North Africa. The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is Jews have been present in Italy from the Roman period until today Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The belief in the imminent coming of the Jewish Messiah, the ingathering of the exiles and the re-establishment of the kingdom of Israel encouraged many who had few other options to make the perilous journey to the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael). Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is

Pre-Zionist resettlement in Palestine met with various degrees of success. For example, little is known of the fate of the 1210 "aliyah of the three hundred rabbis" and their descendants. It is thought that few survived the bloody upheavals caused by the Crusader invasion in 1229 and their subsequent expulsion by the Muslims in 1291. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents After the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and the expulsion of Jews from Spain (1492) and Portugal (1498), many Jews made their way to the Holy Land. Then the immigration in the 18th and early 19th centuries of thousands of followers of various Kabbalist and Hassidic rabbis, as well as the disciples of the Vilna Gaon and the disciples of the Chattam Sofer, added considerably to the Jewish populations in Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew Acronym Gra (" G aon Rabbi Moshe Sofer, (Moses Schreiber also known by his main work Chasam Sofer, ( trans Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Tiberias ( British English: /taɪˈbɪəriæs -əs/ American English: /taɪˈbɪriəs/ טְבֶרְיָה Tverya; طبرية Ṭabariyyah Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south Safed (צְפַת pronounced Tsfat; صفد pronounced Safad) is a city in the Northern District of Israel.

The messianic dreams of the Gaon of Vilna inspired one of the largest pre-Zionist waves of immigration to Eretz Yisrael. Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew Acronym Gra (" G aon In 1808, hundreds of the Gaon's disciples, known as Perushim, settled in Tiberias and Safed, and later formed the core of the Old Yishuv in Jerusalem. The Perushim ( פרושים) were disciples of Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (known as the Vilna Gaon) who left Lithuania to settle ^[1][2] This was part of a larger movement of thousands of Jews from countries as widely spaced as Persia and Morocco, Yemen and Russia, who moved to Israel beginning in the first decade of the nineteenth century - and in even larger numbers after the conquest of the region by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1832 - all drawn by the expectation of the arrivval of the Messiah in the Jewish year 5600, English year 1840, a movement documented in Arie Morgenstern's Hastening Redemption. This article is about the leader of Egypt For other people named Muhammad Ali or Mehmet Ali see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation and Mehemet Ali (disambiguation Hastening Redemption Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel is a book by Israeli Historian Arie Morgenstern

There were also those who like the British mystic Laurence Oliphant tried to lease Northern Palestine to settle the Jews there (1879). See also Laurence Oliphant (1691-1767. Laurence Oliphant (1829 Cape Town - December 23, 1888, Twickenham

Zionist Aliyah (From 1882)

In Zionist history, the different waves of aliyah, beginning with the arrival of the Biluim from Russia in 1882, are often categorized by date and the country of origin of the immigrants. Bilu (ביל"ו Acronym based on a verse from the Book of Isaiah (25 "בית יעקב לכו ונלכה" " B eit Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

First Aliyah (1882-1903)

Main article: First Aliyah

Between 1882 and 1903, approximately 35,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine, then a province of the Ottoman Empire. The First Aliyah (also The Farmers' Aliyah) was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist Aliyah. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The majority, belonging to the Hibbat Zion and Bilu movements, came from the Russian Empire with a smaller number arriving from Yemen. Hovevei Zion is also a popular Israeli musical group Hovevei Zion (חובבי ציון also known as Hibbat Zion (חיבת ציון Bilu (ביל"ו Acronym based on a verse from the Book of Isaiah (25 "בית יעקב לכו ונלכה" " B eit The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Many established agricultural communities. Among the towns that these individuals established are Petah Tikva (already in 1878), Rishon LeZion, Rosh Pina, and Zikhron Ya'aqov. Petah Tikva (פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה "Opening of Hope" known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot " is a city in the Rishon LeZion (רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן lit First to Zion is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli Rosh Pinna is a town ( local council) of approximately 2300 people located in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'anin the Northern District In 1882, the Yemenite Jews established a new suburb of Jerusalem called the Yemenite Village in Silwan located south-east of the walls of the Old City on the slopes of the Mount of Olives. Yemenite Jews ( Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard   Temanim Tiberian   Têmānîm Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Silwan or " Kfar Shiloah " (כפר השילוח سلوان is a Palestinian neighborhood of 45000 adjacent to the Old City of Jerusalem, extending The Mount of Olives (also Mount Olivet, جبل الزيتون الطور Jebel az-Zeitun הר הזיתים Har HaZeitim; is a mountain ridge in east

Second Aliyah (1904-1914)

Main article: Second Aliyah

Between 1904 and 1914, 40,000 Jews immigrated mainly from Russia to Palestine following pogroms and outbreaks of anti-semitism in that country. The Second Aliyah was arguably the most important and influential Aliyah. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility This group, many of whom were infused with socialist ideals, established the first kibbutz, Degania, in 1909 and formed self defense organizations, such as Hashomer, to counter increasing Arab hostility and to help Jews to protect their communities from Arab bandits. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Degania Alef (דגניה א' was the first Kibbutz established by Jews in the areas of the Land of Israel then under Ottoman rule Hashomer (השומר ("The Watchman" was a Jewish defense organization in Palestine founded out of Bar-Giora in April 1909 The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The suburb of Jaffa, Ahuzat Bayit, established at this time, grew into the city of Tel Aviv. Jaffa يَافَا;(יָפוֹ Yafo; also Japho, Joppa) is an ancient Port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel During this period, some of the underpinnings of an independent nation-state arose: The national language Hebrew was revived; newspapers and literature written in Hebrew published; political parties and workers organizations were established. The First World War effectively ended the period of the Second Aliyah. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Third Aliyah (1919-1923)

Main article: Third Aliyah

Between 1919 and 1923, 40,000 Jews, mainly from the Russian Empire arrived in the wake of World War I, the British conquest of Palestine; the establishment of the Mandate, and the Balfour Declaration. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Ever since the Jews were exiled from the Land of Israel, during all generations many Jews aspired to return to their ancestral homeland History of Zionism The Return to Zion (שיבת ציון Shivat Tzion, or שבי ציון, Shavei Tzion, lit The First Aliyah (also The Farmers' Aliyah) was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist Aliyah. The Second Aliyah was arguably the most important and influential Aliyah. Prior to and during the period of World War I, the area of Palestine was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The third Aliyah refers to the third wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe who came inspired by Zionist motives between the years 1919 The Fourth Aliyah refers to the fourth wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe and Asia whom came based on Zionist motives between The Fifth Aliyah refers to the fifth wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe and Asia between the years 1929 and 1939 Aliyah Bet (Hebrew 'עלייה ב meaning " Aliyah 'B'" ( bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet was the code name given to Illegal immigration Berihah, or "Brichah" ( was the organized effort that helped Jews escape post- Holocaust Europe to Palestine. Operation Magic Carpet is a widely-known nickname for Operation On Wings of Eagles, an operation between June 1949 and September 1950 that brought From 1950 to 1952, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah airlifted 120-130000 Iraqi Jews to Israel via Iran and Cyprus. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi The Polish 1968 political crisis (also known in Polish as 'March 1968' or 'March events' Marzec 1968 or wydarzenia marcowe) describes the major Student and intellectual In the 1970s a big immigration wave of Soviet Union Jews came to Israel. The Jewish Aliyah from Ethiopia began during the mid-1970s during which the majority of the Jewish Ethiopians immigrated to Israel. The big immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel during the 1990s actually started during the late 1980s with the opening of Following the 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires, and in the wake of the 1999–2002 Argentine political and economic crisis, many Argentine Jews emigrated to Jewish history is the History of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: Tefutzah, "scattered" or Galut גלות "exile" Yiddish: tfutses) the presence The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel begins with the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews) who settled in the Land of Israel. Yishuv (ישוב literally "settlement" or Ha-Yishuv (the Yishuv הישוב or the full term הישוב היהודי בארץ ישראל Hayishuv Hayehudi Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization Although the Zionist movement was created by Theodor Herzl in 1897 the history of Zionism can be seen as beginning Timeline of Jewish history This is a partial timeline of Zionism in the modern era since the end of the 18th century The revival of the Hebrew language was a process that took place in Europe and Israel at the end of the 19th century and Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious The relationship between Haredim and Zionism has always been a difficult one Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known The third Aliyah refers to the third wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe who came inspired by Zionist motives between the years 1919 Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Ottoman advance towards the Suez Canal The Ottoman Empire at the urging of their German ally chose to attack British and Egyptian forces in Egypt and shut the Suez Canal The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement Balfour Declaration of 1917 (dated November 2 1917) was a Classified formal statement of Policy by the British government stating Many of these were pioneers, known as halutzim, trained in agriculture and capable of establishing self sustaining economies. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement In spite of immigration quotas established by the British administration, the population of Jews reached 90,000 by the end of this period. The Jezreel Valley and the Hefer Plain marshes were drained and converted to agricultural use. The Jezreel Valley (עמק יזרעאל Emek Yizrael) is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the south of the Lower Galilee region of Israel Additional national institutions arose: The Histadrut (General Labor Federation); an elected assembly; national council; and the Haganah. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The Histadrut ("Federation" labour or HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel Haganah ( Hebrew: "The Defense" ההגנה was a Jewish Paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine Few of these individuals left the country.

Fourth Aliyah (1924-1929)

Main article: Fourth Aliyah

Between 1924 and 1929, 82,000 Jews arrived, many as a result of anti-semitism in Poland and Hungary. The Fourth Aliyah refers to the fourth wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe and Asia whom came based on Zionist motives between Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The immigration quotas of the United States kept Jews out. In the United States, the Emergency Quota Act (ch 8, also known as the Johnson Quota Act) of May 19, 1921 was an Immigration quota The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This group contained many middle class families that moved to the growing towns, establishing small businesses and light industry. FBB

Of these approximately 23,000 left the country.

Fifth Aliyah (1929-1939)

Main article: Fifth Aliyah

Between 1929 and 1939, with the rise of Nazism in Germany, a new wave of 250,000 immigrants arrived, the majority of these, 174,000, arrived between 1933-1936, after which increasing restrictions on immigration by the British made immigration clandestine and illegal, called Aliyah Bet. The Fifth Aliyah refers to the fifth wave of the Jewish immigration to Israel from Europe and Asia between the years 1929 and 1939 Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Fifth Aliyah was again driven mostly from Eastern Europe as well as professionals, doctors, lawyers and professors, from Germany. Refugee artists introduced Bauhaus (Tel Aviv has the highest concentration of Bauhaus architecture in the world) and founded the Palestine Philharmonic Orchestra. ("House of Building" or "Building School" is the common term for the, a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts and was famous With the completion of the port at Haifa and its oil refineries, significant industry was added to the predominantly agricultural economy. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline The Jewish population reached 450,000 by 1940.

At the same time, tensions between Arabs and Jews grew during this period, leading to a series of Arab riots against the Jews in 1929 that left many dead and resulted in the depopulation of the Jewish community in Hebron. The Hebron Massacre refers to the Mass murder of sixty-seven Jews on 23 and 24 August, 1929 in Hebron, then part of the British Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south This was followed by more violence during the "Great Uprising" of 1936-1939. The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939 In response to the ever increasing tension between the Arabic and Jewish communities married with the various commitments the British faced at the dawn of World War II , the British issued the White Paper of 1939, which severely restricted Jewish immigration to 75,000 people for five years . The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over This served to create a relatively peaceful 8 years in Palestine while tragically The Holocaust unfolded in Europe.

Shortly after their rise to power, the Nazis negotiated The Transfer Agreement with Zionists under which 50,000 Jews and $100 million of their assets would be moved to Palestine. [4]

Aliyah Bet: Illegal immigration (1933-1948)

July 15, 1945. Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa to be arrested by the British

Main article: Aliya Bet

The British government limited Jewish immigration to Palestine with quotas, and following the rise of Nazism to power in Germany, illegal immigration to Palestine commenced. Buchenwald concentration camp (German Konzentrationslager or 'KZ' Buchenwald) was a Nazi concentration camp established on the Ettersberg (Etter Mountain near Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with Aliyah Bet (Hebrew 'עלייה ב meaning " Aliyah 'B'" ( bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet was the code name given to Illegal immigration Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The illegal immigration was known as Aliyah Bet ("secondary immigration"), or Ha'apalah, and was organized by the Mossad Le'aliyah Bet, as well as by the Irgun. The Mossad Le'aliyah Bet ( Hebrew: 'המוסד לעלייה ב (English The Institution for Immigration B) was a branch of the Jewish Defense Association ( Haganah Irgun (ארגון shorthand for HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el, he הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל "National Military Organization Immigration was done mainly by sea, and to a lesser extent overland through Iraq and Syria. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Beginning in 1939 Jewish immigration was further restricted, limiting it to 75,000 individuals for a period of five years after which immigration was to end completely. The British made it illegal to sell land to Jews in 95% of the Mandate. During World War II and the years that followed until independence, Aliyah Bet became the main form of Jewish immigration to Palestine. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Following the war, Berihah ("flight"), an organization of former partisans and ghetto fighters was primarily responsible for smuggling Jews from Poland and Eastern Europe to the Italian ports from which they traveled to Palestine. Berihah, or "Brichah" ( was the organized effort that helped Jews escape post- Holocaust Europe to Palestine. This article is about Jewish resistance in Mandatory Palestine The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (German "Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto", Polish "Powstanie w getcie warszawskim") was the Jewish

Despite British efforts to curb the illegal immigration, during the 14 years of its operation, 110,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine.

In 1945 reports of the Holocaust with its 6 million Jewish dead caused many Jews in Palestine to turn openly against the British Mandate, and illegal immigration escalated rapidly as many Holocaust survivors joined the Aliyah. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as

Immigration from 1948-1950

After Aliyah Bet, the process of numbering or naming individual aliyot ceased, but immigration did not. A major wave of immigration of over half a million Jews went to Israel between 1948 and 1950, many fleeing renewed persecution in Eastern Europe, and increasingly hostile Arab countries.

This period of immigration is often termed kibbutz galuyot (literally, ingathering of diasporas), due to the large number of Jewish diaspora communities that made aliyah. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic However, kibbutz galuyot can also refer to aliyah in general.

Middle Eastern Jews

Main article: Jewish exodus from Arab lands

Yemenite Jews on their way to Israel

In the course of Operation Magic Carpet (1949-1950), the entire community of Yemenite Jews (about 49,000) emigrated to Israel. Antisemitism in the Arab world|Islam and Antisemitism The Jewish exodus from Arab lands refers to the 20th century expulsion or mass departure of Jews primarily of Sephardi Operation Magic Carpet is a widely-known nickname for Operation On Wings of Eagles, an operation between June 1949 and September 1950 that brought Yemenite Jews ( Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard   Temanim Tiberian   Têmānîm Most of them had never seen an airplane before, but they believed in the Biblical prophecy that according to the Book of Isaiah (40:31), God promised to return the children of Israel to Zion on "wings". The Book of Isaiah ( Hebrew: Sefer Y'sha'yah ספר ישעיה is a book of the Bible traditionally attributed to the Prophet Isaiah, who lived God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Zion ( Hebrew: צִיּוֹן ( Persian: صهیون tziyyon; Tiberian vocalization: tsiyyôn; transliterated Zion

1952. Ma'abarah, a tent city for Jewish refugees in Israel

In three and a half years, the Jewish population of Israel had doubled, inflated by nearly 700,000 immigrants, which was one of the causes of the austerity. The Ma'abarot (מעברות were Refugee camps in Israel in the 1950s See also History of Israel Austerity in Israel: From 1949 to 1959, the state of Israel was to a varying extent under a regime of Huge numbers of Jewish refugees were temporarily settled in "cities of tents" called Ma'abarot. The Ma'abarot (מעברות were Refugee camps in Israel in the 1950s Their population was gradually absorbed into Israeli society. The Ma'abarot existed until 1958.

Many Israeli immigrants were Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews who left Arab countries to move to Israel. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended In many of these cases they had been persecuted and sometimes forced to leave their homes. 114,000 Jews came from Iraq in 1951 in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. From 1950 to 1952, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah airlifted 120-130000 Iraqi Jews to Israel via Iran and Cyprus.

Over 30,000 Iranian Jews immigrated to Israel following the Islamic Revolution. |||} Persian Jews or Iranian Jews are Jews historically associated with the Persian Empire or Iran. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Most Iranian Jews, however, settled in the United States (especially in Los Angeles). Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West

Ethiopian Aliyah

Main article: Aliyah from Ethiopia

The massive airlift known as Operation Moses began to bring Ethiopian Jews to Israel on November 18, 1985 and ended on January 5. The Jewish Aliyah from Ethiopia began during the mid-1970s during which the majority of the Jewish Ethiopians immigrated to Israel. Operation Moses, (מבצע משה Mivtza Moshe) named after the biblical figure Moses, was the covert removal of Ethiopian Jews (known The Beta Israel (ביתא ישראל Beta Israel, "House of Israel" Ge'ez: ቤተ እስራኤል Bēta 'Isrā'ēl, modern Bēte 'Isrā'ēl Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. During those six weeks, some 6,500-8,000 Ethiopian Jews were flown from Sudan to Israel. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. An estimated 2,000-4,000 Jews died en route to Sudan or in Sudanese refugee camps.

In 1991, Operation Solomon was launched to rescue the Beta Israel Jews of Ethiopia. Operation Solomon was a 1991 covert Israeli military operation to take Ethiopian Jews to Israel The Beta Israel (ביתא ישראל Beta Israel, "House of Israel" Ge'ez: ቤተ እስራኤል Bēta 'Isrā'ēl, modern Bēte 'Isrā'ēl NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page In one day, May 24, 34 aircraft landed at Addis Ababa and brought 14,325 Jews from Ethiopia to Israel. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Since that time, Ethiopian Jews have continued to immigrate to Israel bringing the number of Ethiopian-Israelis today to over 100,000.

Aliyah from the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states

Main articles: Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s and Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1990s

January 10, 1973. In the 1970s a big immigration wave of Soviet Union Jews came to Israel. The big immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel during the 1990s actually started during the late 1980s with the opening of Soviet authorities break up a demonstration of Jewish refuseniks in front of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the right to immigrate to Israel

A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Refusenik (אסיר ציון asir tzion, "zion prisoner" מסורב עליה mesorav aliyah, "one who is not allowed to perform Aliyah The only acceptable ground was family reunification, and a formal petition ("вызов", vyzov) from a relative from abroad was required for the processing to begin. Often, the result was a formal refusal. Refusenik (אסיר ציון asir tzion, "zion prisoner" מסורב עליה mesorav aliyah, "one who is not allowed to perform Aliyah The risks to apply for an exit visa compounded because the entire family had to quit their jobs, which in turn would make them vulnerable to charges of social parasitism, a criminal offense. This article describes parasitism as a social offense in Human Society. Because of these hardships, Israel set up the group Lishkat Hakesher in the early 1950s to maintain contact and promote aliyah with Jews behind the Iron Curtain. Lishkat Hakesher or The Liaison Bureau, codenamed Nativ (נתיב- path) is an Israeli liaison organization that maintained contact with The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end

In the wake of Israel's victory in the Six-Day War in 1967, the USSR broke off the diplomatic relations with the Jewish state. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt Anti-Zionist propaganda campaign in the state-controlled mass media and the rise of Zionology were accompanied by harsher discrimination of the Soviet Jews. Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism, an international political movement and ideology that supports a Homeland for the Jewish People in the land known "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Zionology ( Russian language: сионология sionologiya) also called Soviet Anti-Zionism, was a doctrine promulgated in the Soviet By the end of 1960s, Jewish cultural and religious life in the Soviet Union had become practically impossible, and the majority of Soviet Jews were assimilated and non-religious, but this new wave of state-sponsored anti-Semitism on one hand, and the sense of pride for victorious Jewish nation over Soviet-armed Arab armies on the other, stirred up Zionist feelings. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. Atheism Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the

After the Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair and the crackdown that followed, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration quota. Dymshits-Kuznetsov aircraft hijacking affair (Ленинградское самолётное дело or Дело группы Дымшица-Кузнецова Or The Leningrad In the years 1960-1970, the USSR let only 4,000 people leave; in the following decade, the number rose to 250,000 ^[4]. Many of those allowed to leave to Israel chose other destinations, most notably the United States. In 1989 a record 71,000 Soviet Jews were granted exodus from the USSR, of whom only 12,117 emigrated to Israel. Since the dissolution of the USSR, over one million Soviet Jews have emigrated to Israel. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 See The collapse of the Soviet Union and Jewish emigration to Israel and Jackson-Vanik amendment. According to the 1974 Trade Act of the United States, the Jackson-Vanik amendment, named for its major co-sponsors Sen

Recent trends

Since the mid 1990s, there has been a steady stream of South African Jews, American Jews, and French Jews who have either made aliyah, or purchased property in Israel for potential future immigration. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa American Jews, or Jewish Americans The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Specifically, many French Jews have purchased homes in Israel as insurance due to the rising rate of anti-Semitism in France in recent years ^[5]. The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

The Bnei Menashe Jews from India, which were only recently discovered and recognised by mainstream Judaism as descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes, slowly started their Aliyah in the early 1990s and continue arriving in slow numbers. The Bnei Menashe ("Children of Menasseh " Hebrew בני מנשה are a group of more than 9000 people from India 's North-Eastern border India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The phrase Ten Lost Tribes of Israel refers to the ancient Tribes of Israel that disappeared from the Biblical account after the Kingdom of Israel was destroyed

Organizations such as Nefesh B'Nefesh and Shavei Israel help with aliyah by supporting financial aid and guidance on a variety of topics such as finding work, learning Hebrew, and assimilation into Israeli culture. Nefesh B'Nefesh is an organization that encourages immigration by Jewish people to Israel from North America and other English -speaking areas Shavei Israel, (שבי ישראל Israel returns) is an Israeli-based Jewish organization that was founded by Michael Freund A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. The culture of Israel was in development long before the foundation of the State of Israel in 1948 and is a combination of secular life and religious heritage

In early 2007 Haaretz reported that aliyah for the year of 2006 was down approximately 9% from 2005. (הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper. They state that: "Only 19,264 people immigrated to Israel in 2006, down nine percent from 2005. It is the lowest number of immigrants recorded since 1988" [5].

On 20th April 2007, the Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth (ידיעות אחרונות) reported that 14,400 immigrants are expected in 2007 while 20,000 are expected to leave the country [6]. Yedioth Ahronoth (ידיעות אחרונות, lit Latest News) is a major Hebrew language Daily newspaper published in Israel. The reports also state that: ". . . approximately a quarter of the Israeli population was considering emigration" and that "Almost half of the country's young people were thinking of leaving the country. "

In 2007 The Jerusalem Post reported that: "For the first time in over two decades, it was reported last week, Israel will likely experience a net negative migration rate in 2007" [7]. The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language Broadsheet Newspaper, founded on December 1, 1932 The same article the The Jerusalem Post also wrote:

• ". . . it is estimated that more Jews will actually leave Israel than move here this year - something that hasn't happened since 1984. "

• ". . . a total of just 14,400 new immigrants are expected here [in Israel] this year, or 5,000 less than the number anticipated to relocate abroad. "

• "[This] marks the continuation of an alarming trend that began seven years ago, when the number of people making aliya began spiraling downward, falling from 61,542 in 2000 to just 19,267 last year. "

• ". . . various Israeli public figures have been sounding the alarm in recent years, stressing the need to bolster Israel's Jewish population through immigration and absorption by calling on Diaspora Jewry to come home to Israel . . . But with the pool of potential immigrants from Russia and the former Soviet states shrinking rapidly, and large-scale aliya from the West not yet at hand, the prospects of this occurring appear marginal at best. "

Argentine Aliyah

Main article: Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s

In the 1999–2002 Argentine political and economic crisis that caused a run on the banks, wiped out billions of dollars in deposits and decimated the country's middle class, most of Argentina's estimated 200,000 Jews were directly affected. Following the 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires, and in the wake of the 1999–2002 Argentine political and economic crisis, many Argentine Jews emigrated to The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Some chose to start over and move to Israel, where they saw opportunity.

More than 10,000 Jews from Argentina immigrated to Israel since 2000, joining the thousands of previous olim already there. See also History of the Jews in Argentina The History of the Jews in Latin America began with seven sailors arriving in Christopher Columbus ' crew The crisis in Argentina also affected its neighbour country Uruguay, from which over 500 Jews made aliyah in the same period. During 2002 and 2003 the Jewish Agency for Israel launched an intensive public campaign to promote aliyah from the region, and offered additional economical aid for immigrants from Argentina. The Jewish Agency for Israel (Hebrew הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el) also known as the Sochnut or JAFI Although the Argentinean economy improved, Jews continue to immigrate to Israel, albeit in smaller numbers than before.

French Aliyah

See also: History of the Jews in France

From 2001 to 2005, 11,148 Jews made Aliyah from France, including a 35-year high in 2005, with 3,300 immigrants. The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is With the start of the Second Intifada in Israel, anti-Semitic incidents increased in France. In 2002, the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme (Human Rights Commission) reported six times more anti-Semitic incidents than in 2001 (193 incidents in 2002). The Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme ( National Consultative Commission on Human Rights, CNCDH is a French governmental organization created The commission's statistics showed that anti-Semitic acts constituted 62% of all racist acts in the country (compared to 45% in 2001 and 80% in 2000). Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. The report documented 313 violent acts against people or property, including 38 injuries and the murder of someone with Maghrebin origins by Muslims and white power skinheads. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset White power skinheads are a racist, and often also anti-semitic, offshoot of the Skinhead Subculture that originated in Great Britain ^[6] Since 2005, the number of acts dropped but is still at a significantly higher level than during the previous decade. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

North American Aliyah

There are approximately 110,000 North American immigrants in Israel. There has been a steady flow of olim from North America since Israel’s inception in 1948. Record numbers arrived in the late 1960s after the Six-Day War, and in the 1970s. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt Many immigrants began arriving in Israel after the Intifada, with a total of 3,052 arriving in 2005 — the highest number since 1983. Like Western European olim, North Americans tend to immigrate to Israel more for religious, ideological and political purposes, and not financial ones. Nefesh B'Nefesh, founded in 2002 by Rabbi Yehoshua Fass and Tony Gelbart, works to encourage Aliyah from North America and the UK by providing English Language assistance for potential olim, streamlining the process already offered by the Jewish Agency and Israeli Government. Nefesh B'Nefesh is an organization that encourages immigration by Jewish people to Israel from North America and other English -speaking areas The Jewish Agency for Israel (Hebrew הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el) also known as the Sochnut or JAFI

Statistics

The number of immigrants to Israel during 1919-2006 period is given in the table below. [8] The table details the number of olim for the specific time periods by country of birth. (For the year 2006, the last country of residence is also given).

References

Further reading

• Ben-Gurion, David From Class to Nation: Reflections on the Vocation and Mission of the Labor Movement (Hebrew), Am Oved (1976)

External links

• Moving to Israel - The Complete Resource Guide
• ISRAEMPLOY - Israel Aliyah Job List & Employment information
• NOAM - Informations about Aliya Israel from German spreaking Countries
• "Aliyah" - the word and its meaning
• Dispersion and the Longing for Zion, 1240-1840, by Arie Morgenstern
• Aliyah - Moving to Israel - Resource Directory
• Nefesh b'Nefesh advocating aliyah from North America
• ImpactAliyah advocating Aliyah as a means to make a positive impact. Le Monde (The World is a
• Kumah, a self-described "Neo-Zionist" group, calling for mass aliyah of American Jews.
• Podovitz, site, including podcast of Liel Liebovitz, author of Aliya.
• Aliyah, aliyah website including articles, interviews, blog and information, hosted by Laura Ben-David, author of MOVING UP: An Aliyah Journal
• Aliyah sees 9% dip from 2005 (Haaretz)
• Israel tries to increase immigration