| Ali | |
| Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin) | |
.jpg/200px-Meshed_ali_usnavy_(PD).jpg) This mosque near an-Najaf, Iraq, is believed by Shias to house the tombstone of Ali |
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| Reign | 656 – 661[1] |
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| Full name | ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib |
| Titles | Father of Hasan (Arabic: Abu Al-Hasan) Father of Dust/Soil (Arabic: Abu Turab) Murtada (“One Who Is Chosen and Contented”) Lion of God (Arabic: Asad-ullah) Lion (Arabic: Heydar)[1] First Ali (Turkish: Birinci Ali) |
| Born | March 17, 599 or March 17, 600 [1][2] |
| Birthplace | Kaaba, Mecca[1] |
| Died | February 28, 661 (aged 61) |
| Place of death | Kufa[1] |
| Buried | Imam Ali Mosque, Najaf, Iraq |
| Predecessor | Uthman Ibn Affan |
| Successor | Hasan[3]/Muawiya I |
| Wives | Fatimah[1] Fatima binte Hizam (Ummul Banin) |
| Issue | Hasan Husayn (See:Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib ) |
| Royal House | Ahl al-Bayt Banu Hashim |
| Father | Abu Talib |
| Mother | Fatima bint Asad |
Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب; Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramadan, 40 AH; approximately, March 17, 599 or 600[4]- January 27, 661[5]) was the cousin, son-in-law and one of the Ahl al-Bayt, people of the house, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, reigning over the Rashidun empire from 656 to 661. Amir al-Mu'minin ( Arabic أمير المؤمنين Latinized as Miramolinus hence Italian Miramolino usually translated Commander of the Faithful Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their Abu Turab ( أبو تراب) or One of Soil, is a title attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia Imam and fourth Sunni Asad ( is one of many Arabic male Given names meaning " lion " each denoting some aspect of the animal Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger For the motorcycle see Honda 599 and for the car see Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Events By Place World The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. The Imam Ali Holy Shrine ( Arabic: حرم الإمام علي also known as Meshed Ali or the Tomb of Ali, is a Mosque located Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Ali ibn Abi Talib was the fourth and final Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam. See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe Abū Ṭālib ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib ( (549 – 619 was the head of the clan of Banu Hashim. Fatimah bint Asad ( فاطمه بنت اسد) was the mother of first Shi’a Imam Ali bin Abu Talib, and the mother-in-law of Muhammad 's daughter Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist Rajab ( Arabic: ar رجب is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Ramadan or Ramadhan or Ramazan ( Arabic: ar رمضان is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger For the motorcycle see Honda 599 and for the car see Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Sunni Muslims consider Ali as the fourth and final Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliph). Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Shia Muslims regard Ali as the first infallible Imam and consider him and his descendants as the rightful successors to Muhammad. The Fourteen Infallibles (Ma'asumin - معصومين are Twelver Shia Islam religious figures from between the 6th and 9th century AD who Twelver Shia Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. This disagreement split the Muslim community into the Sunni and Shi'a branches. Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the [1][6]
Most sources record that Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca. The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored His father was Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad[1] but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib. Abū Ṭālib ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib ( (549 – 619 was the head of the clan of Banu Hashim. Fatimah bint Asad ( فاطمه بنت اسد) was the mother of first Shi’a Imam Ali bin Abu Talib, and the mother-in-law of Muhammad 's daughter When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was among the first to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam. Wahy (وحي) is the Arabic word for revelation. In Islamic context it refers to the revelations and inspirations of God (Arabic Allah) to For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [7][8][5][9]
Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad. The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era) Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as There Muhammad told Ali that he had been ordered by God to give his daughter, Fatimah, to Ali in marriage. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. [1] For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service, leading parties of warriors on battles, and carrying messages and orders. Ali took part in almost all the battles fought for Islam.
Ali was appointed caliph by Muhammad's companions in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans [10] He encountered defiance and civil war (First Fitna) during his reign. The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil In 661 CE, Ali was attacked while praying in the mosque of Kufa, dying a few days later. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. [11]
Muslims greatly respect Ali for his knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims and generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies. Ali retains his stature as an authority on Qur'anic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought. Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the [12][6] Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. Tariqah ( ar طريقه; pl طرق; Ṭuruq or Persian: Tarighat, Turkish: Tarikat) means "way" [1] Ali's influence has thus continued throughout Islamic history. Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century
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In Mecca
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Part of a series on Ahl al-Kisa Ali |
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Ali · Hasan · Husayn |
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Birth and childhood
Ali's father Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib was the custodian of the Kaaba and a sheikh of Banu Hashim, an important branch of the powerful Quraysh tribe. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) ( 599 &ndash 661) was an early Islamic leader Ali ibn Abi Talib (ca 599-661 CE was a prominent figure in early Islamic history Abū Ṭālib ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib ( (549 – 619 was the head of the clan of Banu Hashim. The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش He was also an uncle of Muhammad. Ali's mother Fatima binte Asad also belonged to Banu Hashim, making Ali a descendant of Ismael, the son of Ibrahim. Fatimah bint Asad ( فاطمه بنت اسد) was the mother of first Shi’a Imam Ali bin Abu Talib, and the mother-in-law of Muhammad 's daughter Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل Ibrahim ( إبراهيم, Ibrāhīm) or Ebrahim ( Ebrāhīm) is a Arabic name given after prophet Ibrahim אַבְרָהָם [13]
Muhammad had a close relationship with Ali's parents. When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, Ali's father took him into his house. Shaiba ibn Hashim (شيبة ابن هاشم (c 497 &ndash 578 better known as Abdul Muttalib or Abd al-Muttalib, since he was raised by his uncle Muttalib [1] Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. Khadijah bint Khuwaylid or Khadijah al-Kubra The following is a NAMED REFERENCE [14]
Many sources, especially Shi'a ones, record that Ali was the only person born inside the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, where he stayed with his mother for three days. This is a subarticle to Reports of unusual religious childbirths and Kaaba. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Some sources contend that he was born beside the Kaaba. According to the tradition, Muhammad was the first person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his hands. Muhammad named him Ali, meaning "the exalted one". [1][15]
When Ali was five or six years old, a famine occurred in and around Mecca, affecting the economic conditions of Ali's father, who had a big family to support. Muhammad was then requested to become Ali's guardian. [7] [16] [1]
Conversion to Islam
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The second period of Ali's life begins in 610 when he converted to Islam and ends with the Hijra of Muhammad to Medina in 622. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. There is some disagreement among Muslims and among historians of Islam, as to the identity of the first male convert to Islam after Muhammad. This article is about the year 610. Events By Place Byzantine Empire October 4 — Heraclius arrives The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era) Events Religion July 16 — Year one of the Islamic calendar begins during which the Hijra occurs — Prophet Muhammad [1] When Muhammad reported that he had received a divine revelation, Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him and professed to Islam. Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication [5][1][7][17] According to Ibn Ishaq, Ali was the first male to enter Islam. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar (محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار or simply Ibn Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another Tabari adds other traditions making the similar claim of being the first Muslim in relation to Zayd or Abu Bakr. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians [18] Some historians and scholars believe Ali's conversion is not worthy enough to consider him as the first male Muslim because he was a child at the time. [19]
Shi'as believe that in keeping with Ali's divine mission, he converted to Islam before he took part in any pre-Islamic Meccan traditional religion rites, regarded by Muslims as polytheistic (see shirk) or paganistic. The history of Pre- Islamic Arabia before the rise of Islam in the 630s is not known in great detail This is a sub-article to Pre-Islamic Arabia Arabian mythology comprises the ancient Pre-Islamic beliefs of the Arabs Prior to the Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals Shirk (شرك is the Islamic concept of the Sin of Polytheism specifically but in a more general way refers to worshipping other than Allah Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Hence the Shi'a say of Ali that his face is honored - that is, it was never sullied by prostrations before idols. [7] Ali, along with some members of the Banu Hashim clan, were Hanifs prior to the coming of Islam. (Arabic ar حنيف plural حنفاء is an Arabic term that refers to pre- Islamic non- Jewish or non-Christian Arabian Monotheists
After conversion to Islam
For three years Muhammad invited people to Islam in secret. Then he started inviting people publicly. When, according to the Qur'an, he was commanded to invite his closer relatives to come to Islam[20] he gathered the Banu Hashim clan in a ceremony. Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe According to al-Tabari, Ibn Athir and Abu al-Fida that Muhammad told clearly that whoever would assist him in his invitation would become his brother, trustee and successor. Ibn Athīr is the family name of three brothers all famous in Arabian literature, born at Jazīrat ibn Umar in Cizre nowadays in south-eastern Turkey. Abu al-Fida (أبو الفداء or Abul Fida Ismail Hamvi (fully Abu Al-fida' Isma'il Ibn 'ali ibn Mahmud Al-malik Al-mu'ayyad 'imad Ad-din, (also Transliterated Only Ali, who was 13 or 14 years old at that time, stepped forth and submitted to help him. This invitation was repeated three times but only Ali answered Muhammad. Then Muhammad declared that Ali is his brother, inheritor and vicegerent and people must obey him. Others laughed at them and dispersed. [21] This event is known as Hadith Yawm Al-Dar or Yawm Al-Enzar among Muslim historians and scholars. The warning hadith (حدیث انذار also known as "invitation of the close families" (دعوة ذو العشیرة - Da‘wat dhul-‘Ashīrah is a famous
During persecution of Muslims and boycott of Banu Hashim in Mecca, Ali stood firmly in support of Muhammad. This is a sub-article to Muhammad before Medina and Persecution of Muslims In the early days of Islam at Mecca, the new Muslims were often This is a sub-article to Muhammad before Medina According to tradition in 617 the leaders of Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important [22]
Migration to Medina
- See also: Hijra (Islam)
In 622 CE, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina), Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed to impersonate him and thwart an assassination plot, so that Muhammad could escape in safety. The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era) [1][7][23] This night is called Laylat al-mabit. According to some hadith, a verse was revealed about Ali concerning his sacrifice on the night of Hijra which says, "And among men is he who sells his nafs (self) in exchange for the pleasure of Allah"[24][25]
Ali survived the plot, but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammad's instructions: to restore to their owners all the goods and properties that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Nafs is an Arabic word meaning self or psyche. It is first among the six Lataif (cleanliness or Lataif-e-sitta. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' Ali then went to Medina with his mother, Muhammad's daughter Fatima and two other women. [7][5]
In Medina
During Muhammad's era
- See also: Muhammad in Medina and Ali the Warrior
Ali was 22 or 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. The period of Prophet Muhammad (SAW in Medina started with the Migration to Medina in 622 and ended with the Conquest of Mecca in 630 Ali bin Abi Talib took part in all the battles of Muhammad 's time save the Battle of Tabuk, as standard bearer When Muhammad was creating bonds of brotherhood among his companions (sahaba) he selected Ali as his brother. After the Hijra when the Prophet instituted brotherhood between the emigrants ( Muhajerin) and the helpers ( Ansar) and he chose Ali as his own In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. [5][7][26]
For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service as his secretary and deputy, serving in his armies, the bearer of his banner in every battle, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and orders. [27] As one of Muhammad’s lieutenants, and later his son-in-law, Ali was a person of authority and standing in the Muslim community.
Family life
- See also: Ahl al-Bayt
The calligraphy which shows Allah at center and Ahl al-Bayt around it. See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family
In 623, Muhammad told Ali that God ordered him to give his daughter Fatimah Zahra to Ali in marriage. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. [1] Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me. "[26] This family is glorified by Muhammad frequently and he declared them as his Ahl al-Bayt in events such as Mubahala and hadith like Hadith of the Event of the Cloak. Mubahala ( Arabic: مباهلة Cursing) or Li’an ( Arabic: لعان refers in Islamic tradition to invoking the curse of God on the erring party as a They were also glorified in the Qur'an in several cases such as "the verse of purification". The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The verse of purification is part of the 33th verse of Surah Al-Ahzab of Qur'an, which says Allah only desires to keep away the uncleanness from you [28][29] Ali had four children born to Fatimah, the only child of Muhammad to have progeny. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Their two sons (Hasan and Husain) were cited by Muhammad to be his own sons, honored numerous times in his lifetime and titled "the leaders of the youth of Jannah" (Heaven, the hereafter. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina )
Theirs was a simple life, in fact, so far as material comforts were concerned, it was a life of hardship and deprivation. Throughout their life together, Ali remained poor because he did not set great store by material wealth. Fatimah was the only one of her sisters who was not married to a wealthy man. To relieve their extreme poverty, Ali worked as a drawer and carrier of water and she as a grinder of corn. Even often there was no food in her house. One day she said to Ali: "I have ground until my hands are blistered. " and Ali answered "I have drawn water until I have pains in my chest,"[26][30]
Their marriage lasted about ten years and ended when Fatimah died. Although polygamy was permitted, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between the greatest saintly figures surrounding Muhammad. The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and After Fatimah's death, Ali married other wives and fathered many children. [1]
In battles
With the exception of the Battle of Tabouk, Ali took part in all battles and expeditions fought for Islam. The Battle of Tabouk (also called the Battle of Tabuk) was a military expedition said to have been led by Muhammed in October AD 630. [7] As well as being the standard-bearer in those battles, Ali led parties of warriors on raids into enemy lands. A standard-bearer is a person (soldier or civilian who bears an emblem called an Ensign or standard i
Ali first distinguished himself as a warrior in 624 at the Battle of Badr. The Battle of Badr (غزوة بدر fought March 17, 624 AD (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz He defeated the Umayyad champion Walid ibn Utba as well as many other Meccan soldiers. Walid ibn UtbaTha was the champion of Quraish, killed by Ali ibn Abu Talib in the Battle of Badr. According to Muslim traditions Ali killed between twenty and thirty-five pagans, most agreeing with twenty seven. [31]
Ali was prominent at the Battle of Uhud, as well as many other battles where he wielded a bifurcated sword known as Zulfiqar. The Battle of Uhud (غزوة أحد) was fought on 23 March 625 (3 Shawwal 3 AH in the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what Zulfiqar "Spinecleaver" (ذو الفقار Dhū l-Fiqār) is the legendary sword of the Islamic leader ‘Alī. [32] He had the special role of protecting Muhammad when most of the Muslim army escaped at the battle of Uhud[1] and it was said "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics "[33] He was commander of the Muslim army in the Battle of Khaybar. The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located 150 kilometers [34] He also defended Muhammad in Battle of Hunayn in 630. This is a sub-article to Muhammad after the conquest of Mecca. [1]
Missions for Islam
Muhammad designated Ali as one of the scribes who would write down the text of the Qur'an, which had been revealed to Muhammad during the previous two decades. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran As Islam began to spread throughout Arabia, Ali helped establish the new Islamic order. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. He was instructed to write down the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the peace treaty between Muhammad and the Quraysh in 628. The Treaty of Hudaybiyya ( Arabic: صلح الحديبية) is the treaty that took place between the state of Medina and the Quraishi Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش Ali was so reliable and trustworthy that Muhammad asked him to carry the messages and declare the orders. In 630, Ali recited to a large gathering of pilgrims in Mecca a portion of the Qur'an that declared Muhammad and the Islamic community were no longer bound by agreements made earlier with Arab polytheists. Sura At-Tawba ( Arabic: سورة التوبة, Sūratu at-Tawbah, "The Repentance" also known as al-Bara'ah "the Ultimatum" Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals During the Conquest of Mecca in 630, Muhammad asked Ali to guarantee that the conquest would be bloodless. Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in January 630 AD (10th day of Ramadan[[ AH]] He ordered Ali to break all the idols worshipped by the Banu Aus, Banu Khazraj, Tayy, and those in the Kaaba to purify it after its defilement by the polytheism of the pre-Islamic era. The Banu Aus or Banu Aws ("Sons of Aws" Arabic: بنو اوس? was one of the Tribes of Arabia during Muhammad's era. The Banu al-Khazraj ( بنو الخزرج) was one of the Tribes of Arabia during Muhammad's era. Tayy ( طيء) is a large and ancient Arabian tribe belonging to the southern or Qahtanite branch of Arab tribes The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the Jahiliyyah, al-Jahiliyah or jahalia ( Arabic: جاهلية) is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the Ali was sent to Yemen one year later to spread the teachings of Islam. Ali also was charged with settling several disputes and putting down the uprisings of various tribes. [1][5]
The incident of Mubahala
- See also: Ahl al-Bayt
According to hadith collections, in 631 an Arab Christian envoy from Najran (currently in northern Yemen and partly in Saudi Arabia) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. Mubahala ( Arabic: مباهلة Cursing) or Li’an ( Arabic: لعان refers in Islamic tradition to invoking the curse of God on the erring party as a The Hadith of Mubahela is Muslim tradition about a debate ( arabic: mubahela) of Muhammad with the Christians of Najran and summoned See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Najran (formerly Aba as Sa'ud) (نجران is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia near the frontier with Yemen. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation[35], Muhammad called them to mubahala (cursing), where each party should ask God to destroy the lying party and their families. [36] Muhammad, to prove to them that he is a prophet, brought his daughter Fatimah and his surviving grandchildren, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, and Ali ibn Abi Talib and came back to the Christians and said this is my family and covered himself and his family with a cloak. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina [37] Allameh Tabatabaei explains in Tafsir al-Mizan that the word "Our selves" in this verse [38] refers to Muhammad and Ali. Al-Mizan fi tafsiri'l-Qur'an, popularly known as Tafsir al-Mizan ( تفسير الميزان)is a remarkable Shi'a Muslim Tafsir (or Then he narrates Imam Ali al-Rida, eighth Shia Imam, in discussion with Al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, referred to this verse to prove the superiority of Muhammad's progeny over the rest of the Muslim community, and considered it as the proof for Ali's right for caliphate due to Allah made Ali like the self of Muhammad. Ali ibn Musa al-Rida ( علي بن موسى الرضا) (Commonly known as Ali ar-Ridha Ali Reza (Eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH – Seventeenth of Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun (also spelled Almamon and el-Mâmoûn) ( September 14, 786 &ndash August 9, 833) (المأمون The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the [39]
Ghadir Khumm
As Muhammad was returning from his last pilgrimage in 632, he made statements about Ali that are interpreted very differently by Sunnis and Shias. This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad The Hadith of the pond of Khumm ( غدير خم) refers to the saying (i The Hadith al-Thaqalayn refers to a saying (hadith about al-Thaqalayn, which translates to "the two weighty things This is a sub-article to Muhammad after the conquest of Mecca and the Succession to Muhammad. [1] He halted the caravan at Ghadir Khumm, gathered the returning pilgrims for communal prayer and began to address them[40]:
"O people, I am a human being. Wadi Rabigh is a Wadi situated inland of the town of Rabigh, extending along the border of the Al Madinah and Makkah provinces of Saudi I am about to receive a message from my Lord and I, in response to Allah's call, (would bid good-bye to you), but I am leaving among you two weighty things: the one being the Book of Allah in which there is right guidance and light, so hold fast to the Book of Allah and adhere to it. He exhorted (us) (to hold fast) to the Book of Allah and then said: The second are the members of my household I remind you (of your duties) to the members of my family. See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family [41]. "
This quote is confirmed by both Shi’a and Sunni, but they interpret the quote differently. [42]
Some Sunni and Shi'a sources report that then he called Ali ibn Abi Talib to his sides, took his hand and raised it up declaring[43]
"For whoever I am a Mawla of, then Ali is his Mawla[44]. The word Mawlā or patron has two meanings Mawla is an Arabic word "مولی" prominently used in Islamic literature which means protector "
The Shia's regard these statements as constituting the investiture of Ali as the successor of Muhammad and as the first Imam; by contrast, the Sunnis take them only as an expression of Muhammad's closeness to Ali and of his wish that Ali, as his cousin and son-in-law, inherit his family responsibilities upon his death. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. [45] Many Sufis also interpret the episode as the transfer of Muhammad's spiritual power and authority to Ali, whom they regard as the wali par excellence. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting [1][46] On the basis of this hadith, Ali later insisted on his religious authority superior to that of Abu Bakr and Umar. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great [47]
Succession to Muhammad
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- See also: Succession to Muhammad, Saqifah, and Rashidun
After uniting the Arabian tribes into a single Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life, Muhammad's death in 632 signalled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics This is a sub-article to Muhammad after the conquest of Mecca and the Succession to Muhammad. This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad The Hadith of the pond of Khumm ( غدير خم) refers to the saying (i This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad. The Hadith of the pen and paper is a famous Hadith in Islam about an event Saqifah, also known as "Saqifa Bani Saeda" or Saqifat Bani Sa'ida was a roofed building used by the tribe or banu of Sa'ida of the faction of the Khazraj, of the This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad The day after the The meeting at Saqifah, there was an assemby where a general poll of the people was Ahl al-Kisa ( Arabic: ar اهل الكساء meaning People of the Cloak, refers to the last Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics This is a sub-article to Shi'a and Ali (This article is an encyclopedia entry on Ali ibn Abi Talib that is to be compiled with the objective This is a sub-article of Fatima Zahra and Shi'a Islam. According to Shi'a and non-Muslim scholars Fatima Zahra was Muhammad 's only daughter See also Hasan ibn Ali Hassan ibn Ali is Shi’ahs’ second Imam, and is also known as Al-Mujtaba and Sibtil Akbar (the elder and Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina The Four Companions, also called the Four Pillars of the Sahaba is a Shi'a term that refers to the four Sahaba Shi'a believe stayed most loyal to Ali TemplateInfobox Salaf --> Salman the Persian or Salman al Farisi ( سلمان فارسی Salman e Farsi Miqdad ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi (Arabic مقداد بن الأسود الكندي) was a Sahaba of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Jundub ibn Junadah ibn Sakan (Arabic جُندب بن جَنادة better known as Abu Dharr, Abu Dharr al-Ghafari or Abu Tharr Al-Ghefari (Arabic أبو ذر الغفاري ˤAmmār ibn Yāsir (Arabic عمار بن ياسر is one of the most famous Sahaba and was among the Slaves freed by Abu Bakr. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. See also Day of Ashura The Mourning of Muharram is an important period of mourning in the Shi'a branch of Islam, taking place in Muharram See also The Fourteen Infallibles Ismah (also esmat in Arabic: عِصْمَة) is the concept of Infallibility Tawassul (توسل is an Islamic religious practice in which a Muslim seeks nearness to Allah. This is a sub-article to Shī‘a Islam and the Qur'an The Shī‘a view of the Qur'an has some differences from the Sunni view but it must For other views of Sahaba and a short description see Sahaba. The Shi'a vilify Muāwiyya His supposed conversion to Islam before the conquest of Mecca is dismissed as a fable or mere hypocrisy See also Abu Bakr This article is about the Shi'a view of Abu Bakr, the first Sunni Caliph. This article is about the Shi'a view of Umar, the second Sunni Caliph. See also Muslim history Shī‘a Islam, also Shi‘ite Islam or Shi‘ism is the largest minority denomination based on the Islamic faith This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad The Hadith of the pond of Khumm ( غدير خم) refers to the saying (i The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil The Second Fitna, or Second Islamic Civil War, was a period of general political and military disorder that afflicted the Islamic world during the early Umayyad The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated Eid al-Ghadeer is the anniversary commemorating Muhammad 's last sermon at Ghadir Khumm, which occurred on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax Arba'een ( اربعين, means "forty" or Chehlum, as it is known by Urdu -speaking Muslims is a Shi'a religious observation Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” AL Mubahalah or Mubahila Sixty chiefs and `Ulama of Najran headed by Sayyid Aqib and Usquf (religious personalities ofthe region in the 10th year A See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydism (Arabic الزيدية az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaidi or Zaydi) is a Shī'a Madhhab For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Saqifah, also known as "Saqifa Bani Saeda" or Saqifat Bani Sa'ida was a roofed building used by the tribe or banu of Sa'ida of the faction of the Khazraj, of the The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Arabs are a Semitic people descending from various Old North Arabian tribes Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the [48]While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifah, a companion of Muhammad named Abu Bakr was nominated for the leadership of the community. Saqifah, also known as "Saqifa Bani Saeda" or Saqifat Bani Sa'ida was a roofed building used by the tribe or banu of Sa'ida of the faction of the Khazraj, of the Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. The choice of Abu Bakr disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself. [49][9]
Following his election to the caliphate, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to obtain homage from Ali and his supporters who had gathered there. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Background The episode about the attack on Fatima’s house by Umar and his supporters is a subject of considerable debate between Sunnis and Shi’ites Then Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr. [50] There isn't consensus among the sources about what happened next. Some sources say upon seeing them, Ali came out with his sword drawn but was disarmed by Umar and their companions. Fatimah, in support of her husband, started a commotion and threatened to "uncover her hair", at which Abu Bakr relented and withdrew. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. [51] Ali is reported to have repeatedly said that had there been forty men with him he would have resisted. [52] When Abu Bakr's selection to the caliphate was presented as a fait accompli, Ali withheld his oaths of allegiance until after the death of Fatimah. Ali did not actively assert his own right because he did not want to throw the nascent Muslim community into strife. [5]
This contentious issue led Muslims to later split into two groups, Sunni and Shi'a. Sunnis assert that even though Muhammad never appointed a successor, Abu Bakr was elected first caliph by the Muslim community. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe The Sunnis recognize the first four caliphs as Muhammad's rightful successors. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Shi'as believe that Muhammad explicitly named his successor Ali at Ghadir Khumm and Muslim leadership belonged to him who had been determined by divine order. Wadi Rabigh is a Wadi situated inland of the town of Rabigh, extending along the border of the Al Madinah and Makkah provinces of Saudi [53][9]
The two groups also disagree on Ali's attitude towards Abu Bakr, and the two caliphs who succeeded him: Umar and Uthman Ibn Affan. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans Sunnis tend to stress Ali's acceptance and support of their rule, while the Shi'a claim that he distanced himself from them, and that he was being kept from fulfilling the religious duty that Muhammad had appointed to him. Sunnis maintain that if Ali was the rightful successor as ordained by God Himself, then it would have been his duty as leader of the Muslim nation to make war with these people (Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman) until Ali established the decree. Shias contend that Ali did not fight Abu Bakr, Umar or Uthman, because firstly he did not have the military strength and if he decided to, it would have caused a civil war amongst the Muslims. [54] Ali also believed that he could fulfil his role of Imam'ate without this fighting . [55]
Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for caliphate based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his intimate association and his knowledge of Islam and his merits in serving its cause. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history He told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance (bay'ah) as caliph was based on his belief of his own prior title. Bay'ah ( Arabic: بَيْعَة) literally means to sell, in Islamic terminology it is an Oath of allegiance to a leader Ali did not change his mind when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Umar and to Uthman but had done so for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him. [56][9]
According to historical reports, Ali maintained his right to the caliphate and said:
"By Allah the son of Abu Quhafah (Abu Bakr) dressed himself with it (the caliphate) and he certainly knew that my position in relation to it was the same as the position of the axis in relation to the hand-mill. . . I put a curtain against the caliphate and kept myself detached from it. . . I watched the plundering of my inheritance till the first one went his way but handed over the Caliphate to Ibn al-Khattab after himself. [57]
Inheritance
- See also: Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance
After Muhammad died his daughter, Fatimah, asked Abu Bakr to turn over their property, the lands of Fadak and Khaybar but he refused and told her that prophets didn't have any legacy and Fadak belonged to the Muslim community. Fadak ( Arabic: فدك) was a tract of land in Khaybar, an oasis in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad Muhammad's inheritance is a well-documented and controversial topic both then and at the Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Fadak ( Arabic: فدك) was a tract of land in Khaybar, an oasis in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Khaybar ( Arabic,خيبر is the name of an Oasis some 95 miles to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib) Saudi Arabia. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, we do not have heirs, whatever we leave is Sadaqa. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets Sadaqa is voluntary Islamic charity as opposed to Zakat, or obligatory charity " Ali together with Umm Ayman testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah Zahra, when Abu Bakr requested Fatima to summon witnesses for her claim. Fatimah became angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude until she died. [58]
After Fatima's death Ali again claimed her inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument. Umar, the caliph who succeeded Abu Bakr, did restore the estates in Medina to `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib and Ali, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim. `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib ( ar العباس بن عبد المطلب) (c Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe The properties in Khaybar and Fadak were retained as state property. [59]
Life after Muhammad
- See also: Origin and development of the Qur'an
Another part of Ali's life started in 632 after death of Muhammad and lasted until assassination of Uthman Ibn Affan, the third caliph in 656. The study of the origins and development of the Qur’an can be said to fall into two major schools of thought the first being a Traditionalist Muslim view and Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans During these years, Ali neither took part in any battle or conquest. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab [5] nor did he assume any executive position. He withdrew from political affairs, especially after the death of his wife, Fatima Zahra. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. He used his time to serve his family and worked as a farmer. Ali dug a lot of wells and gardens near Medina and endowed them for public use. These wells are known today as Abar Ali ("Ali's wells"). Masjid-u-Shajarah (mosque of the tree is a miqat (place where Ihram is put on for those going to Mecca for Umrah or Hajj. [60] He also made gardens for his family and descendants.
Ali compiled a complete version of the Qur'an, mus'haf. A Mus'haf ( مصحف, pronounced "Mus-haf" not "Mu-sh-af" is a "codex" or a collection of sheets ( Sahifa, see below [61] six months after the death of Muhammad. The volume was completed and carried by camel to show to other people of Medina. The order of this mus'haf differed from that which was gathered later during the Uthmanic era. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans This book was rejected by several people when he showed it to them. Despite this, Ali made no objection or resistance against standardized mus'haf. The study of the origins and development of the Qur’an can be said to fall into two major schools of thought the first being a Traditionalist Muslim view and [62] This book is inherited by his descendant, i. e. Shia Imams.
Ali and the Rashidun Caliphs
- See also: Rashidun and The election of Uthman
Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr until some time after the death of his wife, Fatimah. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph, was chosen by a council meeting in Medina, in northwestern Arabia, in. [5] Ali participated in the funeral of Abu Bakr but did not participate in the Ridda Wars. The Ridda wars (Arabic حروب الردة also known as the Wars of Apostasy) were a set of military campaigns against the rebellion of several Arabic tribes against the [63]
He pledged allegiance to the second caliph Umar ibn Khattab and helped him as a trusted advisor. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Caliph Umar particularly relied upon Ali as the Chief Judge of Medina. He also advised Umar to set Hijra as the beginning of the Islamic calendar. The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری Umar used Ali's suggestions in political issues as well as religious ones. [64]
Ali was one of the electoral council to choose the third caliph and one of the two major candidates. Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph, was chosen by a council meeting in Medina, in northwestern Arabia, in. According to Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Comments on the Peak of Eloquence Ali insisted on his prominence there, but most of the electors supported Uthman and Ali was reluctantly urged to accept him. This is about the book by Abd al-Hamid for other uses see Comments on the Peak of Eloquence or Sharh Nahj al-Balagha. [65]
Siege of Uthman
Uthman Ibn Affan, expressed generosity toward his kin, Banu Abd-Shams, who seemed to dominate him and his supposed arrogant mistreatment toward several of the earliest companions such as Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud and Ammar ibn Yasir provoked outrage among some groups of people. This is a sub-article of Uthman Ibn Affan. The Third Sunni Caliph Uthman was killed at the end of a Siege Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans Banu Abd Shams (بنو عبد شمس refers to a clan within the Meccan Quraishi tribe In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. Jundub ibn Junadah ibn Sakan (Arabic جُندب بن جَنادة better known as Abu Dharr, Abu Dharr al-Ghafari or Abu Tharr Al-Ghefari (Arabic أبو ذر الغفاري TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud ( عبدالله بن مسعود (d ˤAmmār ibn Yāsir (Arabic عمار بن ياسر is one of the most famous Sahaba and was among the Slaves freed by Abu Bakr. Dissatisfaction and resistance openly arose since 650-651 CE throughout most of the empire. [66] The dissatisfaction with his regime and the governments appointed by him was not restricted to the provinces outside Arabia. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) [67] When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained control over him, the noble companions including most of the the members of elector council, turned against him or at least withdrew their support putting pressure on the caliph to mend his ways and reduce the influence of his assertive kin. Marwan ibn al-Hakam (623 - 685 (مروان بن الحكم was the fourth Umayyad Caliph, who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II abdicated in Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph, was chosen by a council meeting in Medina, in northwestern Arabia, in. [68]
Finally, dissatisfaction led to rebellion in Egypt, Kufa and Basra. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra At the start of the rebellion, people demanded that the exiled be returned to their homes, the deprived be provided sustenance, the men of strength and integrity be appointed as governors, and so on. [69] They requested Ali to speak to Uthman on their behalf and to admonish him for their sake. [5] Ali told Uthman "The people are behind me and they have made me an ambassador between you and themselves. " He forewarned Uthman that he should change his manner immediately or he would be killed. Ali told him "I swear to you by Allah that you should not be that Imam of the people who will be killed because it has been said that, 'An imam of this people will be killed after which killing and fighting will be made open for them till the Day of Judgment, and he will confuse their matters and spread troubles over them. As a result, they will not discern truth from wrong. '"[70] Later, when Egyptian rebels gathered near Medina, Uthman asked Ali to speak with them. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as The delegates of Muhajirun led by Ali beside Ansari delegates led by Muhammad Ibn Maslamah met them and persuade them to return, by promising them in the name of the caliph, redress for all their grievances and agreeing to act as guarantors. Muhajirun ( Arabic: المهاجرون; The Emigrants) are the early Muslims who followed Muhammad on his Hijra (withdrawal Muhammad ibn Maslamah, sometimes surnamed Ansari (589-666 ( محمد بن مسلمة الأنصاري) was a Companion of Muhammad. Due to their mediation and Uthman's commitment, the rebellion settled down but then rose up again. Marwan persuaded Uthman to change his ways again. Ali warned Uthman that Marwan wants to ruin him. Gradually the relation between Uthman and Ali became worse. [71]
When Egyptian rebels returned to Medina, outraged by the official letter ordering the punishment of their leaders, Ali as the guarantor of Uthman's promises asked him to speak with the people directly. Uthman denied any knowledge about the letter and Ali and Muhammad Ibn Maslamah attested. At this time, however, the choices offered by the rebels amounted to resignation or abdication of Uthman and selection of another caliph. Ali left them when turmoil broke out. Ali seems to have broken with Uthman in despair over his own ability to break the disastrous influence of Marwan on the caliph. Ali intervened only when informed that the rebels were preventing the delivery of water to the besieged caliph. [72] He tried to mitigate the severity of the siege by his insistence that Uthman should be allowed water. [5] There are different reports about Ali's role while rebels besieged his palace. Some historians, like Leone Caetani, accuse him as the chief culprit in the murder of the caliph, some others such as Madelung say Ali did not support Uthman while others report that Ali even sent his own sons to protect Uthman's house when he was in danger of being attacked. Leone Caetani ( September 12 1869 – December 25[[ 935]] Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani) was an Italian scholar [73] [1]
There is controversy among historians about the relationship between Ali and Uthman. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans Although pledging allegiance to Uthman, Ali disagreed with some of his policies. In particular, he clashed with Uthman on the question of religious law. He insisted that religious punishment had to done in several cases such as Ubayd Allah ibn Umar and Walid ibn Uqba. Hudud ( Arabic حدود also transliterated hadud, hudood; singular hadd, حد Walid ibn Uqba ( وليد بن عقبة) was one of the companions of Muhammad. In 650 during pilgrimage, he confronted Uthman with reproaches for his change of the prayer ritual. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world When Uthman declared that he would take whatever he needed from the fey', Ali exclaimed that in that case the caliph would e prevented by force. Ali endeavored to protect companions from maltreatment by the caliph such as Ibn Mas'ud. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud ( عبدالله بن مسعود (d [74] Therefore, some historians consider Ali as one the leading members of Uthman's opposition, if not the main one. Because he could clearly be expected to be the prime beneficiary of the overthrow of Uthman. But Madelung rejects their judgment due to the fact that Ali did not have the Quraysh's support to be elected as a caliph. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش According to him, there is even no evidence that Ali had close relations with rebels who supported his caliphate or directed their actions. [75] Some other sources says Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. [5] However Madelung narrates Marwan told Zayn al-Abidin, the grandson of Ali, that
No one [among the Islamic nobility] was more temperate toward our master than your master. Marwan ibn al-Hakam (623 - 685 (مروان بن الحكم was the fourth Umayyad Caliph, who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II abdicated in ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn (Arabic علي بن حسين) (approximately 6 January 659 - 20 October 712 is a great-grandson of Muhammad as well as the fourth [76]
Caliphate
- See also: Rashidun Empire and Ali caliphate
Election as Caliph
Ali was caliph between 656 and 661 CE, during one of the more turbulent periods in Muslim history, which also coincided with the First Fitna. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil
Uthman's assassination meant that rebels had to select a new caliph. This met with difficulties, the rebels dividing into several groups comprising the Muhajirun, Ansar, Egyptians, Kufans and Basntes. Muhajirun ( Arabic: المهاجرون; The Emigrants) are the early Muslims who followed Muhammad on his Hijra (withdrawal This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra There were three candidates Ali, Talhah and Al-Zubayr. Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah ( طلحة بن عبيدالله) (d656 was a companion of Muhammad, best known for his role in the Battle of Uhud and the Abu ‘Abd Allah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (أبو عبدالله زبير ابن العوام was a Sahabi, or companion of Muhammad. First they referred to Ali and asked him to accept the caliphate. Some of Muhammad's companions tried to persuade him to accept the office,[57][77][78] but he refused and suggested to be a counselor not a chief. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. [79]
Talhah, al-Zubayr and some other companions refused the rebels' offer of caliphate. Therefore they threatened that, unless the people of Medina choose a caliph within one day, they would be forced to take some drastic action. In order to resolve the deadlock, the Muslims gathered in the Mosque of the Prophet on June 18, 656 CE (19th Dhu al-Hijjah 35AH. The Mosque of the Prophet (or Prophet's Mosque) ( Arabic: المسجد النبوي) /mæsʤıd ænːæbæwı in Medina, is the second holiest Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of Dhu al-Hijja (ar ذو الحجة is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic Calendar. ) to choose the caliph. Ali refused to accept the caliphate by the fact that the people who pressed him hardest were the rebels, and he therefore declined at first. However, when the notable companions of Muhammad, as well as the people who resided in Medina urged him to accept, he finally agreed. According to Abu Mekhnaf's narration, Talhah was the first prominent companion who gave his pledge, but other narrations claim they did not do so or someone forced them. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abi Mekhnaf (Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi ( ar أبو مخنَف) was a In addition, Talhah and al-Zubayr later claimed they did so reluctantly. Regardless, Ali refused these claims and stated that they recognized him as caliph voluntarily. Wilferd Madelung believes that force did not urge people to give their pledge and they pledged publicly in the mosque. Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. [80][81][6]
While the overwhelming majority of people who lived in Medina as well as rebels gave their pledge, some major figures did not do so. Umayyads, kins of Uthman, escaped to the Levant or remained in their houses and later refused Ali's legitimacy. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas was absent and Abdullah ibn Umar abstained from offering his allegiance, but both of them assured Ali that they wouldn't act against him. Sa`ad ibn Abī Waqqās ( was an early convert to Islam and one of the important companions of Muhammad. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abdullah ibn Umar (عبدالله بن عمر بن الخطاب (ca [82][83] Another prominent figure in Mecca at that time, and who later opposed Ali, was Muhammad's widow A'isha. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Aisha bint Abu Bakr (died 678 (Arabic ar عائشة Transliteration ʿāʾisha, ʕaːʔɪʃæh "she who lives" also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha
Reign as Caliph
Ali told people that Muslim polity had come to be plagued by dissension and discord; he wanted to purge Islam of all evil. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading Ali advised people to behave as true Muslims, warning all concerned that he would tolerate no sedition and all found guilty of subversive activities would be dealt with harshly. [84]
Ali soon found that he was helpless and the prisoner of the people who did not obey him. The caliphate was a gift of the rebels and Ali did not have enough force to control or punish them. [85] While A'isha, Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Umayyad especially Muawiyah I wanted to take revenge for Uthman's death and punish the rioters who had killed him. Aisha bint Abu Bakr (died 678 (Arabic ar عائشة Transliteration ʿāʾisha, ʕaːʔɪʃæh "she who lives" also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad However some historians believe that they use this issue to seek their political ambitions due to they found Ali's caliphate against their own benefit. [5][7][86]
Soon after Ali became caliph, he dismissed provincial governors who had been appointed by Uthman, and replaced them with trusted aides. He acted against the counsel of Mughrah ibn Shobah and Ibn Abbas, who had advised him to proceed cautiously. Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. Madelung says Ali was deeply convinced of his right and his religious mission, unwilling to compromise his principles for the sake of political expediencey, ready to fight against overwhelming odds. [87] Muawiyah, kinsman of Uthman and governor of Levant refused to submit to Ali's orders - the only governor to do this. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the [5][6]
After the Battle of Bassorah, Ali transferred his capital from Medina to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in Iraq. "Battle of Basra" redirects here For other battles of Basra see Battle of Basra (1914, Battle of Basra (2003 and Battle of Basra (2008 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Kufa was in the middle of Islamic land and had strategic position. [88][6]
Ali resumed the land granted by Uthman and swore to resume anything the elites had taken before him. He opposed the centralization of capital control over provincial revenues, favoring an equal distribution of taxes and booty among the Muslims again. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied He distributed the entire revenue of the treasury among Muslims. Bayt al-Mal, AKA Bayt al-Mal Lil Muslimeen is a Hezbollah -controlled organization that performs financial services for the organization Ali did not give anybody something more, even if he would his brother, Aqil ibn Abi Talib[5][89]
First Fitna
- See also: First Fitna
The First Fitna, 656–661 CE, followed the assassination of Uthman, continued during the caliphate of Ali, and was ended by Muawiyah's assumption of the caliphate. Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" This civil war (often called the Fitna) is regretted as the end of the early unity of the Islamic ummah (nation). See also Fitna Fitna (فتنة is an Arabic word generally regarded as very difficult to translate but at the same time is considered to be an all-encompassing Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the Ali was first opposed by a faction led by Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Muhammad's wife, Aisha bint Abu Bakr. Aisha bint Abu Bakr (died 678 (Arabic ar عائشة Transliteration ʿāʾisha, ʕaːʔɪʃæh "she who lives" also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha This group, known as "disobedients" (Nakithin) by their enemies, gathered in Mecca then moved to Basra with the expectation of finding the necessary forces and resources to mobilize people in what is now Iraq. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra The rebels occupied Basra, killing many people. They refused Ali's offer of obedience and pledge of allegiance. The two sides met at the Battle of Bassorah (Battle of the Camel) in 656, where Ali emerged victorious. "Battle of Basra" redirects here For other battles of Basra see Battle of Basra (1914, Battle of Basra (2003 and Battle of Basra (2008 [90]
Ali appointed Ibn Abbas governor of Basra and moved his capital to Kufa. Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Later he was challenged by Muawiyah I, the governor of Levant and the cousin of Uthman, who refused Ali's demands for allegiance and called for revenge for Uthman. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Ali opened negotiations hoping to regain his allegiance, but Muawiyah insisted on Levant autonomy under his rule. Muawiyah replied by mobilizing his Levantine supporters and refusing to pay homage to Ali on the pretext that his contingent had not participated in his election. The two armies encamped themselves at Siffin for more than one hundred days, most of the time being spent in negotiations. The Battle of Siffin (May-July 657 CE occurred during the First Fitna, or First Muslim civil war with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28 Although, Ali exchanged several letters with Muawiyah, he was unable to dismiss the latter, nor persuade him to pledge allegiance. Skirmishes between the parties led to the Battle of Siffin in 657. The Battle of Siffin (May-July 657 CE occurred during the First Fitna, or First Muslim civil war with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28 After a week of combat was followed by a violent battle known as laylat al-harir (the night of clamor), Muawiyah's army were on the point of being routed when Amr ibn al-Aas advised Muawiyah to have his soldiers hoist mus'haf (either parchments inscribed with verses of the Qur'an, or complete copies of it) on their spearheads in order to cause disagreement and confusion in Ali's army. ˤAmr ibn al-ˤĀs (عمرو بن العاص (born c583 - d January 6, 664 CE was an Arab Military commander who is most noted for leading A Mus'haf ( مصحف, pronounced "Mus-haf" not "Mu-sh-af" is a "codex" or a collection of sheets ( Sahifa, see below [5][91] Ali saw through the stratagem, but only a minority wanted to pursue the fight. [9]
The two armies finally agreed to settle the matter of who should be Caliph by arbitration. The refusal of the largest bloc in Ali's army to fight was the decisive factor in his acceptance of the arbitration. The question as to whether the arbiter would represent Ali or the Kufans caused a further split in Ali's army. Kufa ( Arabic, ar الكوفة) is a city in modern Iraq, about 170 km south of Baghdad, and 10 km northeast of Najaf. Ash'ath ibn Qays and some others rejected Ali's nominees, `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas and Malik al-Ashtar, and insisted on Abu Musa Ash'ari, who was opposed by Ali, since he had earlier prevented people from supporting him. Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. Malik Al-Ashtar (Arabic مالك الأشتر) was one of the most loyal companions of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of Muhammad. Abu-Musa Abd-Allah Ibn Qays al-Ash'ari, better known as Abu Musa al-Ashari (أبو موسى الأشعري (d Finally, Ali was urged to accept Abu Musa. Some of Ali's supporters, later were known as Kharijites (schismatics), opposed this decision and rebelled and Ali had to fight with them in the Battle of Nahrawan. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the In Music, the schisma, also spelled skhisma, is the ratio between a Pythagorean comma and a Syntonic comma and equals 32805/32768 which is 1 Battle of Nahrawan was a battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib (the fourth Sunni Caliph and the 1st Shi'a Imam and the Kharijites. The arbitration resulted in the dissolution of Ali's coalition and some have opined that this was Muawiyah's intention. [5][92]
Muawiyah's army invaded and plundered cities of Iraq, which Ali's governors could not prevent and people did not support him to fight with them. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Muawiyah overpowered Egypt, Hijaz, Yemen and other areas. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. al-Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; الحجاز al-Ḥiǧāz, literally "the barrier" is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya [93]
This civil war created permanent divisions within the Muslim community regarding who had the legitimate right to occupy the caliphate. [94]
Death
On the 19th of Ramadan, while Ali was praying in the mosque of Kufa, a Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam assassinated him with a strike of his poison-coated sword. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam al-Sarimi was the Khawārij assassin of Ali ibn Abu Talib. Ali, wounded by the poisonous sword, lived for two days and died in Kufa on the 21st of Ramadan in 661 CE. [95]
Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijites, since the assassination was performed by a single member of the group. They had to take vengeance against only Ibn Muljam. [96] Thus, Hasan fulfilled Qisas and killed ibn Muljam. This is a sub-article of Islamic criminal jurisprudence and Blood money (term. [97]
Burial
According to Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. Mazār-e Sharīf ( is the fourth largest city of Afghanistan, with population of 300600 people (2006 estimate Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi known This secret gravesite was revealed later during the Abbasid caliphate by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, his descendant and the sixth Shia Imam. Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn [98] Most Shi'as accept that Ali is buried at the Tomb of Imam Ali in the Imam Ali Mosque at what is now the city of Najaf, which grew around the mosque and shrine called Masjid Ali. There are many Holy sites in various Islāmic traditions For all muslims the Ka'bah is considered the Holiest shrine followed by Masjidun Nabawi ( The Prophet's Mosque The Imam Ali Holy Shrine ( Arabic: حرم الإمام علي also known as Meshed Ali or the Tomb of Ali, is a Mosque located Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. [99][100]
However another story, usually maintained by some Afghans, notes that his body was taken and buried in the Afghan city of Mazar-E-Sharif at the famous Blue Mosque or Rawze-e-Sharif. Mazār-e Sharīf ( is the fourth largest city of Afghanistan, with population of 300600 people (2006 estimate [101]
Aftermath
- See also: Umayyad dynasty and Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali
After Ali's death, Kufi Muslims pledged allegiance to his eldest son Hasan without dispute, as Ali on many occasions had declared that just Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad were entitled to rule the Muslim community. There was an Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali, that is said to have started with Muawiyah I, a practice put to end by Umar II. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family [102] At this time, Muawiyah held both Levant and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had declared himself caliph and marched his army into Iraq, the seat of Hasan's caliphate. War ensued during which Muawiyah gradually subverted the generals and commanders of Hasan's army with large sums of money and deceiving promises until the army rebelled against him. Finally, Hasan was forced to make peace and to yield the caliphate to Muawiyah. In this way Muawiyah captured the Islamic caliphate and in every way possible placed the severest pressure upon Ali's family and his Shi'a. Regular public cursing of Imam Ali in the congregational prayers remained a vital institution which was not abolished until 60 years later by Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c 682 - February 720 (عمر بن عبد العزيز was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 717 to 720 Muawiyah also established the Umayyad caliphate which was a centralized monarchy. [103] [6]
Madelung writes:
In face of the fake Umayyad claim to legitimate sovereignty in Islam as God's Vice-regents on earth, and in view of Umayyad treachery, arbitrary and divisive government, and vindictive retribution, they came to appreciate his [Ali's] honesty, his unbending devotion to the reign of Islam, his deep personal loyalties, his equal treatment of all his supporters, and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies. [104]
Knowledge
- See also: Nahj al-Balagha
Ali is respected not only as a warrior and leader, but as a writer and religious authority. The Nahj al-Balagha ( Arabic: نهج البلاغة "Peak of Eloquence" is the most famous collections of Shi'a hadith, attributed to Ali Numerous range of disciplines from theology and exegesis to calligraphy and numerology, from law and mysticism to Arabic grammar and Rhetoric regarded as having been first adumbrated by Ali. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Tafsir ( Arabic: تفسير, tafsīr, "interpretation" is the Arabic word for Exegesis Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Numerology is any of many Systems Traditions or Beliefs in a mystical or Esoteric relationship between Numbers and physical Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Arabic is a Semitic language See Arabic language for more information on the language in general Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice [100]
Shia and Sufis believe that Muhammad told about him "I'm the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate. . . "[100][105][106][107] Muslims regard Ali as a major authority on Islam. [6]
As Henry Corbin narrates, Ali himself gives this testimony:
Not a single verse of the Qur'an descended upon (was revealed to) the Messenger of God which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me recite. Henry Corbin ( 14 April 1903 - October 7, 1978 was a Philosopher, Theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at Ayah (ar آية, plural Ayat ar آيات) is the Arabic word for sign or Miracle, cognate with Hebrew ot, The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Wahy (وحي) is the Arabic word for revelation. In Islamic context it refers to the revelations and inspirations of God (Arabic Allah) to IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Qira'at, in the context of Islam, means literally the readings that is the method of recitation I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as to its tafsir (the literal explanation) and the ta'wil (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh (the verse which abrogates) and the mansukh (the abrogated verse), the muhkam and the mutashabih (the fixed and the ambiguous), the particular and the general. A Mus'haf ( مصحف, pronounced "Mus-haf" not "Mu-sh-af" is a "codex" or a collection of sheets ( Sahifa, see below An esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an is an Interpretation of the Qur’an which includes attribution of Esoteric or mystic meanings to the Naskh (نسخ is an Arabic language word usually translated as " abrogation " it shares the same root as the words appearing . . [108]
In later Islamic philosophy, especially in the teachings of Mulla Sadra and his followers, like Allameh Tabatabaei, Ali's sayings and sermons were increasingly regarded as central sources of metaphysical knowledge, or divine philosophy. Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings Sadr al-Din Moḥammad Shirazi also called Mulla Sadra ( also spelt Molla Sadra or Mollasadra or sadrol mote allehin; (c Members of Sadra's school regard Ali as the supreme metaphysician of Islam. Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li ( حكمت متعالي) the doctrine and Philosophy that has been developed and perfected by the [1] According to Henry Corbin, the Nahj al-Balagha may be regarded as one of the most important sources of doctrines professed by Shia thinkers especially after 1500AD. Its influence can be sensed in the logical co-ordination of terms, the deduction of correct conclusions, and the creation of certain technical terms in Arabic which entered the literary and philosophical language independently of the translation into Arabic of Greek texts. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly [109]
Ali was also a great scholar of Arabic literature and pioneered in the field of grammar and rhetoric. His speeches, sermons and letters served for generations afterward as models of literary expression. [6] Numerous short sayings of Ali have become part of general Islamic culture and are quoted as aphorisms and proverbs in daily life. They have also become the basis of literary works or have been integrated into poetic verse in many languages. Already in the 8th century, literary authorities such as 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-'Amiri pointed to the unparalleled eloquence of Ali's sermons and sayings, as did al-Jahiz in the following century. Al-Jāḥiẓ (in Arabic الجاحظ (real name Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Fuqaimi al-Basri) (born in Basra, c [1]
Even workers in the Divan of Umayyad recited Ali's sermons to improve their eloquence. Dīvān or dīwān ( Persian دیوان was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states or its chief official (see Diwan (title [110] Of course, Peak of Eloquence (Nahj al-Balagha) is an extract of Ali's quotations from a literal viewpoint as its compiler mentioned in the preface. The Nahj al-Balagha ( Arabic: نهج البلاغة "Peak of Eloquence" is the most famous collections of Shi'a hadith, attributed to Ali While there are many other quotations, prayers (Du'as), sermons and letters in other literal, historic and religious books. Du'a ( دُعَاء) is a Supplication in Islam, an Arabic term which means to 'call out' or to 'summon' [111]
In addition, some hidden or occult sciences such as jafr,Islamic numerology, the science of the symbolic significance of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, are said to have been established by Ali. Numerology is any of many Systems Traditions or Beliefs in a mystical or Esoteric relationship between Numbers and physical The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. [1]
Related works
The compilation of sermons, lectures and quotations attributed to Ali are compiled in the form of several books.
- Nahj al-Balagha (Way of Eloquence) contains eloquent sermons, letters and quotations attributed to Ali which is compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi. The Nahj al-Balagha ( Arabic: نهج البلاغة "Peak of Eloquence" is the most famous collections of Shi'a hadith, attributed to Ali Al-Sharif al-Radi, known in Persian as Seyyed Razi, the son of Abu Ahmad al-Naqib, a decent of Prophet Muhammad was born in 970 AD in Baghdad. This book has a prominent position in Arabic literature. Arabic literature ( Arabic: الأدب العربي Al-Adab Al-Arabi) is the writing produced both Prose and Poetry, by speakers It is also considered as an important intellectual, political and religious work in Islam. [112][113][1] Masadir Nahj al-Balagha wa asaniduh written by al-Sayyid `Abd al-Zahra' al-Husayni al-Khatib introduces some of these sources. [114] Also Nahj al-sa'adah fi mustadrak Nahj al-balaghah by Muhammad Baqir al-Mahmudi represents all of Ali's extant speeches, sermons, decrees, epistles, prayers, and sayings have been collected. It includes the Nahj al-balagha and other discourses which were not incorporated by ash-Sharif ar-Radi or were not available to him. Apparently, except for some of the aphorisms, the original sources of all the contents of the Nahj al-balagha have been determined. [112] There are several Comments on the Peak of Eloquence by Sunnis and Shias such as Comments of Ibn Abu al-Hadid and comments of Muhammad Abduh. This is about the book by Abd al-Hamid for other uses see Comments on the Peak of Eloquence or Sharh Nahj al-Balagha. This is about the book by Muhammad 'Abduh For other uses see Comments on the Peak of Eloquence or Sharh Nahj al-Balgha.
- Divan-i Ali ibn Abi Talib (poems of Ali ibn Abi Talib)[115]
- Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim (Exalted aphorisms and Pearls of Speech) which is compiled by Abd al-Wahid Amidi(d. 1116) consists of over ten thounsads short sayings of Ali [116]
- Nuzhat al-Absar va Mahasin al-Asar, Ali's sermons which has compiled by Ali ibn Muhammad Tabari Mamtiri[117]
Descendants
Ali had several wives, Fatimah being the most beloved. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the fourth and final Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam. The surname Alavi (often spelled as Alvi) (علوي signifies ancestry from Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب the fourth Caliph He had four children by Fatimah, Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali[1] and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Zaynab bint Ali ( زينب بنت علي) was the daughter of the last caliph of Islam Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib and granddaughter of Islamic prophet Umm Kulthum bint Ali (Arabic أم كلثوم بنت على) was the fourth child of Ali ibn Abu Talib (the first Shi’a Imam and fourth Sunni Caliph and Fatima His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin) and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Islamic Caliph. [118]
Hasan, born in 625 AD, was the second Shia Imam and he also occupied the outward function of caliph for about six months. In the year 50 A. H. , he was poisoned and killed by a member of his own household who, as has been accounted by historians, had been motivated by Mu'awiyah. [119]
Husayn, born in 626 AD, was the third Shia Imam. He lived under severe conditions of suppression and persecution by Mu'awiyah. On the tenth day of Muharram, of the year 680, he lined up before the army of caliph with his small band of follower and nearly all of them were killed in the Battle of Karbala. Muharram ( Arabic: ar محرم is the first month of the Islamic calendar. The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10 61 AH ( October 9 or 10 680 CE in Karbala, in present day Iraq. The anniversary of his death is called the Day of Ashura and it is a day of mourning and religious observance for Shi'a Muslims. The Day of Ashura ( ar عاشوراء, Ashura Ashoura and other spellings is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax [120] In this battle some of Ali's other sons were killed. Al-Tabari has mentioned their names in his history. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians Al-Abbas, the holder of Husayn's standard, Ja'far, Abdallah and Uthman, the four sons born to Fatima binte Hizam. Al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Ali ( العباس بن علي) (born 4 Shaban 26 AH at Medina, died 10 Muharrum 61 AH at Karbala) was the son of the fourth sunni Caliph Fatima bint Hizam al-Kilabiyya, commonly known as Ummul Banin ("mother of several sons" married Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib the first Shia Muhammad and Abu Bakr. The death of the last one is doubtful. [121] Some historians have added the names of Ali's others sons who were killed in Karbala, including Ibrahim, Umar and Abdallah ibn al-Asqar. [122][123]
His daughter Zaynab — who was in Karbala — was captured by Yazid's army and later played a great role in revealing what happened to Husayn and his followers. [124]
Ali's descendants by Fatimah are known as sharifs, sayeds or sayyids. Sharīf ( Arabic: شريف is a traditional Arab tribal Title given to those who serve as the protector of the tribe and all tribal For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title These are honorific titles in Arabic, sharif meaning 'noble' and sayed or sayyid meaning 'lord' or 'sir'. As Muhammad's only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'as place much more emphasis and value on the distinction. [1]
Views
Muslim view
Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as Ali. [1] Ali is revered and honored by all Muslims. Having been one of the first Muslims and foremost Ulema (Islamic scholars), he was extremely knowledgeable in matters of religious belief and Islamic jurisprudence, as well as in the history of the Muslim community. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several He was known for his bravery and courage. Muslims honor Muhammad, Ali, and other pious Muslims and add pious interjections after their names.
Sunni
The Sunni Muslims regard Ali as one of the Ahl al-Bayt and the last of the Rashidun caliphs and one of the most influential and respected figures in Islam. This is a parallel sub-article to Ali and Sunni. Sunni Muslims hold Ali in high respect as one of the Ahl al-Bayt - as Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Ali is held with the utmost respect along with Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman Ibn Affan. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans [6]
Shia
The Shias regards Ali as the most important figure after Muhammad. This is a sub-article to Shi'a and Ali (This article is an encyclopedia entry on Ali ibn Abi Talib that is to be compiled with the objective According to them, Muhammad in his life time suggested on various occasions, that Ali should be the leader of Muslims after his demise like Hadith of the pond of Khumm, Hadith of the two weighty things, Hadith of the pen and paper, Hadith of the Twelve Successors and so on. This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad The Hadith of the pond of Khumm ( غدير خم) refers to the saying (i The Hadith al-Thaqalayn refers to a saying (hadith about al-Thaqalayn, which translates to "the two weighty things This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad. The Hadith of the pen and paper is a famous Hadith in Islam about an event The Hadith of the Twelve Successors is a famous Hadith in Islam, in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad speaks about Twelve Muslim rulers
According to this view, Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only rules over the community in justice but also interprets the Sharia Law and its esoteric meaning. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. An esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an is an Interpretation of the Qur’an which includes attribution of Esoteric or mystic meanings to the Hence he was free from error and sin (infallible) and he was appointed by God by divine decree (nass) through Muhammad. Infallibility, from Latin origin ('in' not + 'fallere' to deceive is a term with a variety of meanings related to knowing Truth with Certainty. NASS may refer to National Asylum Support Service National Agricultural Statistics Service [125] Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad according to Shia viewpoint. In Islamic theology al-Insān al-Kāmil (الإنسان الكامل also rendered as Insan-i Kamil انسانِ كامل - in Persian and Turkish is a term used as an honorific [126]
Shia pilgrims usually go to Mashad Ali in Najaf for Ziyarat, pray there and read "Ziyarat Amin Allah"[127] or other Ziyaratnames. The Imam Ali Holy Shrine ( Arabic: حرم الإمام علي also known as Meshed Ali or the Tomb of Ali, is a Mosque located Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Ziyarat is a pilgrimage to sites associated with the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his companions, or other venerated figures in Islamic history [128] Under the Safavid Empire, his grave became the focus of much devoted attention, exemplified in the pilgrimage made by Shah Ismail I(d. The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz 1524) to Najaf and Karbala. Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at [9]
Sufi
Almost all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being Naqshbandi, who go through Abu Bakr. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Naqshbandi ( Naqshbandiyya) is one of the major Tasawwuf orders ( Tariqa) of Islam. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Even in this order, there is Ja'far al-Sadiq, the great great grandson of Ali. Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn Sufis, whether Sunni or Shi'ite, believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad the saintly power wilayah that makes the spiritual journey to God possible. Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting Sulook in relation to Islam and Sufism The term Suluk (pronounced Sulook) when related to Islam and Sufism [1] Imam Ali represents the essence of the teachings of the School of Islamic Sufism.
Sufis recite Manqabat Ali in the praise of Ali (Maula Ali), after Hamd and Naat in their Qawwali. A manqabat is a Qawwali or Sufi devotional song in praise of the final Rightly Guided Caliph and Commander of the Faithful ' Ali ibn Abi Talib a famous Companion A Hamd (حمد is a poem or song in praise of Allah. A hamd is usually written in either Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, or Urdu. A Na`at (نعت is a Poetry that specifically praises the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Qawwali ( Urdu / Persian: قوٌالی; Punjabi / Multani: ਖ਼ਵ੍ਵਾਲੀ قوٌالی Brajbhasha / Hindi
As a deity
Some groups believed that Ali was a deity in his own right or he was God incarnate. Ghulat (غلاة Exaggerators is the adjectival form of Ghuluww (غلو Exaggeration, a technical term mainstream Muslims Incarnation which literally means embodied in flesh, refers to the conception and birth of a sentient creature (generally a human who is the They are known collectively as 'Nusairi' and are described as ghulat (exaggerators) by the vast majority of Islamic scholars. For the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco see Alaouite Dynasty, for the former state now in Yemen see Alawi (sheikhdom The Alawites These groups have, in traditional Islamic thought, left Islam due to their exaggeration of a human being's praiseworthy traits. Ali is recorded as having clearly forbidden those who sought to worship him in his own lifetime. [129]
Non-Muslim view
Some of the non-Muslim scholars such as Edward Gibbon[130] and Sir William Muir[131] have praised Ali while some others, such as Lammens[132], have held a negative view of Ali. This is a sub-article to Non-Muslim Islamic scholars and Ali. Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. Sir William Muir, KCSI ( 27 April 1819 – 11 July 1905) was a Scottish Orientalist. Henri Lammens (1862-1937 was a prominent Belgian-born Jesuit and Orientalist.
Historiography of Ali's life
- See also: Historiography of early Islam
The primary sources for scholarship on the life of Ali are the Qur'an and the Hadith, as well as other texts of early Islamic history. The Historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early origins of Islam based on a critical analysis evaluation and examination of authentic Primary Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines In Historiography, a primary source (also called original source) is a Document, Recording The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic The Historiography of early Islam refers to the study of the early origins of Islam based on a critical analysis evaluation and examination of authentic Primary The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shia Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars. In Library and information science, Historiography and other areas of Scholarship, a secondary source is a Document or Recording A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical However, many of the early Islamic sources are colored to some extent by a positive or negative bias towards Ali. [1]
There had been a common tendency among the earlier western scholars against these narrations and reports gathered in later periods due to their tendency towards later Sunni and Shia partisan positions; such scholars regarding them as later fabrications. This leads them to regard certain reported events as inauthentic or irrelevant. Leone Caetani considered the attribution of historical reports to Ibn Abbas and Aysha as mostly fictitious while proffering accounts reported without isnad by the early compilers of history like Ibn Ishaq. Leone Caetani ( September 12 1869 – December 25[[ 935]] Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani) was an Italian scholar Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. Aisha bint Abu Bakr (died 678 (Arabic ar عائشة Transliteration ʿāʾisha, ʕaːʔɪʃæh "she who lives" also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha A Hadith was originally just an Arabic story As the stories began to be used formally it became common to provide their chain of transmitters (or sanad سند plural TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar (محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار or simply Ibn Wilferd Madelung has rejected the stance of indiscriminately dismissing everything not included in "early sources" and in this approach tendentious alone is no evidence for late origin. Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. According to him, Caetani's approach is inconsistent. Madelung and some later historians do not reject the narrations which have been complied in later periods and try to judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures [133]
Until the rise of the Abbasid Dynasty, few books were written and most of the reports had been oral. The most notable work previous to this period is The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays which is written by Sulaym ibn Qays(d. The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays is a Hadith collection, collected by Sulaym ibn Qays who entrusted it to Aban ibn abi-Ayyash. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Sulaym Ibn Qays ( سليم بن قيس) was one of the purported Companions 694-714), a companion of Ali who lived before the Abbasid Dynasty. [134] When paper was introduced to Muslim society, numerous monographs were written during 750 and 950 AD. According to Robinson, at least twenty-one separate monographs have been composed on the Battle of Siffin. The Battle of Siffin (May-July 657 CE occurred during the First Fitna, or First Muslim civil war with the main engagement taking place from July 26 to July 28 Abi Mikhnaf (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abi Mekhnaf (Yahya ibn Sa'id ibn Mikhnaf Al-Kufi ( ar أبو مخنَف) was a 774) is one of the most renowned writers of this period who tried to gather all of the reports. 9th and 10th century historians collected, selected and arranged the available narrations. However, most of these monographs do not exist anymore except for a few which have been used in later works such as History of the Prophets and Kings by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians 932). [135]
Shia of Iraq actively participated in writing monographs but most of those works have been lost. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. On the other hand, in the 8th and 9th century Ali's descendants such as Muhammad al Baqir and Jafar as Sadiq narrated his quotations and reports which have been gathered in Shia hadith books. Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Baqir (محمد ابن علي الباقر) (676-743 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH was the Fifth Imām Jaʿfar al-Sadiq (702-765 in accurate transliteration Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq Arabic: جعفر الصادق in full Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Husayn The later Shia works written after the 10th century AD are about biographies of The Fourteen Infallibles and Twelve Imams. The Fourteen Infallibles (Ma'asumin - معصومين are Twelver Shia Islam religious figures from between the 6th and 9th century AD who Twelver Shia The earliest surviving work and one of the most important works in this field is Kitab al-Irshad by Shaykh Mufid (d. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi known 1022). The author has dedicated the first part of his book to a detailed account of Ali. There are also some books known as Manāqib which describe Ali's character from a religious viewpoint. Such works also constitute a kind of historiography. [136]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Nasr, Seyyed Hossein "Ali". For the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco see Alaouite Dynasty, for the former state now in Yemen see Alawi (sheikhdom The Alawites Alevis (Aleviler Elewî are a religious sub-ethnic and cultural community in Turkey, numbering in the millions An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون Here is a list of famous Muslim reports: By denomination Authenticated by both Shi'a and Sunnis Hadith of the pond Wali (Arabic ولي, plural Awliya ' أولياء) is an Arabic word meaning trusted one or friend generally denoting TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-10-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
- ^ Ahmed (2005), p. 234
- ^ Madelung (1997), p. 311
- ^ Ahmed (2005), p. 234
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Ali ibn Abitalib". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sunni view of Ali
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tabatabae (1979), p. 191
- ^ Ashraf, (2005) p. 14
- ^ a b c d e f Diana, Steigerwald "Ali ibn Abi Talib". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol. 1. MacMillan. ISBN 0028656040.
- ^ See:
- Ashraf, (2005) pp. 119-120
- Madelung (1997), pp. 141-145
- ^ See:
- Lapidus (2002), p. 47
- Holt (1970), pp. 70 - 72
- Tabatabaei (1979), pp. 50 - 57 and 192
- ^ Madelung (1997), 309-310
- ^ Ashraf (2005), p. 5.
- ^ Ashraf (2005), p. 6-7.
- ^ See:
- Ashraf (2005), p. 6.
- Beyt Al-Hikama, Virtual library of witness pioneer
- ^ *Ashraf (2005), p. 7.
- ^ Ashraf (2005), p. 14.
- ^ Watt (1953), p. xii
- ^ Watt (1953), p. 86
- ^ Qur'an 26:214
- ^ See:
- Momen (1985), p. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran 12
- Tabatabae (1979), p. 39.
- ^ Ashraf (2005), p. 16-26.
- ^ Ashraf (2005), pp. 28-29
- ^ Qur'an 2:207
- ^ Tabatabae, Tafsir Al-Mizan
- ^ a b c Fatima Bint Muhammad
- ^ See:
- Momen (1985), pp. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran 13 and 14
- Ashraf (2005) pp. 28-118
- ^ Qur'an 33:33
- ^ Madelung, 1997, pp. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran 14 and 15
- ^ Sahih Muslim Book 031, Number 5955
- ^ See:
- Ashraf (2005), p. Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections 36
- Merrick (2005), p. 247
- ^ Khatab, Amal (May 1, 1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 1-897940-39-4.
- ^ Ibn Al Atheer, In his Biography, vol 2 p 107 "لا فتی الا علي لا سيف الا ذوالفقار"
- ^ See:
- Ashraf (2005), pp. 66-68
- Zeitlin (2007), p. 134
- ^ Qur'an 3:59
- ^ Qur'an 3:61
- ^ See:* Sahih Muslim, Chapter of virtues of companions, section of virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1871, the end of tradition #32
- Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p654
- Madelung, 1997, pp. 15 and 16
- ^ Qur'an 3:61
- ^ Tabatabaei, Tafsir al-Mizan, v.6, Al Imran, verses 61-63
- ^ * Dakake (2008), pp. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran 34 and 39
- ^ See:
- Dakake (2008), pp. 39 and 40
- Sahih Muslim 031.5920 The Book Pertaining to the Merits of the Companions (Allah Be Pleased With Them) of the Holy Prophet (May Peace Be Upon Him) (Kitab Al-Fada'il Al-Sahabah)
- ^ Dakake (2008), pp. 39 and 40
- ^ Dakake (2008), p. 34, 36 and 37
- ^ See:
- Dakake (2008), pp. 34 and 35
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaaj as-Sunnah 7/319
- Event of Ghadir Khumm
- ^ See:
- Dakake (2008), pp. 43-48
- Tabatabae (1979), page 40
- ^ Dakake (2008), pp. 33-35
- ^ Madelong, 1997 p. 253
- ^ Lapidus (2002), p. 31 and 32
- ^ See:
- Holt (1970), p. 57
- Madelung (1996), pp. 26-27, 30-43 and 356-360
- ^ Madelung, 1997, p. 43
- ^ "Fatima", Encyclopedia of Islam. Brill Online.
- ^ Madelung, 1997, p. 43
- ^ "Sunnite". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-04-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Sahih Bukhari 5.57.50
- ^ Chirri (1982)
- ^ See:
- Madelung (1996), pp. 141 and 270
- Ashraf (2005), pp. 99 and 100
- ^ a b
- Nahj Al-Balagha Nahj Al-Balagha Sermon 3
- For Isnad of this sermon and the name of the names of scholars who narrates it see Nahjul Balagha, Mohammad Askari Jafery (1984), pp. 108-112
- ^ See:
- Madelung (1997) pp. The Nahj al-Balagha ( Arabic: نهج البلاغة "Peak of Eloquence" is the most famous collections of Shi'a hadith, attributed to Ali 50 and 51
- Ordoni (1990) p. 211
- [Qur'an 27:16]
- [Qur'an 21:89]
- Sahih Bukhari 4:53:325
- Sahih Bukhari 5:59:546
- Sahih Muslim 19:4352
- ^
- Madelung (1997) pp. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections 62-64
- Sahih Bukhari 4:53:326
- ^ History of Mecca, Medina and all other Ziyarats
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian سید حسین نصر) an Iranian "Qur'an". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
- ^ See:*Tabatabaee, 1987, chapter 5
- Observations on Early Qur'an Manuscripts in San'a
- The Qur'an as Text, ed. Wild, Brill, 1996 ISBN 90-04-10344-9
- ^ See:
- Ashraf (2005), p. 100 and 101
- Madelung (1996), p. 141
- Sahih Bukhari 5:59:546
- Sahih Bukhari 8:82:817
- Sahih Muslim 19:4352
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, vol. Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians 3, p. 208; Ibn Qutaybah, vol. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Qutaybah (828 - 889 CE / 213 - 276 AH was a renowned Islamic scholar from 1, p. 29; quoted in Ayoub, 2003, 18
- Rizvi, Sa'id Akhtar, Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet by , quoting Ibn Qutaybah 18. SUNNI VIEWS ON THE CALIPHATE
- Shi'a encyclopedia quoting from Ibn Qutaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, Massudi, Ibn Abu al-Hadid
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, section Reign of Abubeker; A.D. 632, June 7.
- ^ See
- Ashraf (2005), pp. Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi ( سعيد أخطر رزفي) was an Indian-born Islamic scholar of the Shi'a Twelver school active in promoting TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Qutaybah (828 - 889 CE / 213 - 276 AH was a renowned Islamic scholar from TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Qutaybah (828 - 889 CE / 213 - 276 AH was a renowned Islamic scholar from Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, popularly known as Al-Bukhari ( البخاري) or Imam Bukhari (810-870 was a famous Sunni TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn íbn Ali al-Mas'udi (transl) (born c Izz al-Din `Abd al-Hamid ibn Hibat-Allah ibn Abi al-Hadid al-Mu`tazili ( عزالدين عبدالحميد بن هيبة الله بن أبي الحديد المعتزلي The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (known popularly as The History) was written by English Historian Edward Gibbon ( April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. 107-110
- The Caliphate of Umar
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997 p. 70 - 72
- Dakake (2008), p. 41
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 87 and 88
- ^ Madelung (1997), p. 90
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 92-107
- ^ * Madelung (1997), p. 129
- ^ See:
- al-Tabari (1990), v. XV pp. 141 and 142
- Madelung (1997), pp. 111 and 114
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 111-112
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 112, 113 and 130
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 107 and 134
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 109 and 110
- ^ See:
- Holt (1970), pp. 67 - 68
- Madelung (1997), pp. 107 and 111
- ^ Madelung (1997), p. 334
- ^ Ashraf (2005), p. 119
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 141-143
- ^ Hamidullah (1988), p. 126
- ^ Ashraf (2005), pp. 119-120
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 141-145
- ^ Ashraf (2005), pp. 119-120
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 141-145
- ^ Ashraf (2005), p. 121
- ^ Ashraf (2005), p. 121
- ^ See:
- Madelung (1997), pp. 147 and 148
- ^ See:
- Madelung (1997), pp. 148 and 149
- ^ 'Ali
- ^ See:
- Lapidus (2002), p. 46
- Madelung (1997), pp. 150 and 264
- ^ See:
- Lapidus (2002), p. 47
- Holt (1970), p. 70 - 72
- Tabatabaei (1979), p. 50 - 53
- ^ See:
- Lapidus (2002), p. 47;
- Holt (1970), p. 70 - 72;
- Tabatabaei (1979), p. 53 - 54;
- ^ See:
- Madelung (1997), pp. 241 - 259;
- Lapidus (2002), p. 47;
- Holt (1970), pp. 70 - 72;
- Tabatabaei (1979), pp. 53 - 54;
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 267-269 and 293-307
- ^ See:
- Lapidus (2002), p. 47
- Holt (1970), p. 72
- Tabatabaei (1979), p. 57
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), page 192
- ^ Kelsay (1993), p. 92
- ^ Madelung (1997), p. 309
- ^ Al-Mufid (1986)
- ^ Redha, Mohammad; Mohammad Agha (1999). Imam Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (Imam Ali the Fourth Caliph, 1/1 Volume). Dar Al Kotob Al ilmiyah. ISBN 2-7451-2532-X.
- ^ a b c ShahKazemi, Reza (2006). "'Ali ibn Abi Talib". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415966914. Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of , Pages 36 and 37
- ^ Balkh and Mazar-e-Sharif
- ^ Madlong (1997), pp. 313 - 314
- ^
- Lapidus (2002), p. 47
- Holt (1970), p. 72
- Tabatabaei (1979), p. 195
- Madelung (1997), p. 334
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. 309-310
- ^ See:
- «حدیث متواتر عن النبی نقله العامة و الخاصة»
- «رواه احمد من ثمانیة طرق و ابراهیم الثقفی من سبعة الطرق و ابنبطه من ستة طرق و القاضی الجعانی من خمسة طرق و ابنشاهین من اربعة طرق و الخطیب التاریخی من ثلاثة طرق و یحیی بن معین من طریقین و قد رواه السمعانی و القاضی الماوردی و ابومنصور السکری و ابوالصلت الهروی و عبدالرزاق و شریک عن ابنعباس و مجاهد و جابر»
- ^ School of Islamic Sufism
- ^ World of Tasawwuf
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 46
- ^ Corbin (1993), p. 35
- ^ "حفظت سبعين خطبة من خطب الاصلع ففاضت ثم فاضت ) ويعني بالاصلع أمير المؤمنين عليا عليه السلام"مقدمة في مصادر نهج البلاغة
- ^ See:
- ^ a b Mutahhari, 1997 The Glimpses of Nahj al Balaghah Part I - Introduction
- ^ Shah-Kazemi (2006), p. 3
- ^ Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought and Culture, Vol. VII, No. 1 issue of Al-Tawhid
- ^ Collection of Ali's poems (I Arabic)
- ^ Shah-Kazemi (2006), p. 4
- ^ پیدا شدن مجموعه نفیس کلمات امام علی(ع) در واتیكان : «نزهه الأبصار و محاسن الآثار» عنوان کتابی است از ابوالحسن علی بن محمد بن مهدی طبری مامطیری، که دربر دارنده کلمات مولای متقیان امام علیبنابیطالب (ع) است و پیشینه ای بیش از نهجالبلاغه شریف رضی (ره) دارد
- ^ Stearns (2001), p. 1178
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), page 194
- ^ Tabatabae (1979), page 196 - 201
- ^ Tabari (1990) vol. XIX pp. 178-179
- ^ The Sanctified Household
- ^ List of Martyrs of Karbala by Khansari "فرزندان اميراالمؤمنين(ع): 1-ابوبكربن علي(شهادت او مشكوك است). 2-جعفربن علي. 3-عباس بن علي(ابولفضل) 4-عبدالله بن علي. 5-عبدالله بن علي العباس بن علي. 6-عبدالله بن الاصغر. 7-عثمان بن علي. 8-عمر بن علي. 9-محمد الاصغر بن علي. 10-محمدبن العباس بن علي. "
- ^ "Zaynab Bint ʿAlĪ". Encyclopedia of Religion. (2004). Gale Group. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Nasr, Shi'ite Islam, preface, p. 10
- ^ Motahhari, Perfect man, Chapter 1
- ^ Trust, p. 695
- ^ Trust, p. 681
- ^ See:
- Peters (2003), pp. 320 and 321
- Halm (2004), pp. 154- 159
- ^ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1911, (originally published 1776-88) volume 5, pp. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (known popularly as The History) was written by English Historian 381-2]
- ^ The Life of Mahomet, London, 1877, p. 250
- ^ Henri Lammens, Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad, Rome and paris: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici, 1912. Henri Lammens (1862-1937 was a prominent Belgian-born Jesuit and Orientalist. Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad (French Fatima et les Filles de Mahomet) is a book written by Henri Lammens (Rome and Paris Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici Translation by Ibn Warraq. Ibn Warraq (born 1946 is the Pen name of a Secularist author of Pakistani origin and founder of the Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society
- ^ Madelung (1997), pp. xi, 19 and 20
- ^ See:
- Dakake (2007), p. 270
- Landolt (2005), p. 59
- ^ See:
- Robinson (2003), pp. 28 and 34
- ^ Jafarian, Rasul; Translated by Delārām Furādī, Publisher:Message of Thaqalayn
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- Encyclopedia
- Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. (2004). Brill. E-ISSN 1573-3912.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. .
- Martin, Richard C. Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol. 1. MacMillan. ISBN 0028656040.
- Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 1568590504.
- Ahmed, M. Mukarram; Muzaffar Husain Syed (2005). Encyclopaedia of Islam. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. . ISBN 8126123397.
- Meri, Josef W. ; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415966914.
- Jones, Lindsay (2004). Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. ISBN 9780028657332.
Further reading
- Abdul Rauf, Muhammad; Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1996). Imam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib: The First Intellectual Muslim Thinker. Al Saadawi Publications. ISBN 1881963497.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987 to 1996). Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians History of the Prophets and Kings , translation and commentary issued in multiple volumes. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari SUNY Press. volumes 6-17 are relevant.
- Chirri, Mohammad (1982). The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad. Islamic Center of America, Detroit, MI. Alibris. ISBN 8126171834.
- Motahhari, Murtaza (1981). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari (مرتضی مطهری February 3, 1920 Polarization Around the Character of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. World Organization for Islamic Services, Tehran.
- Cleary, Thomas (1996). Living and Dying with Grace: Counsels of Hadrat Ali. Shambhala Publications, Incorporated. 1570622116.
- Gordagh, George (1956). Ali, The Voice of Human Justice. ISBN 0-941724-24-7. (in Arabic)
- Kattani, Sulayman (1983). Imam 'Ali: Source of Light, Wisdom and Might , translation by I. K. A. Howard. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 0950698660.
- Lakhani, M. Ali. ; Reza Shah-Kazemi and Leonard Lewisohn (2007). The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Contributor Dr Seyyed Hossein Nasr. World Wisdom, Inc. 1933316268.
External links
- Ali ibn Abi Talib by I. K. Poonawala and E. Kohlberg in Encyclopedia Iranica
- Ali, article on Enyclopaedia Britannica Online
Some of the Ali's most famous sermons and letters
- Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
- Order to Maalik al-Ashtar, governor of Egypt (UN Legal Committee, member states voted that the document should be considered as one of the sources of International Law. Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and ) The United Nation and Imam Ali’s Constitution
- A advice ti his son Hasan ib Ali (This letter contains ethical advisement)
- 185 Sermon about the Oneness of Allah
- The Last Will of Ali ibn Abi Talib
Sunni biography
Shi'a biography
- The Life of the Commander of the Faithful Ali b. Abu Talib by Shaykh Mufid in Kitab al-Irshad
- Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
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Ali
Cadet branch of the Banu Quraish
Born: March 17 599 Died: February 28 661 |
||
| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Muhammad |
Imam 632 – 661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali Disputed by Nizari |
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by Uthman |
Rashidun Caliph 656 – 661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali |
TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi known Banū Hāshim (Arabic بنو هاشم) was a clan in the Quraish tribe Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Events By Place Europe Khan Kubrat starts to rule in Great Bulgaria. Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar See also Ismaili The Nizārī s (النزاريون an-Nizāriyyūn) are the largest branch of the Ismā‘īlī (اسماعیلیه and comprise Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Events By Place Europe Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia Asia The Battle of Events By Place Europe Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar
Dictionary
Ali
-proper noun
- A male given name, derived from the Arabic root `-l-y which means "high"
- The Muslim caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the assassination of whom led to the schism between Sunni and Shiite branches. Arabic:(علي بن ابي طالب)
- A Muslim surname
- A diminutive of the female given names Alison, Alyson, Allyson or Allison, also spelled Allie.
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