Algeria

- Total $253. The National flag of Algeria consists of two equal vertical bars green and white charged in the center with a red Star and crescent. The Emblem of Algeria (شعار الجزائر is the seal used by the government and it is similar to the Coat of arms of other nations A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Kassaman or Qassaman (The Pledge (نشيد وطني جزائري is the National anthem of Algeria. Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Algeria, along with other ministers and members Abdelaziz Belkhadem (عبد العزيز بلخادم (born November 8 1945) is an Algerian politician who served as Prime Minister of Algeria from 2006 The fertile Coastal plain of North Africa, especially west of Tunisia, is often called the Maghreb (or Maghrib The Hammadids, an offshoot of the Zirids were a Berber dynasty who ruled an area roughly corresponding to modern Algeria for about a century and a half The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different surface Areas here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 4 billion (38th)

- Per capita $8,100 (2007 est. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' ) (88th)

GDP (nominal) 2005 estimate

- Total $102. This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 026 billion (48th)

- Per capita $3,086 (84th)

Gini (1995) 35. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 3 (medium)

HDI (2007) ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 733 (medium) (104th)

Currency Algerian dinar (DZD)

Time zone CET (UTC+1)

Internet TLD .dz

Calling code +213

¹ French is equally used as an administrative language though not on an official basis. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The dinar ( Arabic: دينار ISO 4217 code DZD) is the currency of Algeria and it is subdivided into 100 santeem (سنتيم ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Algerian Arabic, an Arabic vernacular is the most common native language. Algerian Arabic is the variety or varieties of Arabic spoken in Algeria. Berber languages, are recognized as "national languages", and are co-official in Kabylia (specifically the Kabyle language. Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with This article focuses on the region in Algeria For the ethnic group see Kabyle people. Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle Ṯaqbayliṯ,, ˌθæqβæjˈlɪθ spoken by the Kabyle people )

Algeria (الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir IPA: [ælʤæˈzæːʔir], Berber: , Dzayer [ldzæjər]), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a nation in North Africa. Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan It is the second largest country on the African continent^[1] and the 11th largest country in the world in terms of total area. ^[2] It is bordered by Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the southwest, a few kilometers of the Western Sahara in the west, Morocco in the northwest, and the Mediterranean Sea in the north. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa

Algeria is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Arab League, and OPEC. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other working languages is a Confederation consisting of 53 African The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador It also contributed towards the creation of the Arab Maghreb Union. The Arab Maghreb Union ( Arabic: اتحاد المغرب العربي transliterated: Ittihad al-Maghrib al-Araby French Constitutionally, Algeria is defined as an Islamic, Arab, and Amazigh (Berber) country. The Algerian Constitution was first established in 1963 following the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62 originally it was to be drafted by a constitutional assembly led For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. ^[3]

Etymology

Al-jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name jazā’ir banī mazghannā, "the islands of (the tribe) Bani Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi. Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply El Idrisi ( Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي Latin: Yaqut ibn-'Abdullah al-Rumi al-Hamawi) (1179-1229 (ياقوت الحموي الرومي was a Syrian Biographer and Geographer.

History

Main article: History of Algeria

Ancient history

Roman arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria

Algeria has been inhabited by Berbers (or Imazighen) since at least 10,000 BC. The fertile Coastal plain of North Africa, especially west of Tunisia, is often called the Maghreb (or Maghrib After 1000 BC, the Carthaginians began establishing settlements along the coast. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Berbers seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, and Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably Numidia. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia ( North Africa) that later alternated In 200 BC, however, they were once again taken over, this time by the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Berbers became independent again in many areas, while the Vandals took control over other parts, where they remained until expelled by the generals of the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or The Byzantine Empire then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the Arabs in the eighth century.

Middle Ages

According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches, from their ancestor Mazigh. The two branches, Botr and Barnès, were also divided into tribes, with each Maghreb region made up of several tribes. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset ^[4]^[5] Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages. ^[6] ^[7]

The Almohads were able to unify the Maghreb. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i The Berbers of the Middle Ages also contributed to the Arabization of the Maghreb. ^[8]

Islamization and Berber (Amaari) dynasties

Having converted the Kutama of Kabylie to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt, leaving Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals. The Kutama were a Berber tribein the region of Jijel a member of the great Bavares orientaux confederation of the Maghreb This article focuses on the region in Algeria For the ethnic group see Kabyle people. The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) dynasty of Ibāḍī Kharijite imāms ruled the central Maghreb as a Muslim theocracy When the latter rebelled and adopted Sunnism, the Shia Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Banu Hilal ( بنو هلال) were a confederation of Arab tribes that migrated from Arabia into North Africa in the 11th century, having This initiated the Arabization of the region. Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or The Almoravids and Almohads, Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers, brought a period of relative peace and development; however, with the Almohads' collapse, Algeria became a battleground for their three successor states, the Algerian Zayyanids, Tunisian Hafsids, and Moroccan Marinids. The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on Abdalwadid is the name of a Berber Zenata dynasty in North Africa Hafsid was a dynasty ruling Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) from 1229 to 1574. The Anglicised name used for this article derives from the Arabic Banu Marin (also Benī Merīn, which is the source of the Spanish name In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Spanish Empire started attacking and subsuming a few Algerian coastal settlements. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries

Ottoman rule

Hoggar

Main article: History of Ottoman Algeria

Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj in 1517, and they established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s. This article is about the Ahaggar Mountains For the tribe see Ahaggar Tuareg Tribe. At about the time Spain was establishing its Presidios in the Maghreb, the Muslim Privateer brothers Aruj and Khair The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha ( Turkish: Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the Oruç Reis (also called Barbarossa or Redbeard) ( Turkish: Aruj or Oruç Reis, Arabic: عروج بربروس The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801–1805) and Second Barbary War (1815) with the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The First Barbary War (1801&ndash1805 also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War, was the first of two wars fought between the United The Second Barbary War (1815 also known as the Algerine or Algerian War) was the second of two wars fought between the United States of America The piracy acts forced people captured on the boats into slavery; alternatively when the pirates attacked coastal villages in southern and western Europe the inhabitants were forced into slavery. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The Arab Slave trade was the practice of Slavery in West Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and certain parts of Europe (such ^[9] Raids by Barbary pirates on Western Europe did not cease until 1816, when a Royal Navy raid, assisted by six Dutch vessels, destroyed the port of Algiers and its fleet of Barbary ships. The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs, were Muslim Pirates and Privateers that operated from North Africa, from The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Spanish occupation of Algerian ports at this time was a source of concern for the local inhabitants. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

French colonization

Constantine, Algeria 1840

Main article: French rule in Algeria

On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded Algiers in 1830. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest ^[10] The conquest of Algeria by the French was long and particularly violent and resulted in the disappearance of about a third of the Algerian population. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[11] France was responsible for the extermination of 1 million Algerians. According to Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, the French pursued a policy of extermination against the Algerians. Olivier LeCour Grandmaison ( September 19, 1960, Paris) is a French Historian. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

The French conquest of Algeria was slow due to intense resistance from such as Emir Abdelkader, Ahmed Bey and Fatma N'Soumer. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. `Abd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī ( 6 September, 1808 - 26 May, 1883, in Arabic عبد القادر الجزائري was an Ahmed Bey or Hadj Ahmed Bey (1784&ndash1850 (الحاج أحمد باي was the last Bey of Constantine. Lalla Fadhma n'Soumer, in Kabyle Lla Faḍma n Sumer ( Werja, Kabylie about 1830 - Béni Slimane 1863 was an important figure of the Kabyle Indeed the conquest was not technically complete until the early 1900s when the last Tuareg were conquered. The Tuareg (also Twareg or Touareg, Amazigh: Imuhagh / Itargiyen, besides regional ethnyms are a Nomadic

Meanwhile, however, the French made Algeria an integral part of France, a status that would end only with the collapse of the Fourth Republic in 1958. The founding of the Fourth Republic (1944-47 See also Three Parties, Third Force (France European Unity The creation of the Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Spain, Italy, and Malta moved in to farm the Algerian coastal plain and occupy significant parts of Algeria's cities. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land, and the application of modern agriculture techniques that increased the amount of arable land. ^[12] Algeria's social fabric suffered during the occupation: literacy plummeted,^[13] while land confiscation uprooted much of the population.

Starting from the end of the nineteenth century, people of European descent in Algeria (or natives like Spanish people in Oran), as well as the native Algerian Jews (typically Sephardic in origin), became full French citizens. Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural After Algeria's 1962 independence, they were called Pieds-Noirs. Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje In contrast, the vast majority of Muslim Algerians (even veterans of the French army) received neither French citizenship nor the right to vote. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion

Post-independence

In 1954, the National Liberation Front (FLN) launched the Algerian War of Independence which was a guerrilla campaign. The National Liberation Front ( Arabic: جبهة التحرير الوطني transliterated: Jabhat al-Taḩrīr al-Waţanī French: Front The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc By the end of the war, newly elected President Charles de Gaulle, understanding that the age of empire was ending, held a plebiscite, offering Algerians three options. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Unfortunately, he promised the pieds noirs that Algeria would remain French, and that they should stay and invest in the colony. This resulted in a landslide vote for complete independence from the DuVal Mortorian Colonial Dynasty. Over one million people, 10% of the population, then fled the country for France and Italy in just a few months in mid-1962. These included most of the 1,025,000 Pieds-Noirs, as well as 81,000 Harkis (pro-French Algerians serving in the French Army). Harki (adjective from the Arabic harka, standard Arabic haraka حركة "war party" or "movement" i In the days proceeding the bloody conflict, a group of Algerian Rebels opened fire on a marketplace in Oran killing numerous innocent civilians, mostly women. This event is known as the Saint Bartholomew Massacre.

Algeria's first president was the FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella. Mohamed Ahmed Ben Bella (Muhammad Ahmad Bin Balla (أحمد بن بلّة (born December 25 1918, Maghnia, Algeria) was the first President He was overthrown by his former ally and defence minister, Houari Boumédienne in 1965. Houari Boumédienne (original name Mohamed Ben Brahim Boukharouba) ( August 23, 1932 – December 27, 1978) (هواري بومدين Under Ben Bella the government had already become increasingly socialist and authoritarian, and this trend continued throughout Boumédienne's government. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union However, Boumédienne relied much more heavily on the army, and reduced the sole legal party to a merely symbolic role. Agriculture was collectivised, and a massive industrialization drive launched. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Oil extraction facilities were nationalized. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the 1973 oil crisis. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of However, the Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil which led to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut. The 1980s oil glut was a surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1973 and 1979 energy crises.

In foreign policy, Algeria was a member and leader of the Islamic Fundamentalist Movement. A dispute with Morocco over the Tunisia nearly led to war. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. While Algeria shares much of its history and cultural heritage with neighbouring Morocco, the two countries have had somewhat hostile relations with each other ever since Algeria's independence. This is for two reasons: Morocco's disputed claim to portions of western Algeria (which led to the Sand War in 1963), and Algeria's support for the Polisario Front, an armed group of Sahrawi refugees seeking independence for the Moroccan-ruled Western Sahara, which it hosts within its borders in the city of Tindouf. Greater Morocco is a label used predominantly by critical sources largely in discussing the disputed Western Sahara to describe official and unofficial Moroccan The Sand War or Sands War occurred along the Algerian Moroccan border in October 1963 and was a Moroccan attempt to claim the Tindouf and the The Polisario, Polisario Front, or Frente Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of Frente Po pular de Li beración de Sa According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory Tindouf (تندوف is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria.

Within Algeria, dissent was rarely tolerated, and the state's control over the media and the outlawing of political parties other than the FLN was cemented in the repressive constitution of 1976. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press"

Boumédienne died in 1978, but the rule of his successor, Chadli Bendjedid, was little more open. Chadli Bendjedid (شاذلي بن جديد (born April 14, 1929 at Bouteldja near Annaba) was President of Algeria from February The state took on a strongly bureaucratic character and corruption was widespread. Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain

The modernization drive brought considerable demographic changes to Algeria. Demography is the statistical study of all Populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over Village traditions underwent significant change as urbanization increased. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing New industries emerged, agricultural employment was substantially reduced. Education was extended nationwide, raising the literacy rate from less than 10% to over 60%. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, There was a dramatic increase in the fertility rate to 7-8 children per mother. The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total

Therefore by 1980, there was a very youthful population and a housing crisis. The new generation struggled to relate to the cultural obsession with the war years and two conflicting protest movements developed: communists, including Berber identity movements; and Islamic 'intégristes'. Both groups protested against one-party rule but also clashed with each other in universities and on the streets during the 1980s. A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party Mass protests from both camps in Autumn 1988 forced Bendjedid to concede the end of one-party rule. Elections were planned to happen in 1991. In December 1991, the Islamic Salvation Front won the first round of the country's first multi-party elections. The Islamic Salvation Front ( Arabic: الجبهة الإسلامية للإنقاذ al-Jabhah al-Islāmiyah lil-Inqādh) (Front Islamique du Salut is an outlawed The Algerian National Assembly elections of 1991 were cancelled by a military coup after the first round triggering the Algerian Civil War; the military expressed concerns that The military then intervened and cancelled the second round. It forced then-president Bendjedid to resign and banned all political parties based on religion (including the Islamic Salvation Front). A political conflict ensued, leading Algeria into the violent Algerian Civil War. The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups which began in 1991

More than 160,000 people were killed between 17 January 1992 and June 2002. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Most of the deaths were between militants and government troops, but a great number of civilians were also killed. The question of who was responsible for these deaths was controversial at the time amongst academic observers; many were claimed by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية Though many of these massacres were carried out by Islamic extremists, the Algerian regime also used the army and foreign mercenaries to conduct attacks on men, women and children and then proceeded to blame the attacks upon various Islamic groups within the country. ^[14]

Algiers

Elections resumed in 1995, and after 1998, the war waned. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest On 27 April 1999, after a series of short-term leaders representing the military, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the current president, was elected. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President ^[15]

By 2002, the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or surrendered, taking advantage of an amnesty program, though sporadic fighting continued in some areas (See Islamic insurgency in Algeria (2002–present)). Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to The Maghreb (more specifically Algeria, Mauritania and Morocco) has been the subject of an Insurgency since 2002 waged by the neo-

The issue of Berber language and identity increased in significance, particularly after the extensive Kabyle protests of 2001 and the near-total boycott of local elections in Kabylie. Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today The Kabyles ( Iqvaylyen or Iqbayliyen in Kabyle, iqβajlijən are a Berber people whose traditional Homeland is highlands of This article focuses on the region in Algeria For the ethnic group see Kabyle people. The government responded with concessions including naming of Manthatztieht (Berber) as a national language and teaching it in schools.

Much of Algeria is now recovering and developing into an emerging economy. The term emerging markets is used to describe a nation's social or business activity in the process of rapid Industrialization. The high prices of oil and gas are being used by the new government to improve the country's infrastructure and especially improve industry and agricultural land. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Recently, overseas investment in Algeria has increased.

Geography

Topographic map of Algeria

Main article: Geography of Algeria

Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural harbours. Size and boundaries Area comparative Australia comparative slightly smaller than Western Australia Canada comparative A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. The Tell Atlas (الاطلس التلي is a mountain chain over 1500 kilometers in length belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges in North Africa, stretching from South of the Tell Atlas is a steppe landscape, which ends with the Saharan Atlas; further south, there is the Sahara desert. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced The Saharan Atlas of Algeria is the eastern portion of the Atlas Mountains. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest The Ahaggar Mountains (Arabic: جبال هقار‎), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. This article is about the Ahaggar Mountains For the tribe see Ahaggar Tuareg Tribe. They are located about 1,500 km (932 miles) south of the capital, Algiers and just west of Tamanghasset. Tamanrasset ( Arabic: تمنراست Tuareg:) is an Oasis city and capital of Tamanrasset Province in southern

Algiers, Oran , Constantine, and Annaba are Algeria's main cities. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán. Constantine ( Arabic: is the capital of Constantine Province in north-eastern Algeria. Annaba (عنابة formerly Bône, historically Hippo) is a city in the northeastern corner of Algeria near the river Seybouse and

Climate and hydrology

Northern Algeria is in the temperate zone and has a mild, Mediterranean climate. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Its broken topography, however, provides sharp local contrasts in both prevailing temperatures and incidence of rainfall. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets Year-to-year variations in climatic conditions are also common.

In the Tell Atlas, temperatures in summer average between 21 and 24 °C and in winter drop to 10 to 12 °C. Winters are not particularly cold, but the humidity level is high. In eastern Algeria, the average temperatures are somewhat lower, and on the steppes of the High Atlas plateaux, winter temperatures are only a few degrees above freezing. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains (الاطلس الكبير and Haut Atlas is a Mountain range in central Morocco A prominent feature of the climate in this region is the sirocco, a dusty, choking south wind blowing off the desert, sometimes at gale force. Sirocco, scirocco, jugo or rarely siroc is a Mediterranean Wind that comes from This wind also occasionally reaches into the coastal Tell. ^[1]

The Ahaggar Mountains

In Algeria, only a relatively small corner of the torrid Sahara lies across the Tropic of Cancer in the torrid zone. This article is about the Ahaggar Mountains For the tribe see Ahaggar Tuareg Tribe. For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Cancer (novel. The Tropic of Cancer, or Northern tropic, is one of five The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 In this region even in winter, midday desert temperatures can be very hot. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.

Rainfall is fairly abundant along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1000 mm in some years. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Prevailing winds that are easterly and north-easterly in summer change to westerly and northerly in winter and carry with them a general increase in precipitation from September through December, a decrease in the late winter and spring months, and a near absence of rainfall during the summer months. The prevailing winds are the trends in speed and direction of Wind over a particular point on the Earth 's surface Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes between mountains, which in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to 110 °F (43 °C). An erg (also sand sea or dune sea) is a large relatively flat area of Desert covered with Wind -swept Sand with little to no vegetation

Politics

Main article: Politics of Algeria

Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria. Politics of Algeria takes place in a framework of a presidential Republic, whereby the President of Algeria is both Head of state and Head Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces

The head of state is the President of Algeria, who is elected to a five year term and is constitutionally limited to two terms. The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally ^[1] The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Algeria, along with other ministers and members The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers.

The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members; and an upper chamber, the Council Of Nation, with 144 members. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral The APN is elected every five years.

Under the 1976 constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity All parties must be approved by the Ministry of the Interior. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender or region. "

Military forces

missile launcher ship made in Algeria

The Algerian Army is called Popular National Army (PNA or ANP in French). It is composed of the command of the army, navy, and the air defence of the territory. The summit of military hierarchy leads to the leader of the State, constitutionally supreme leader of Armed forces and Defence Minister. The Algerian army has an enrollment about 300,000 soldiers, including up to 150,000 reservists. It is also assisted by the police station composed of 60 000 members, as well as a republican elite corps of 5 000 guards, dependent on the Ministry of Defence. In 2006, the Algerian budget of defence occupied 3. 3% of the GDP, which is about $3. 8 billion (USD). The Algeria's main purveyor of weapon since independence was the USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic). However, since the fall of this last at the end of Cold War, Algeria has undertaken a diversification of its armed supplies, notably by turning to countries like the United States, China and South Africa. However, Russian material has always occupied a preponderant place within the Algerian army.

It is the direct successor of the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), which fought French colonial occupation during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62). The Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN ( French, National Liberation Army) was the armed wing of the Nationalist Front de Libération This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from

The People's National Army consists of 127,500 members, with some 100,000 reservists. The army is under the control of the president, who also is minister of National Defense (current president is Abdelaziz Bouteflika). The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President Defense expenditures accounted for some $2. 67 billion or 3. 5% of GDP. One and a half years of national military service is compulsory for males.

Algeria is a leading military power in North Africa and has its force oriented toward its western (Morocco) and eastern (Libya) borders. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Its primary military supplier has been the former Soviet Union, which has sold various types of sophisticated equipment under military trade agreements, and the People's Republic of China. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Algeria has attempted, in recent years, to diversify its sources of military material. Military forces are supplemented by a 45,000-member gendarmerie or rural police force under the control of the president and 30,000-member Sûreté nationale or Metropolitan police force under the Ministry of the Interior. A gendarmerie or gendarmery (dʒɛnˈdɑrməriː or /ˌʒɑndɑrməˈriː/ after the French is a Military body charged with Police duties among civilian Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force

Recently, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 MiG-29SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated $1. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 5 Billion. They also agreed to return old airplanes purchased from the Former USSR. Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent nations that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Russia is also building 2 636-type diesel submarines for Algeria. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability ^[16]

Maghreb Arab Union

Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have put great obstacles in the way of tightening the Maghreb Arab Union, which was nominally established in 1989 but carried little practical weight with its coastal neighbors. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Western Sahara ( Arabic: الصحراء الغربية; transliterated: as-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbīyah; Sahara Occidental is a territory The Arab Maghreb Union ( Arabic: اتحاد المغرب العربي transliterated: Ittihad al-Maghrib al-Araby French ^[17]

Provinces and districts

Main articles: Provinces of Algeria and Districts of Algeria

Further information: Municipalities of Algeria

Map of the provinces of Algeria numbered according to the official order

Algeria is currently divided into 48 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (communes, baladiyahs). ||-|} Algeria is currently divided into 48 Wilayas ( Provinces, 553 Daïras ( circles, or Counties) and 1541 Baladiyahs The provinces of Algeria are divided into 553 Districts ( daïras) This is a list of all communes in the North African country of Algeria, currently ( there are 1541 communes in the country the Population data is from ||-|} Algeria is currently divided into 48 Wilayas ( Provinces, 553 Daïras ( circles, or Counties) and 1541 Baladiyahs A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually The provinces of Algeria are divided into 553 Districts ( daïras) A daïra (دائرة circle; plural dawaïr) is an Administrative division of a Wilaya in Algeria and in Western Sahara This is a list of all communes in the North African country of Algeria, currently ( there are 1541 communes in the country the Population data is from This is a list of all communes in the North African country of Algeria, currently ( there are 1541 communes in the country the Population data is from Baladiyah (بلدية is a type of Arabic Administrative division that can be translated as Municipality. Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is mostly also the largest city.

According to the Algerian constitution, a province is a territorial collectivity enjoying some economic freedom. The People's Provincial Assembly is the political entity governing a province, which has a "president", who is elected by the members of the assembly. The People's Municipal Assembly (also known by its French acronym APW for ''[[frAssemblée populaire de wilaya|Assemblée populaire de wilaya] ] is the political body They are in turn elected on universal suffrage every five years. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to The "Wali" (Prefect or governor) directs each province. Wāli or vali is an administrative title that was used during the Ottoman Empire to designate governors of administrative divisions Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government This person is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the PPA's decisions. The President is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian armed forces

The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:^[1]

1 Adrar
2 Chlef
3 Laghouat
4 Oum el-Bouaghi
5 Batna
6 Béjaïa
7 Biskra
8 Béchar
9 Blida
10 Bouira
11 Tamanghasset
12 Tébessa

13 Tlemcen
14 Tiaret
15 Tizi Ouzou
16 Algiers
17 Djelfa
18 Jijel
19 Sétif
20 Saida
21 Skikda
22 Sidi Bel Abbes
23 Annaba
24 Guelma

25 Constantine
26 Médéa
27 Mostaganem
28 M'Sila
29 Mascara
30 Ouargla
31 Oran
32 El Bayadh
33 Illizi
34 Bordj Bou Arréridj
35 Boumerdès
36 El Tarf

37 Tindouf
38 Tissemsilt
39 El Oued
40 Khenchela
41 Souk Ahras
42 Tipasa
43 Mila
44 Aïn Defla
45 Naama
46 Aïn Témouchent
47 Ghardaïa
48 Relizane

Economy

Main article: Economy of Algeria

The fossil fuels energy sector is the backbone of Algeria's economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. For the region of Mauritania see Adrar (region. Adrar ( ولاية أدرار) is a province of southwestern Algeria Chlef ( ولاية الشلف) is a wilaya in Algeria, and has about 1 million inhabitants Laghouat (ولاية الأغواط is a province ( wilaya) in central Algeria. Oum el-Bouaghi ( ولاية أم البواقي) is a wilaya of Algeria. Batna ( ولاية باتنة) is a wilaya of Algeria. Capital is Batna. Béjaïa (بجاية Kabyle: Bgayet) is a province of Algeria. Biskra ( Arabic: ولاية بسكرة, Berber: Tibeskert)is a wilaya of Algeria. Béchar ( ولاية بشار) is a province in Algeria, named after its capital Béchar. Blida (البليدة is a province in Algeria. Its capital is Blida. Bouïra ( Arabic: ولاية البويرة, Berber: Tubiret) is a province in Algeria. Tamanrasset or Tamanghasset ( Arabic: ولاية تمنراست, Berber Tamenγest) is the largest province in Algeria. Tébessa ( ولاية تبسة) is a wilaya of Algeria. Tébessa is also the name of the capital which in ancient times it was known as Tlemcen (تلمسان is a province in north-western Algeria. Tiaret ( Arabic: ولاية تيارت, Berber: Tahert) is a wilaya of Algeria. Tizi Ouzou ( Kabyle: Tizi Wezzu) is a province in Algeria, named after its capital. Algiers ( Arabic: ولاية الجزائر) is a province in Algeria, named after its capital Algiers, which is also Djelfa ( ولاية الجلفة) is a wilaya of Algeria. Its capital is Djelfa. Jijel ( ولاية جيجل) is a province in Algeria in the eastern Mediterranean cost Sétif Province (ولاية سطيف is a province in north-eastern Algeria. Saida ( Arabic: ولاية سعيدة) is a wilaya of Algeria, named after its capital. Skikida ( Arabic:سكيكدة is a province of Algeria, on its eastern Mediterannean coastline Sidi Bel Abbès ( Arabic: ولاية سيدي بلعباس) is one of the Provinces of Algeria. Annaba ( ولاية عنابة) is a small province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria. Guelma Province ( Arabic: ولاية قالمة) is a province in eastern Algeria. Constantine (قسنطينة is one of the 48 provinces of Algeria, whose capital is the city of the same name. Médéa ( ولاية المدية) is a wilaya of Algeria. The capital is Médéa. Mostaganem ( ولاية مستغانم) is a wilaya of Algeria M'Sila (also spelled Msila, M'sila or MSila) ( ولاية المسيلة) is a wilaya of Northern Algeria. Mascara (ولاية معسكر is a province in Algeria. There was an earthquake in Mascara City (the Capital) on August 18 Ouargla ( Arabic: ورقلة) is a province in southern Algeria. Oran is a province in Algeria whose seat is the city of the same name. El Bayadh ( ولاية البيض) is a province in Algeria, named after its capital El Bayadh. Illizi ( ولاية اليزي) is a province in the south-eastern corner of Algeria named after its eponymous seat. Bordj Bou Arréridj ( ولاية برج بوعريريج) is a province and in the east Algeria around 200 km away from the capital Algiers. Boumerdès ( Arabic: ولاية بومرداس, Berber: Bumerdas) is a province of northern Algeria, between Algiers El Taref ( ولاية الطارف) is a prvoince of Algeria. Tindouf, also written Tinduf, (تندوف is the westernmost province of Algeria, having a population of 58193 as of the 2008 census Tissemsilt ( ولاية تسمسيلت) is the province n° 38 of Algeria with the capital being Tissemsilt. El Oued ( ولاية الوادي) is a Saharan province of Algeria (n° 39 dominated by Oued Souf. Khenchela ( ولاية خنشلة) is a wilaya of Algeria situated in the Aurès, a mountainous region southeast of the capital Souk Ahras ( Arabic: ولاية سوق أهراس) is a province in Algeria, named after its capital Souk Ahras. Tipasa ( Arabic: ولاية تيبازة, Tibaza, older Tefessedt) is a wilaya on the coast of Algeria, Its capital is Mila ( ولاية ميلة) is a wilaya of Algeria, whose capital is Mila. Aïn Defla (ولاية عين الدفلى is a Wilaya ( Province) in northern Algeria. Naâma ( ولاية النعامة) is a province of Algeria named after its provincial seat, the town of Naâma. Aïn Témouchent ( ولاية عين تموشنت) is a province in northwestern Algeria, named after its capital Aïn Témouchent. Ghardaïa ( Arabic: ولاية غرداية, Mozabite:) is a wilaya in eastern Algeria, named after its capital Ghardaïa Relizane ( Arabic: ولاية غليزان) is a wilaya of Algeria. Under French administration the economy of Algeria developed greatly the total imports and exports at the time of the French occupation (1830 did not exceed £ 175000 The country ranks fourteenth in petroleum reserves, containing 11. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit 8 billion barrels (1,880,000,000 m³) of proven oil reserves with estimates suggesting that the actual amount is even more. The U. S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had 160 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the eighth largest in the world. The United States Energy Information Administration (EIA created by Congress in 1977, is the independent statistical agency within the U Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, ^[18]

Algeria’s financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic Debt is that which is owed usually referencing Assets owed but the term can cover other obligations The Paris Club is an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's richest countries which provides financial services such as debt restructuring debt relief and debt Algeria’s finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from an increase in oil prices and the government’s tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is External debt (or foreign debt) is that part of the total debt in a country that is owed to Creditors outside the country The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards, however. Investment or investing is a term with several closely-related meanings in Business management, Finance and Economics, related to saving Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. In 2001, the government signed an Association Treaty with the European Union that will eventually lower tariffs and increase trade. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in In March 2006, Russia agreed to erase $4. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 74 billion of Algeria's Soviet-era debt^[19] during a visit by President Vladimir Putin to the country, the first by a Russian leader in half a century. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia In return, president Bouteflika agreed to buy $7. Abdelaziz Bouteflika (abdəlazɪz butəflika ( عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2 1937 in Oujda, Morocco) has been the President 5 billion worth of combat planes, air-defense systems and other arms from Russia, according to the head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport. JSC Rosoboronexport ( Russian: OAO Рособоронэкспорт is the sole state intermediary agency for Russia 's exports/imports of defense–related ^[20]^[21]

Algeria also decided in 2006 to pay off its full $8bn (£4. 3bn) debt to the Paris Club group of rich creditor nations before schedule. The Paris Club is an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's richest countries which provides financial services such as debt restructuring debt relief and debt This will reduce the Algerian foreign debt to less than $5bn in the end of 2006. The Paris Club said the move reflected Algeria's economic recovery in recent years. The Paris Club is an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's richest countries which provides financial services such as debt restructuring debt relief and debt

Agriculture

Since Roman times Algeria has been noted for the fertility of its soil. 25% of Algerians are employed in the agricultural sector. ^[22]

A considerable amount of cotton was grown at the time of the United States' Civil War, but the industry declined afterwards. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South In the early years of the twentieth century efforts to extend the cultivation of the plant were renewed. A small amount of cotton is also grown in the southern oases. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Large quantities of a vegetable that resembles horsehair, an excellent fibre, are made from the leaves of the dwarf palm. The olive (both for its fruit and oil) and tobacco are cultivated with great success. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana.

More than 7,500,000 acres (30,000 km²) are devoted to the cultivation of cereal grains. The Tell is the grain-growing land. The Tell Atlas (الاطلس التلي is a mountain chain over 1500 kilometers in length belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges in North Africa, stretching from During the time of French rule its productivity was increased substantially by the sinking of artesian wells in districts which only required water to make them fertile. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. See Great Artesian Basin for the water source in Australia An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing Groundwater Of the crops raised, wheat, barley and oats are the principal cereals. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena. A great variety of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus products, are exported. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of Algeria also exports figs, dates, esparto grass, and cork. Ficus is a Genus of about 850 Species of woody Trees Shrubs Vines Epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes in the family The Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible Fruit. Esparto, or esparto grass, also known as "halfah grass" or "needle grass" Macrochloa tenacissima and Stipa tenacissima, is a perennial Cork material is a Prime-subset of generic cork tissue, harvested for commercial use primarily from the Cork Oak tree Quercus It is the largest oat market in Africa. Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena.

Algeria is known for Bertolli's olive oil spread, although the spread has an Italian background. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees

Demographics

Demographics of Algeria, Data of FAO, year 2005; number of inhabitants in thousands.

Main article: Demographics of Algeria

The current population of Algeria is 33,333,216 (July 2007 est. Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass ). ^[1] About 70% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the minority who inhabit the Sahara are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest In Geography, an oasis (plural oases) or Cienega ( Southwestern United States) is an isolated area of vegetation in a Desert, typically 5 million remain nomadic or partly nomadic. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Almost 30% of Algerians are under 15. Algeria has the fourth lowest fertility rate in the Greater Middle East after Cyprus, Tunisia, and Turkey. This page consists of two tables Table 1 is sourced from the CIA World Factbook''' The Greater Middle East (also known as " The New Middle East " is a political term coined by the Bush administration to englobe together various Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

97% of the population is classified ethnically as Berber/Arab and religiously as Sunni Muslim, the few non-Sunni Muslims are mainly Ibadis, representing 1. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Ibadi movement or Ibadiyya (Arabic الاباضية al-Ibāḍiyyah is a form of Islam distinct from the Shi'a and Sunni denominations 3%, from the M'Zab valley. The M'zab or Mzab, ( Tumzabt Aghlan) مزاب is a region of the northern Sahara, in the Ghardaïa Wilaya (See also Islam in Algeria. Islam, the religion of almost all of the Algerian people pervades most aspects of life ) A mostly foreign Roman Catholic community of about 45,000 people exists, along with about 350,000 Protestant Christians, and some 500 Jewish. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Jewish community of Algeria, which once constituted 2% of the total population, has substantially decreased due to emigration, mostly to France and Israel. Jews and Judaism have a rather long history in Algeria. However following the brutal conflict of the 1990s there – in particular the rebel Armed Islamic This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Europeans account for less than 1% of the population, inhabiting almost exclusively the largest metropolitan areas. However, during the colonial period there was a large (15. 2% in 1962) European population, consisting primarily of French people, in addition to Spaniards in the west of the country, Italians and Maltese in the east, and other Europeans in smaller numbers known as pieds-noirs, concentrated on the coast and forming a majority in cities like Bône, Oran, Sidi Bel Abbès, and Algiers. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The Maltese people or Maltese are a Southern European Nation and Ethnic group native to Malta, an island nation consisting of an archipelago Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje Annaba (عنابة formerly Bône, historically Hippo) is a city in the northeastern corner of Algeria near the river Seybouse and Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán. Sidi Bel Abbès ( Arabic: سيدي بلعباس) is a capital (2005 pop Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Almost all of this population left during or immediately after the country's independence from France.

A Dancer in Biskra, published in March 1917 National Geographic. Biskra ( Arabic: بسكرة; Berber: Tibeskert) is the capital city of Biskra province, Algeria.

Housing and medicine continue to be pressing problems in Algeria. Failing infrastructure and the continued influx of people from rural to urban areas has overtaxed both systems. According to the UNDP, Algeria has one of the world's highest per housing unit occupancy rates for housing, and government officials have publicly stated that the country has an immediate shortfall of 1. 5 million housing units.

Women make up 70 percent of Algeria’s lawyers and 60 percent of its judges. Women dominate medicine. Increasingly, women are contributing more to household income than men. Sixty percent of university students are women, according to university researchers. ^[23]

Ethnic groups

Most Algerians are Berber or Arab, by language or identity, but almost all Algerians are Berber in origin. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ^[1] Today, the Arab-Berber issue is often a case of self-identification or identification through language and culture, rather than a racial or ethnic distinction. The Berber people are divided into several ethnic groups, Kabyle in the mountainous north-central area, Chaoui in the eastern Atlas Mountains, Mozabites in the M'zab valley, and Tuareg in the far south. The Chaouis are a Berber people who live mainly in the Aurès Region and Aurès Mountains. The Atlas Mountains ( Kabyle: Idurar n leṭles جبال الأطلس) is a Mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2400 The Mozabite people are a Berber ethnic group living in the M'zab (Central Algeria) in the northern Sahara. The M'zab or Mzab, ( Tumzabt Aghlan) مزاب is a region of the northern Sahara, in the Ghardaïa Wilaya The Tuareg (also Twareg or Touareg, Amazigh: Imuhagh / Itargiyen, besides regional ethnyms are a Nomadic Small pockets of Black African populations also are in Algeria. Turkish Algerians represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities.

However, in a recent genetic study by Standford University, Arabs and Berbers were found to have more genetic similarities than was once believed. ^[24] The Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups that characterize both Arabs and Berbers are E1b1b and J (found in 70% of Middle Eastern people and 90% in North Africa). In Human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a Haplogroup defined by differences in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the In Human genetics, Y Haplogroup E1b1b (E-M215 is a Y-chromosome Haplogroup, a sub-group of Haplogroup E, which is defined by ‎In Human genetics, Haplogroup J (previously known as HG9 or Eu9/Eu10) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This has led scientists to conclude that North Africa has a higher genetic affinity with Arab populations than was previously hypothesized. Southern Algerians are most genetically closely linked with Arabs from Gulf countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the UAE. Northern Algerians are most genetically linked with Arabs from Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Jordan and some Gulf countries.

A more recent and thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004) which analyzed populations from Algeria concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both E1b1b and J haplogroups) is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East. This Neolithic origin was later confirmed by Myles et al. (2005), which in turn suggests that "contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East". ^[25]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Algeria

Trilingual welcome sign in the Isser Municipality (Boumerdès), written in Arabic, Kabyle (Tifinagh), and French. Currently spoken languages Arabic Arabic is the language of 55% of Algeria's population particularly Algerian Arabic spoken by 50 % in addition Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle Ṯaqbayliṯ,, ˌθæqβæjˈlɪθ spoken by the Kabyle people Tifinagh ( in Neo-Tifinagh Tifinaɣ in Berber Latin alphabet, tifinaɣ is an Alphabetic script used by some Africans to write their language French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Most Algerians speak Algerian Arabic. Algerian Arabic is the variety or varieties of Arabic spoken in Algeria. Arabic is spoken natively in dialectal form ("Darja") by some 83 percent of the population. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Algerian Arabic is the variety or varieties of Arabic spoken in Algeria. ^[26] However, in the media and on official occasions the spoken language is Standard Arabic. Literary Arabic (ar اللغة العربية الفصحى "the Eloquent Arabic language" or Standard Arabic is the literary and standard variety

The Berbers (or Imazighen), who form approximately 45 percent of the population,^[26] largely speak one of the various dialects of Tamazight as opposed to Arabic. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today But a majority can use both Berber and Algerian Arabic. Arabic remains Algeria's only official language, although Tamazight has recently been recognized as a national language alongside it. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Nomenclature The term Berber has been used in Europe since at least the 17th century and is still used today A national language is a Language (or language variant, ie Dialect) which has some connection - de facto or de jure - with ^[27]

Ethnologue counts eighteen living languages within Algeria, splitting both Arabic and Tamazight into several different languages, as well as including Korandje, which is unrelated to Arabic or Tamazight. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian Korandje is by far the most northerly of the Songhay languages. ^[28]

The language issue is politically sensitive, particularly for the Berber minority, which has been disadvantaged by state-sanctioned Arabization. Arabization ( Arabic: تعريب) describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or Language politics and Arabization have partly been a reaction to the fact that 130 years of French colonization had left both the state bureaucracy and much of the educated upper class completely Francophone, as well as being motivated by the Arab nationalism promoted by successive Algerian governments. Language politics is a term used to describe political (and sometimes social consequences of linguistic differences between people or on occasion the political consequences of the way This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Bureaucracy is the structure and set of regulations in place to control activity usually in large organizations and government The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places Arab nationalism ( Arabic: القومية العربية is a Nationalist ideology which rose to prominence amongst Arabs from the early 20th century onwards

French is still the most widely studied foreign language, and most Algerians are fluent in French though it is usually not spoken in daily circumstances. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A foreign language is a Language not spoken by the people of a certain place for example English is a foreign language in Japan. Since independence, the government has pursued a policy of linguistic Arabization of education and bureaucracy, with some success, although many university courses continue to be taught in French. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Recently, schools have started to incorporate French into the curriculum as early as children start to learn Arabic, as many Algerians are fluent in French. French is also used in media and commerce.

Education

Young inhabitants of Algiers in the streets of the Kasbah of Algiers. The Casbah ( French) or as transliterated from Arabic Qasba (from qasba, قصبة ' Citadel ' is specifically the citadel of Algiers

Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 15. In the year 1997, there was an outstanding amount of teachers and students in primary schools.

In Algeria there are 10 universities, 7 colleges, and 5 institutes for higher learning. The University of Algiers (founded in 1909), which is located in the capital of Algeria, Algiers has about 267,142 students. ^[29] The Algerian school system is structured into Basic, General Secondary, and Technical Secondary levels:

Basic: Ecole fondamentale (Fundamental School)
Length of program: 10 years
Age range: age 6 to 15 old
Certificate/diploma awarded: Brevet d'Enseignement Moyen B. E. M.
General Secondary: Lycée d'Enseignement général (School of General Teaching) , lycées polyvalents (General-Purpose School)
Length of program: 3 years
Age range: age 15 to 18
Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement secondaire
(Bachelor's Degree of Secondary School)
Technical Secondary: Lycées d'Enseignement technique (Technical School)
Length of program: 3 years
Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat technique (Technical Bachelor's Degree)

Culture

Martyrs Monument

Mosque in Algiers. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. Famous novelists of the twentieth century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, and Kateb Yacine, while Assia Djebar is widely translated. Abdelkader Alloula (1929-1994 Jean Amrouche (1907-1962 Malek Bennabi (1905-1973 Marguerite Mohammed Dib (محمد ديب&lrm (1920-2003 was an Algerian author who wrote over 30 novels as well as numerous short stories poems and children's literature in the Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Kateb Yacine ( August 2 1929 or August 6 1929 &mdash October 28 1989) was an Algerian writer notable for Assia Djebar Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views. Rachid Mimouni (In Arabic:رشيد ميموني ( November 20, 1945 &ndash February 12, 1995) was an Algerian writer teacher Tahar Djaout ( January 11, 1954 - June 2, 1993) was an Algerian Journalist, Poet, and Fiction Writer Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only ^[30] In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria. Deconstruction is a term used in Philosophy, Literary criticism, and the Social sciences, popularised through its usage by Jacques Derrida in El Biar (from the arabic "الأبيار" meaning "The Wells" is a suburb of Algiers, Algeria. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Malek Bennabi (or Malik Bin Nabi ( Arabic:مالك بن نبي was a prominent Algerian thinker (1905 &ndash 1973 Frantz Fanon ( July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a Psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and author from Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction Souk Ahras ( Arabic: سوق أهراس; Chaoui:) is a municipality in Algeria. Souk Ahras ( Arabic: سوق أهراس; Chaoui:) is a municipality in Algeria. Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun (full name أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,, ( May 27, 1332 AD/732 AH &ndash March 19 Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis The Muqaddimah, or the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun ( Arabic: ar مقدّمة ابن خلدون Amazigh: Tazwarit n Ibn Xldun Algerian culture has been strongly influenced by Islam, the main religion. Islam, the religion of almost all of the Algerian people pervades most aspects of life The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted. The Senussi or Sanussi refers to a Muslim political-religious order in Libya and Sudan founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Grand Senussi Sayyid `Abd al-Qādir al-Jazā'irī ( 6 September, 1808 - 26 May, 1883, in Arabic عبد القادر الجزائري was an Abdelhamid Ben Badis (عبد الحميد بن باديسAlso Ben Badis) was born on December 4, 1889 at 1600 The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. Apuleius should not be confused with Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, a Roman demagogue or with Pseudo-Apuleius, an author M'Daourouch is a municipality in Souk Ahras Province, Algeria, occupying the site of the former Roman town of Madauras Madaure or Madaura

The Algerian musical genre best known abroad is raï , a pop-flavored, opinionated take on folk music, featuring international stars such as Khaled and Cheb Mami. Algerian Music is virtually synonymous with Raï among foreigners the Musical genre has achieved great popularity in France, Spain Raï (راي is a form of folk music, originated in Oran Algeria from Bedouin Shepherds mixed with Spanish, French, Khaled Hadj Brahim (born 29 February 1960) better known as Khaled (خالد حاج ابراهيم is a Raï singer-songwriter and Cheb Mami (شاب مامي Ahmed Khelifati Mohamed, born July 11, 1966) is an Algerian born Raï singer in Algeria itself the style: ( raï ) remains the most popular,but the older generation still prefer ("shaabi", Dahmane Elharrashi its King. Raï (راي is a form of folk music, originated in Oran Algeria from Bedouin Shepherds mixed with Spanish, French, . ) while the tuneful melodies of Kabyle music, exemplified by Idir, Ait Menguellet, or Lounès Matoub, have a wide audience. Idir (b 1949 in Aït Lahcène Algeria real name Hamid Cheriet) is an Algerian Musician. Lounis Aït Menguellet ( 17 January, 1950) was born in Ighil Bouammas in the Djurdjura mountains, near Tizi-Ouzou and is a Berber Lounès Matoub ( Berber Latin: Lwennas Meɛṭub, Tifinagh: ⵍⵡⴻⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴻⵄⵟⵓⴱ, often credited as Matoub Lounès For more classical tastes, Andalusi music, brought from Al-Andalus by Morisco refugees, is preserved in many older coastal towns. Andalusian classical music (or Arabo-Andalusian music, moussiqua al-âla) is a style of Arabic music found across North Africa, though it evolved Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal For a more modern style, the English born and of Algerian descent, Potent C is gradually becoming a success for younger generations. Encompassing a mixture of folk, raï, and British hip hop it is a highly collective and universal genre.

Although “raï". Raï (راي is a form of folk music, originated in Oran Algeria from Bedouin Shepherds mixed with Spanish, French, is welcomed and praised as a glowing cultural emblem for Algeria, there was time when raï’s come across critical cultural and political conflictions with Islamic and government policies and practices, post-independency. Thus the distribution and expression of raï music became very difficult. However, “then the government abruptly reversed its position in mid-1985. In part this was due to the lobbying of a former liberation army officer turned pop music impresario, Colonel Snoussi, who hoped to profit from raï if it could be mainstreamed. ”^[31] In addition, given both nations’ relations, Algerian government was pleased with the music’s growing popularity in France. Although the music is ore widely accepted on the political level, it still faces severe conflictions with the populace of Islamic faith in Algeria.

In painting, Mohammed Khadda^[32] and M'Hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years.

See also: List of Algerian writers

Landscapes and monuments of Algeria

Mountain of Chrea near the city of Blida (north). Abdelkader Alloula (1929-1994 Jean Amrouche (1907-1962 Malek Bennabi (1905-1973 Marguerite	street of Zighout Youcef in Algiers (north)	Mountains of Hoggar in the Algerian Sahara(2000 km in the south of Algiers)	Mountains of Tikjda near the city of Tizi Ouzou (north).
Roman ruins of Timgad (north-eastern)	Place of November 1st in the city of Oran(north-western)	Overview of the city of Ghardaïa (south)	Overview of the city of Annaba(north-eastern).
City of Mascara(north-western)	Tichy's beach in Bejaïa (north).	Hanging bridge of the city of Constantine	El-Kantara in Biskra (south).

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria

There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Hammadids, an offshoot of the Zirids were a Berber dynasty who ruled an area roughly corresponding to modern Algeria for about a century and a half Tipaza (formerly Tefessedt, Chenoua: Bazar) is a town on the coast of Algeria, capital of the Tipaza province. Djemila lit in arabic the Beautiful one, Latin: Cuicul or Curculum) is a mountain village in Algeria, near the northern coast east Timgad ( Arabic تيمقاد, called Thamugas or Thamugadi by the Romans) was a Roman colonial town in North Africa Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The M'zab or Mzab, ( Tumzabt Aghlan) مزاب is a region of the northern Sahara, in the Ghardaïa Wilaya In Geography, an oasis (plural oases) or Cienega ( Southwestern United States) is an isolated area of vegetation in a Desert, typically The Casbah ( French) or as transliterated from Arabic Qasba (from qasba, قصبة ' Citadel ' is specifically the citadel of Algiers Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest The only natural World Heritage Sites is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Tassili n'Ajjer ( Tamazight, "Plateau of the Rivers" is a Mountain range in the Sahara Desert in southeast Algeria,

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^ (French) - « Loi n° 02-03 portant révision constitutionnelle », adopted on 10 April 2002.
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Aghrout, Ahmed and Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). Algeria in Transition: Reforms and Development Prospects. Routledge. ISBN 041534848X
Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). The Making of Contemporary Algeria: Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987. Cambridge U. K. : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521301505.
Fanon, Frantz (1966). Frantz Fanon ( July 20, 1925 – December 6, 1961) was a Psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and author from The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. ASIN B0007FW4AW, ISBN 0802141323 (2005 paperback).
Horne, Alistair (1977). Sir Alistair Allan Horne (born November 9, 1925) is a British Historian of modern France. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962. Viking Adult. ISBN 0670619647, ISBN 1-59017-218-3 (2006 reprint)
Roberts, Hugh (2003). The Battlefield: Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity. London: Verso. ISBN 185984684X.
Ruedy, John (1992). Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253349982.
Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830–2000. A Short History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801437156.

External links

Algeria at the Open Directory Project
Photos From Algeria (Arabic)
El Mouradia official presidential site (in French and Arabic)
National People's Assembly official parliamentary site
Algeria entry at The World Factbook
Algeria travel guide from Wikitravel

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

Dictionary

-proper noun

A country in Northern Africa. Official name: People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.

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