Alfonso I (1073/1074[1] – 8 September 1134), called el Batallador, the Battler or the Warrior, was the king of Aragón and Navarre from 1104 until his death in 1134. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. This is a list of the kings of Pamplona ( Iruña in Basque), later Navarre. In 1109, he took up the title of his father-in-law: Imperator totius Hispaniae. The title of Imperator (totius Hispaniae ( Latin for Emperor of Spain) was borne traditionally by the monarchs of León He was the second son of King Sancho Ramírez and successor of his brother Peter I. Sancho Ramírez (c 1042 &ndash 4 June 1094, Huesca) was King of Aragon (1063-1094 not formally until 1076 and King of Navarre Peter I (c 1068-1104 was King of Aragon and Navarre from 1094 to 1104 Alfonso the Battler won his greatest successes in the middle Ebro, where he expelled the Moors from Zaragoza in 1118 and took Egea, Tudela, Calatayud, Borja, Tarazona, Daroca, and Monreal del Campo. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former EGEA or Egea can refer to European Geography Association, a European network of geography students and young geographers with the goal of exchanging geographical Calatayud - Arabic: قلعة أيوب Qalʻaḧ ʼAyyūb (2005 pop Tarazona is a municipality (pop 10667 in the Spanish province of Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon. History According to certain writers the primitive Celtiberian village in this location was named Darek Monreal del Campo is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. He died in September 1134 after an unsuccessful battle with the Moors at the siege of Fraga. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Fraga is the major town of the comarca of Bajo Cinca (Catalan Baix Cinca) in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.
Contents |
Early life
His earliest years were passed in the monastery of Siresa, learning to read and write and to practise the military arts until the tuition of Lope Garcés the Pilgrim, who was repaid for his services by his former charge with the county of Pedrola when Alphonso came to the throne. The ( Royal) House of Aragon was a Royal house that could refer to several different dynasties that ruled first the County later the Kingdom and Ramiro I (bef 1007 - 8 May 1063) is usually credited with being the first King of Aragon. Sancho Ramírez (c 1042 &ndash 4 June 1094, Huesca) was King of Aragon (1063-1094 not formally until 1076 and King of Navarre Sancho Ramírez (c 1042 &ndash 4 June 1094, Huesca) was King of Aragon (1063-1094 not formally until 1076 and King of Navarre Peter I (c 1068-1104 was King of Aragon and Navarre from 1094 to 1104 Alfonso I (1073/1074 &ndash 8 September 1134) called el Batallador, the Battler or the Warrior, was the king of Aragón Ramiro II ( c.1075&ndash 16 August 1157, Huesca) called the Monk, was King of Aragon from 1134 until 1137 Peter I (c 1068-1104 was King of Aragon and Navarre from 1094 to 1104 Alfonso I (1073/1074 &ndash 8 September 1134) called el Batallador, the Battler or the Warrior, was the king of Aragón Ramiro II ( c.1075&ndash 16 August 1157, Huesca) called the Monk, was King of Aragon from 1134 until 1137 Petronila, Petronilla, or Petronella ( Aragonese and Peronella Petronila Ramírez (1135 &ndash October 17 1174, Barcelona Petronila, Petronilla, or Petronella ( Aragonese and Peronella Petronila Ramírez (1135 &ndash October 17 1174, Barcelona Infanta Dulce Berenguer of Aragon Queen Consort of Portugal ( 1152 – 1198) was first daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV Count of Barcelona and Petronila Alfonso II (Aragon or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona ( Huesca, 1157 &ndash Perpignan, 1196 called the Chaste or the Troubadour Ramon Berenguer III (c1158 &ndash 5 April 1181) was the Count of Cerdanya (1162 &ndash 1168 as Peter, and Count of Provence (1173 Sancho (1161 &ndash 1223 was the Count of Cerdanya from 1168 Provence from 1181 to 1185 and Roussillon from 1185 This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. Pedrola is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.
During his brother's reign, he participated in the taking of Huesca (the Battle of Alcoraz, 1096), which became the largest city in the kingdom and the new capital. He also joined El Cid's expeditions in Valencia. Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (c 1040 Vivar, near Burgos &ndash 10 July 1099, Valencia) known as The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. His father gave him the lordships of Biel, Luna, Ardenes, y Bailo. Biel is a municipality (pop 244 in the Spanish province of Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon. Bailo is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.
A series of fortunate deaths put Alfonso directly in line for the throne. His brother's children, Isabel and Peter (who married María Rodríguez, daughter of El Cid), died in 1103 and 1104 respectively. Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (c 1040 Vivar, near Burgos &ndash 10 July 1099, Valencia) known as
Matrimonial conflicts
A passionate fighting-man (he fought twenty-nine battles against Christian or Moor), he was married (when well over 30 years and a habitual bachelor) in 1109 to the ambitious and Urraca of Castile, widow of Raymond of Burgundy, a passionate woman unsuited for a subordinate role. Urraca of Castile (1082 &ndash March 8 1126) was Queen of Castile and León from 1109 to her death Raymond of Burgundy ( Spanish and Portuguese: Raimundo) was the fourth son of William I Count of Burgundy and was Count of Amous. The marriage had been arranged by her father Alfonso VI of Castile in 1106 to unite the two chief Christian states against the Almoravides, and to supply them with a capable military leader. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 &ndash June 29 / July 1, 1109) nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of The Almoravids, was a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of North-Western Africa and the Iberian peninsula during But Urraca was tenacious of her right as proprietary queen and had not learnt chastity in the polygamous household of her father. Husband and wife quarrelled with the brutality of the age and came to open war. Alfonso had the support of one section of the nobles who found their account in the confusion. Being a much better soldier than any of his opponents he gained victories at Sepulveda and Fuente de la Culebra, but his only trustworthy supporters were his Aragonese, who were not numerous enough to keep Castile and León subjugated. Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. The marriage of Alfonso and Urraca was declared null by the pope, as they were second cousins, in 1110, but he ignored the papal nuncio and clung to his liaison with Urraca until 1114. During his marriage, he had called himself "King and Emperor of Castile, Toledo, Aragón, Pamplona, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza" in recognition of his rights as Urraca's husband; of his inheritance of the lands of his father, including the kingdom of his great-uncle Gonzalo; and his prerogative to conquer Andalusia from the Moor. Gonzalo Sánchez (assassinated 26 June 1043) was made Count of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, two small Pyrenean counties before 1035 by Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area He inserted the title of imperator on the basis that he had three kingdoms under his rule.
Alfonso's late marriage and his failure to remarry and produce the essential legitimate heir that should have been a dynastic linchpin of his aggressive territorial policies have been adduced as a lack of interest in women. Ibn al-Athir (1166-1234) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, who responded when asked why he did not take his pleasure from one of the captives of Muslim chiefs, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women. [2]
Church relations
The king quarrelled with the church, and particularly the Cistercians, almost as violently as with his wife. As he beat her, so he drove Archbishop Bernard into exile and expelled the monks of Sahagún. Sahagún is a town in the province of León, Spain. It is the birthplace of the Mudejar style of architecture and of Bernardino de Sahagún He was finally compelled to give way in Castile and Leon to his stepson Alfonso Raimúndez, son of Urraca and her first husband. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King The intervention of Pope Calixtus II brought about an arrangement between the old man and his young namesake. Blessed Pope Callixtus II (or Calistus II) (died December 13 1124) born Guy de Vienne, the fourth son of William I Count of Burgundy
In 1122 in Belchite, he founded a confraternity of knights to fight against the Almoravids. It was the start of the military orders in Aragón. Years later, he organised a branch of the Militia Christi of the Holy Land at Monreal del Campo. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Monreal del Campo is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain.
Reconquista
Alfonso spent his first four years in near-constant war with the Moor. In 1105, he conquered Ejea and Tauste and refortified Castellar and Juslibol. In 1106, he defeated Ahmad II al-Musta'in of Zaragoza at Valtierra. In 1107, he took Tamarite de Litera and Esteban de la Litera. Then followed a period dominated by his relations with Castile and León through his wife, Urraca. He resumed his Reconquista in 1117 by conquering Fitero, Corella, Cintruénigo, Murchante, Monteagudo, and Cascante.
In 1118, the Council of Toulouse declared it a crusade to assist in the reconquest of Zaragoza. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Many Frenchmen consequently joined Alfonso at Ayerbe. Ayerbe is a town in the Hoya de Huesca Comarca, in the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain. They took Almudévar, Gurrea de Gállego, and Zuera, besieging Zaragoza itself by the end of May. On 18 December, it fell and the forces of Alfonso occupied the Azuda, the government tower. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the The great palace of the city was given to the monks of Bernard. Promptly, the city was made Alfonso's capital. Two years later, in 1120, he defeated a Muslim army intent on reconquering his new capital at Cutanda. He promulgated the fuero of tortum per tortum, facilitating taking the law into one's own hands, and forced the Muslim population of the city (greater than 20,000) to move to the suburbs.
In 1119, he retook Cervera, Tudejen, Castellón, Tarazona, Ágreda, Magallón, Borja, Alagón, Novillas, Mallén, Rueda, Épila and repopulated the region of Soria. Soria is a city in north-central Spain, the capital of the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León. He began the siege of Calatayud, but left to defeat the army at Cutanda trying to retake Zaragoza. Calatayud - Arabic: قلعة أيوب Qalʻaḧ ʼAyyūb (2005 pop When Calatayud fell, he took Bubierca, Alhama de Aragón, Ariza, and Daroca (1120). In 1123, he besieged and took Lérida, which was in the hands of the count of Barcelona. Lleida (Standard Central Catalan ˈʎejðə or North-Western Catalan; Spanish Lérida, though officially referred as Lleida The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century From the winter of 1124 to September 1125, he was on a risky expedition to Peña Cadiella deep in Andalusia.
In the great raid of 1125, he carried away a large part of the subject Christians from Granada, and in the south-west of France, he had claims as usurper-king of Navarre. From 1125 to 1126, he was on campaign against Granada, where he was trying to install a Christian prince, and Córdoba, where got only as far as Motril. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. In 1127, he reconquered Longares, but simultaneously lost all his Castilian possessions to Alfonso VII. Alfonso VII ( 1 March 1105 &ndash 21 August 1157) called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King He confirmed a treaty with Castile the next year (1128) at Támara which fixed the boundaries of the two realms.
He conquered Molina de Aragón and repopulated Monzón in 1129, before besieging Valencia, which had fallen again upon the Cid's death. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous
He went north of the Pyrenees in October 1130 to protect the Val d'Aran. The Aran Valley (Era Val d'Aran la Vall d'Aran El Valle de Arán is a small valley (620 Early in 1131, he besieged Bayonne. Bayonne ( French: Bayonne bajɔn Gascon Occitan and Basque: Baiona) is a city and commune of southwest It is said he ruled "from Belorado to Pallars and from Bayonne to Monreal. "
At the siege of Bayonne in October 1131, three years before his death, he published a will leaving his kingdom to three autonomous religious orders based in Palestine and politically largely independent on the pope, the Knights Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, whose influences might have been expected to cancel one another out. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order The Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos The will has greatly puzzled historians, who have read it as a bizarre gesture of extreme piety uncharacteristic of Alphonso's character, one that effectively undid his life's work. Elena Lourie (1975) suggested instead that it was Alphonso's attempt to neutralize the papacy's interest in a disputed succession— Aragon had been a fief of the Papacy since 1068— and to fend off Urraca's son from her first marriage, Alphonso VII of Castile, for the Papacy would be bound to press the terms of such a pious testament. [3] Generous bequests to important churches and abbeys in Castile had the effect of making the noble churchmen there beneficiaries who would be encouraged by the will to act as a brake on Alphonso VII's ambitions to break it— and yet among the magnates witnessing the will in 1131 there is not a single cleric. In the event it was a will that his nobles refused to carry out— instead bringing his brother Ramiro from the monastery to assume royal powers— an eventuality that Lourie suggests was Alphonso's hidden intent.
His final campaigns were against Mequinenza (1133) and Fraga (1134), where García Ramírez, the future king of Navarre, and a mere 500 other knights fought with him. García Ramírez, sometimes García IV, V, VI or VII (died 21 November 1150, Lorca) called the Restorer It fell on 17 July. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians He was dead by September. Alfonso was a fierce, violent man, a soldier and nothing else, whose piety was wholly militant. He has a great role in the Spanish reconquest.
Death
His testament was not honored: Aragon took his aged brother abbot-bishop Ramiro out of a monastery and made him king, marrying him without papal dispensation to Agnes, sister of the Duke of Aquitaine; the Navarrese lords, perhaps irked at the personal union of Aragon and Navarre signalled their independence by putting García Ramírez Lord of Monzón, descendant of an illlegitimate son of García Sánchez III, to the throne in Pamplona. The Duke of Aquitaine ( French: Duc d'Aquitaine) ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of the Frankish and later the García Ramírez, sometimes García IV, V, VI or VII (died 21 November 1150, Lorca) called the Restorer Monzón is a small town in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. García Sánchez III, sometimes García III, IV, V, or VI (also García of Nájera, from García el de Nájera 1016-1054 was For other meanings see Pamplona (disambiguation. Pamplona ( Basque: Iruñea or Iruña) is the capital city of Navarre "The result of the crisis produced by the result of Alfonso I's will was a major reorientation of the peninsula's kingdoms: the separation of Aragon and Navarre, the union of Aragon and Catalonia and— a moot point but stressed particularly by some Castilian historians— the affirmation of 'Castilian hegemony' in Spain"[4] by the rendering of homage for Zaragoza by Alfonso's eventual heir, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former
Notes
- ^ According to the fourteenth-century Crónica di San Juan Peña he died in his sixty-first year (Lourie 1975:639 note).
- ^ Quoted in Lourie 1975:639 note. No bastards are recorded, though they would have cut prominent figures under the circumstances. No inference of homosexuality need be drawn: the chastity that supports fitness for the hunt or for battle is a cultural topos as old as the myth of Actaeon. In Mathematics, a topos (plural "topoi" or "toposes" is a type of category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets In Greek mythology, Actaeon (ækˈtiən (Greek Ακταίων) son of the priestly herdsman Aristaeus and Autonoe in Boeotia,
- ^ Innocent II indeed did write Alfonso VII to just this effect, 10 June 1135 or 36 (Lourie 1995:645).
- ^ Lourie 1975:636.
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Lourie, Elena. "The Will of Alfonso I, 'El Batallador,' King of Aragon and Navarre: A Reassessment." Speculum, 50. 4 (October 1975), pp. 635-651.
| Preceded by Peter I |
King of Aragon 1104–1134 |
Succeeded by Ramiro II |
| King of Navarre 1104–1134 |
Succeeded by García Ramírez |
|
| Preceded by Alfonso VI |
Emperor of Spain 1109 – 1134 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Alfonso VII |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic