Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; Catalan: Alfons) (1396 – 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Alfonso V), Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica (as Alfonso II), and Sicily and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV) from 1416 and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. The Kingdom of Valencia was ruled by a monarch continuously during the period 1238&mdash1714 with the exception of an Interregnum from 1410&mdash1412 The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae or Sicilie Regno di Sicilia, commonly abbreviated Regno) was a state that existed in the south of Italy The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The following is a list of monarchs of the Kingdom of Naples. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Order of the Dragon ( lat. Societas Draconistrarum, ger. der Drachenorden, hun.
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Biography
He was the son of Ferdinand I of Aragon (known as Ferdinand of Antequera) and Eleanor of Alburquerque. Ferdinand I (Ferran - Catalan (Medina del Campo Castile 27 November 1380 &ndash Igualada Catalonia 2 April 1416) called of Antequera Eleanor of Alburquerque (1374 - 1435 became Queen consort of Aragon by her marriage to Ferdinand I of Aragon. He represented the old line of the counts of Barcelona only through women, and was on his father's side descended from the House of Trastamara, a noble family of Castile. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia The House of Trastámara was a Dynasty of kings in the Iberian Peninsula, which governed in Castile from 1369 to 1504, A former kingdom, Castile (Castilla kasˈt̪iʎa or) gradually merged with its neighbors to become the Crown of Castile and later the Kingdom of Spain By hereditary right he was king of Sicily and disputed the island of Sardinia with Genoa. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Alfonso was also in possession of much of Corsica by the 1420s. Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily
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In 1421 Queen Joanna II of Naples, who had no children, adopted and named him as heir to the Kingdom of Naples, and Alfonso went to Naples. The House of Trastámara was a Dynasty of kings in the Iberian Peninsula, which governed in Castile from 1369 to 1504, Ferdinand I (Ferran - Catalan (Medina del Campo Castile 27 November 1380 &ndash Igualada Catalonia 2 April 1416) called of Antequera John II the Great ( June 29, 1397 &ndash January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon (1458&ndash1479 and Jure uxoris Ferdinand I of Naples should not be confused with Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, a latter king of Naples John II the Great ( June 29, 1397 &ndash January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon (1458&ndash1479 and Jure uxoris Eleanor of Aragon (Leonor ( Olite, Navarre (now Spain) 2 February 1426 &ndash Tudela Navarre (now Spain) 12 February 1479 Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón Blanche II (1420-1464 was the daughter of John II of Aragon and Blanche I of Navarre. Charles Prince of Viana, ( May 29 1421 &ndash September 23 1461) sometimes called Charles IV king of Navarre, was the son Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón Infante don Juan de Trastamara de Aragon y de Trastamara de Castilla, ( 28 June 1478 in Seville&ndash 4 October 1497) Prince of Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina The Infante Miguel da Paz Prince of Portugal and Prince of Asturias ( Portuguese: Miguel da Paz de Trastâmara e Avis; Spanish: Miguel de la Paz Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Joan II (23 June 23 1373 &ndash 2 February 1435 was Queen of Naples from 1414 to her death The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Here he hired the famous condottiero Braccio da Montone with the task of reducing the resistance of the other pretender, Louis III of Anjou, and his forces led by Muzio Attendolo Sforza. Condottieri (singular condottiero, rarely condottiero) were Mercenary leaders employed by the Italian City-states from the Late Middle Braccio da Montone, born Andrea Fortebracci, and also known as Braccio Fortebraccio ( 1 July 1368 &ndash 5 June 1424) was Louis III (1403 &ndash 12 November 1434) was titular King of Naples 1417&ndash1426 Count of Provence, Forcalquier, Piedmont Muzio Attendolo Sforza ( May 28, 1369 - January 4, 1424) was an Italian Condottiero. As Pope Martin V supported Sforza, Alfonso switched religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII. Pope Martin V (c 1368 &ndash February 20, 1431) born Odo (or When Sforza also abandoned Louis, Alfonso seemed to have all his problems solved; however, his relationship with Joanna suddenly worsened, and in May 1423 he had her lover, and a powerful figure in the Neapolitan court, Gianni Caracciolo, arrested. Giovanni Caracciolo, often called Sergianni (c 1372 – August 19, 1432) was a Neapolitan nobleman prime minister and Favorite of After an attempt to arrest the queen herself failed, Joanna called Sforza who defeated the Aragonese milices near Castel Capuano in Naples. Castel Capuano is a castle in Naples, southern Italy It takes its name from the fact that it was at that point in the city walls where the road led out to the city of Alfonso fled to Castel Nuovo, but the help of a fleet of 22 galleys led by Giovanni da Cardona improved his situation. Sforza and Joanna ransomed Caracciolo and retreated to the fortress of Aversa. Aversa is a town in the Campania region of southern Italy, about 15 kilometres north of Naples. Here she repudiated her earlier adoption of Alfonso and, with support from Martin V, named Louis III as her heir instead. The Milanese Filippo Maria Visconti joined the anti-Aragonese coalition. Filippo Maria Visconti, ( September 23, 1392 &ndash August 13, 1447) was ruler of Milan from 1412 to 1447 Alfonso requested support from Braccio da Montone, who was besieging Joanna's troops in L'Aquila, but had to set sail for Spain, where a war had broken out between his brothers and the Kingdom of Castile. L'Aquila is a city and Comune of central Italy. Laid out within medieval walls on a hill in the wide valley of the Aterno river and surrounded Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. On his way towards Barcelona, he destroyed Marseille, a possession of Louis III. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ
In the late 1423 the Genoese fleet of Visconti moved in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea and easily conquered Gaeta, Procida, Castellammare and Sorrento. The Tyrrhenian Sea (Mar Tirreno is part of the Mediterranean Sea off of the western coast of Italy. Gaeta is a city and Comune in the Province of Latina, in Lazio, central Italy. Procida is one of the Phlegrean islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy. Castellammare di Stabia is a Comune in the Province of Naples, Campania region southern Italy. Sorrento is a small city in Campania, Italy, with some 16500 inhabitants Naples, which was held by Alfonso's brother, Pedro, was besieged in 1424 by the Genoese ships and Joanna's troops, now led by Francesco Sforza, son of Muzio (who had died at L'Aquila). Francesco I Sforza ( July 23, 1401 - March 8, 1466) was an Italian Condottiero, the founder of the Sforza dynasty in The city fell in the April of that year. Pedro, after a short resistance in Castel Nuovo, fled to Sicily in August. Joanna II and Louis III again took possession of the realm, although the true power was in the hands of Gianni Caracciolo.
An opportunity for Alfonso to reconquer Naples occurred in 1432, when Caracciolo was killed in a conjure. Alfonso tried to regain the favour of the queen, but failed, and had to wait for the death of both Louis (at Cosenza in 1434) and Joanna herself (February 1435). In her will, she bequeathed her realm to René of Anjou, Louis III's brother. René of Anjou ( January 16, 1409 &ndash July 10, 1480) also known as René I of Naples and Good King René ( French This solution was opposed by the new pope, Eugene IV, who was nominal feudal lord of the King of Naples. Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death As the Neapolitans had called for the French, Alfonso decided to intervene and, with the support of several barons of the kingdom, captured Capua and besieged the important sea fortress of Gaeta. Capua is a city in the Province of Caserta, Campania, Italy situated 25 km (16 mi north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of His fleet of 25 galleys was met by the Genoese ships sent by Visconti, led by Biagio Assereto. In the battle that ensued, Alfonso was defeated and taken prisoner.
In Milan, however, he impressed his captor with his cultured demeanor and persuaded him to let him go by making it plain that it was not in Milan's interest to prevent the victory of the Aragonese party in Naples. Helped by a Sicilian fleet, Alfonso recaptured Capua and set his base in Gaeta in the February of 1436. Papal troops had invaded the Neapolitan kingdom, but Alfonso corrupted the cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi, who commanded them, and his successes waned. Giovanni Maria Vitelleschi (died April 1 or 2 1440 was an Italian Condottiere -bishop
In the meantime, René had managed to reach Naples on May 19, 1438. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Alfonso tried to besiege the city in the following September, but failed. His brother Pedro was killed during the battle. Castel Nuovo, where an Aragonese garrison resisted, fell to the Angevine mercenaries in the August of 1439. After the death of his condottiero Jacopo Caldora, however, René's fortune started to wane: Alfonso could easily capture Aversa, Salerno, Benevento, Manfredonia and Bitonto. Jacopo Caldora ( 1369 - December 18 1439) was an Italian Condottiero. Salerno is a town in southern Italy, capital of the province of the same name in the region of Campania. Benevento is a town and Comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the Province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. Manfredonia is a town and Comune of Puglia, Italy, in the Province of Foggia, from which it is 35 kilometres northeast by rail Bitonto is a city and Comune in the Province of Bari ( Apulia region Italy. René, whose possession included now only part of the Abruzzi and Naples, obtained 10,000 men from the pope, but the cardinal leading them signed a truce with Alfonso. Giovanni Sforza came with a reduced corps, as troops sent by Eugene IV had halted his father Francesco in the Marche. Giovanni Sforza d'Aragona ( 1466 - July 27, 1510) was an Italian Condottiero, lord of Pesaro and Gradara from 1483 until The Marche (plural originally from le marche de Ancona, referring to the March of Ancona) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy.
Alfonso, who was provided with the most impressive artillery of the time, again besieged Naples. The siege began on November 10, 1441, and ended on June 2 of the following year. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks After the return of René to Provence, Alfonso easily reduced the remaining resistance and made his triumphal entrance in Naples on February 26, 1443, as the monarch of a pacified kingdom. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed In 1446 he conquered also Sardinia, becoming the head of the most important kingdom of western Europe.
_01.jpg/160px-Medalla_de_Alfonso_V_de_Aragón_(Pisanello,_M.A.N._Madrid)_01.jpg)
Alfonso had been betrothed to María de Castilla (1401–1458; sister of Juan II of Castile) in Valladolid in 1408; the marriage was celebrated in Valencia during 1415. Maria of Castile (1401&ndash1458 was a daughter of Henry III of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster. John II ( March 6 1405 &ndash July 20 1454) was King of Castile from 1406 to 1454 ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous They failed to produce children. Alfonso had been in love with a woman of noble family named Lucrezia d'Alagno, who served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse. Lucrezia d'Alagno (c 1430 &ndash September 23, 1479) was a woman of noble birth with whom King Alphonso V of Naples had fallen in love in 1448 In Greek mythology, the Muses ( Ancient Greek, hai moũsai: perhaps from the Proto-Indo-European root * men- "think" are
His Spanish possessions were ruled for him by his brother John. John II the Great ( June 29, 1397 &ndash January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon (1458&ndash1479 and Jure uxoris Alfonso, by formally submitting his reign to the Papacy, obtained the consent of Pope Eugene IV that the Kingdom of Naples would go to his immature son Ferdinand. Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death Ferdinand I of Naples should not be confused with Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, a latter king of Naples He died in Castel dell'Ovo in 1458, while he was planning the conquest of Genoa. Castel dell'Ovo ( Italian: "Egg Castle" is a castle in the Italian city of Naples. At the time, Alfonso was at odds with Calixus III, who died shortly thereafter.
Sicily and Sardinia were inherited by his brother John, who survived him. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily)
He was also a powerful and consistent supporter of Scanderbeg, whom he decided to take under his protection as a vassal in 1451, shortly after the latter had scored his second victory against Murad II. Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg ( 6 May 1405 &ndash 17 January 1468) ( Albanian: Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeu, widely known as In addition to financial assistance, he supplied the Albanian leader with troops, military equipment, and sanctuary for himself and his family if such a need should arise. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. This was because in 1448, while Scanderbeg was victoriously fighting off the Turkish invasions, three military columns, commanded by Demetrio Reres along with his sons Giorgio and Basilio, were dispatched to help Alfonso V defeat the barons of Naples who had rebelled against him.
Art and administration
Like a true prince of the Renaissance he favoured men of letters whom he trusted to preserve his reputation to posterity. He founded the Academy of Naples and, for his entrance in the city in 1443, had a magnificent triumphal arch added to the main gate of Castel Nuovo. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Castel Nuovo (Italian "New Castle" often called Maschio Angioino, is a castle in the city of Naples, southern Italy. This edifice, considered the most important civil piece of art of the time, was designed by Francesco Laurana. Francesco Laurana (de la Vrana, (c 1430 &ndash before 12 March 1502) was a Dalmatian born sculptor and Medallist in Croatia His devotion to the classics was exceptional even for the time. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. For example, Alfonso halted his army in pious respect before the birthplace of a Latin writer, carried Livy or Caesar on his campaigns with him, and his panegyrist Panormita even stated that the king was cured of an illness when a few pages of Quintus Curtius Rufus' history of Alexander the Great were read to him. Antonio Beccadelli (1394 &ndash 1471 called Il Panormita (poetic form meaning "The Palermitan " was an Italian poet Canon lawyer Quintus Curtius Rufus was a Roman historian who is generally thought to have written his works during the reign of Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' However, the classics had not refined his taste, for he was amused by setting itinerant scholars, who swarmed to his court, to abuse one another in the indescribably filthy Latin scolding matches which were then the fashion.
After his conquest of Naples in 1442, Alfonso ruled by his mercenary soldiers and mercenary men of letters. In his Italian kingdom, he maintained the former political and administrative institutions; a unified General Chanchellorship for the whole Aragonese reign was set in Naples, although the main functionaries were of Aragonese nationality. Apart from financial, administrative and artistical improvements, his other accomplishments in the Sicilian kingdom include the restoration of the aqueducts, the drainage of marshy areas, and the pavement of streets.
Connection with Ethiopia
Alfonso was the object of diplomatic contacts from the empire of Ethiopia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page In 1428, he received a letter from Yeshaq I of Ethiopia, borne by two dignitaries, which proposed an alliance against the Muslims and would be sealed by a dual marriage that would require the Infante Don Pedro to bring a group of artisans to Ethiopia where he would marry Yeshaq's daughter. Yeshaq I or Isaac ( Ge'ez ይሥሓቅ yisḥāḳ, Amh yishāḳ; throne name Gabra Masqal II ገብረ መስቀል A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion In return, Alfonso sent a party of 13 craftsmen, all of whom perished on the way to Ethiopia. [1] He later sent a letter to Yeshaq's successor Zara Yaqob in 1450, in which he wrote that he would be happy to send artisans to Ethiopia if their safe arrival could be guaranteed, but it probably never reached the Emperor. Zar'a Ya`qob or Zera Yacob ( Ge'ez ዘርአያዕቆብ zar'ā yāʿiqōb "Seed of Jacob" modern [2][3]
Ancestors
Popular Culture
- Alfonso appears in the game Legendary Warriors. is the 4th Digimon TV series first broadcast in 2002 After prompted to do so by unusual phone messages the five main characters go to a subway station and take a train He is portrayed as a very posh and slightly effeminate. He was removed as a character from the expansion pack, Ballad of Heroes, because "his story is completely unrelated to the rest of the game". He wields a cane.
Notes
- ^ Girma Beshah and Merid Wolde Aregay, The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500-1632) (Lisbon:Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1964), pp. 13-4.
- ^ Girma Beshah and Merid Wolde Aregay, The Question of the Union of the Churches, pp. 14.
- ^ O. G. S. Crawford (editor), Ethiopian Itineraries, circa 1400 - 1524 (Cambridge: the Hakluyt Society, 1958), pp. Osbert Guy Stanhope Crawford ( 28 October, 1886 &ndash November 28, 1957) was an English Archaeologist and a pioneer in the 12f.
| Preceded by Ferdinand I |
Crown of Aragon 1416–1458 |
Succeeded by John II |
| Preceded by René I |
King of Naples 1442–1458 |
Succeeded by Ferdinand I |
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