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Alfa Romeo 156
Alfa Romeo 156 Selespeed
Manufacturer Alfa Romeo
Parent company Fiat Group
Production 1997–2006
Assembly Pomigliano d'Arco, Italy[1]
Rayong, Thailand[2]
Predecessor Alfa Romeo 155
Successor Alfa Romeo 159
Class Compact executive car
Body style(s) 4-door saloon
5-door estate
Layout Front-engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive (estate)
Engine(s) Petrol:
  • 1. The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer Pomigliano d'Arco is an Italian town in the Campania region northeast of Naples, near Mount Vesuvius, administratively part of the Province Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Rayong province (ระยอง is a province ( changwat) of Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The Alfa Romeo 155 is a Compact executive car produced under the Italian Alfa Romeo Marque between 1992 and 1998 The Alfa Romeo 159 is a Compact executive car produced by the Italian manufacturer Alfa Car classification is subjective since many vehicles fall into multiple categories or do not fit well into any Compact executive car is a mainly British Car classification term applied to premium cars smaller than Executive cars. Cars can come in a large variety of different body styles. Some are still in production while others are of historical interest only A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate In Automotive design layout specifies where on the car the Engine and Drive wheels are found A front-mounted engine describes the placement of an Automobile engine in front of the vehicle passenger compartment Front-wheel drive (or FF layout) is a form of engine / transmission layout used in Motor vehicles where the engine drives the front Wheels Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to 6 L TS straight-4
  • 1. Alfa Romeo Twin Spark (TS technology was used first time in Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1914 The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 8 L TS straight-4
  • 2. Alfa Romeo Twin Spark (TS technology was used first time in Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1914 The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 0 L TS straight-4
  • 2. Alfa Romeo Twin Spark (TS technology was used first time in Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1914 The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 0 L JTS straight-4
  • 2. The JTS engine (Jet Thrust Stoichiometric is a Gasoline direct injection engine produced by Alfa Romeo. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 5 L V6
  • 3. Alfa Romeo' s in-house V6 engine design made its initial début in 1979 in the Alfa 6, later attaining fame under the hood of the Alfa Romeo 164. 2 L V6
Diesel:
  • 1. Alfa Romeo' s in-house V6 engine design made its initial début in 1979 in the Alfa 6, later attaining fame under the hood of the Alfa Romeo 164. 9 L JTD straight-4
  • 2. JTD (uniJet Turbo Diesel is Fiat Group 's term for its current Common rail Turbodiesel engine range The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 4 L JTD straight-5
Transmission(s) 5 and 6-speed manual
5 and 6-speed seq. manual 4-speed automatic
Wheelbase 2,595 mm (102. JTD (uniJet Turbo Diesel is Fiat Group 's term for its current Common rail Turbodiesel engine range The straight-5 or inline-5 is an Internal combustion engine with five cylinders aligned in one row sharing a single Engine block and Crankcase A manual transmission (also known as a stick shift or just 'stick' 'straight drive' or standard transmission) is a type of transmission used in Electrohydraulic manual transmission or Clutchless manual gear system is a Manual transmission system that works similar to a manual transmission but operates Selespeed is the name of the Magneti Marelli developed Electrohydraulic manual transmission used in Alfa Romeo cars Magneti Marelli Holding SpA is an Italian company which deals with development and manufacturing of systems modules and high-technology components for the Automotive An automatic transmission (commonly "AT" or "Auto" is an Automobile Gearbox that can change Gear ratios automatically as the vehicle also known as Aisin is a benchmarking specialist develops and produces components and systems for the automotive industry In both road and rail Vehicles the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to 2 in)
Length 4,430 mm (174. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. 4 in)
4,441 mm (174. 8 in) SW Q4
4,441 mm (174. 8 in) CW Q4
Width 1,745 mm (68. 7 in)
1,765 mm (69. 5 in) CW Q4
Height 1,415 mm (55. 7 in)
1,430 mm (56. 3 in) SW
1,458 mm (57. 4 in) SW Q4
1,497 mm (58. 9 in) CW Q4
Curb weight 1230–1530 kg (2709–3373 lb)
Fuel capacity 63 L (13. Curb weight is the total Weight of a Vehicle with standard equipment all necessary operating Consumables (e The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. 9 imp gal/16. Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824 A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries 6 US gal)
Related Alfa Romeo GT
Alfa Romeo 147
Designer Walter de'Silva
Giorgetto Giugiaro (2003 facelift)

The Alfa Romeo 156 (known internally as the type 932) is a compact executive car introduced by Italian automaker Alfa Romeo at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show[4] as the replacement for the Alfa Romeo 155. US customary units, also known in the United States as English units or Imperial units (in reference to the British Empire) (but see English A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries The Alfa Romeo GT is a Sports car produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2004 The Alfa Romeo 147 is a Small family car produced by Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2000 Walter Maria de’Silva (born February 27, 1951 in Lecco, Italy) is a car designer from Italy, and currently in charge Giorgetto Giugiaro (born August 7, 1938) is an Italian Automobile designer He was born in Garessio, Province of Cuneo Compact executive car is a mainly British Car classification term applied to premium cars smaller than Executive cars. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Alfa Romeo Automobiles SpA is an Italian Automaker founded in 1910 The International Motor Show or Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (IAA is the world's largest Motor show. The Alfa Romeo 155 is a Compact executive car produced under the Italian Alfa Romeo Marque between 1992 and 1998 Cars were assembled at Fiat Group factory in Pomigliano d'Arco, Italy and General Motors facility in Rayong[1], Thailand (production in Thailand started March 2002 and lasted couple of years, cars were targeted for Asia Pacific markets[5]). Fiat SpA (an Acronym for Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin) is an Italian automobile manufacturer Pomigliano d'Arco is an Italian town in the Campania region northeast of Naples, near Mount Vesuvius, administratively part of the Province Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Rayong province (ระยอง is a province ( changwat) of Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Between 1997 and 2005, 680,000 examples of the 156 were produced,[6] a huge success for the brand.

The 156 was available in saloon and estate 'Sportwagon' bodystyles with seven engine configurations and it went through two facelifts, first in 2002 and second in 2003. A Sportwagon is the Alfa Romeo model name for a long-bodied estate type vehicle The term facelift is sometimes used in an Automotive context to refer to minor revisions to a model of a car in the middle of its production run

Contents

Development

At the beginning the engine range encompassed four cylinder Twin Spark (1. Alfa Romeo Twin Spark (TS technology was used first time in Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1914 6 L 120 PS (88 kW), 1. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. 8 L 144 PS (106 kW) and 2. 0 L 155 PS (114 kW)) 16 valve engines with variable valve timing, along with the straight-4 1. Variable valve timing, or VVT, is a generic term for an Automobile Piston engine technology The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 9 litre 8-valve 105 PS (77 kW) and straight-5 2. The straight-5 or inline-5 is an Internal combustion engine with five cylinders aligned in one row sharing a single Engine block and Crankcase 4 litre 10-valve 136 PS (100 kW) JTD common rail turbodiesel engines. JTD (uniJet Turbo Diesel is Fiat Group 's term for its current Common rail Turbodiesel engine range Turbodiesel refers to any Diesel engine with a Turbocharger. Turbocharging is the norm rather than the exception in modern car and truck diesel engines Until January 2002, the range-topping engine was the venerable double overhead camshaft 2. Overhead camshaft, commonly abbreviated to OHC, Valvetrain configurations place the engine Camshaft within the Cylinder heads above the 5 litre 24-valve Alfa Romeo V6 engine rated at 190 PS (140 kW). Alfa Romeo' s in-house V6 engine design made its initial début in 1979 in the Alfa 6, later attaining fame under the hood of the Alfa Romeo 164.

Initially the 156 range was available with different options (packs) like a sport pack that could include either Blitz clothing , Momo leather interior or Recaro seats, it also included 16 inch wheels, lowered suspension and leather steering wheel and gear knob. MOMO Srl is a design company headquartered in Milan, Italy that makes accessories and parts for Automobiles. RECARO GmbH & Co KG, commonly known as Recaro, is a German company based in Kirchheim unter Teck in the vicinity of Stuttgart, known for their A steering wheel (also called a driving wheel or hand wheel) is a type of steering Control in Vehicles and vessels ( Ships and Boats A gear stick (also gearstick, gear lever, selection lever, shift stick and gear shifter) is the lever used to change Gear There was also available De-Luxe pack with Momo's mahogany steering wheel and gear knob and for Nordic countries special winter pack consisting of fog lights, headlight washers and heated seats. MOMO Srl is a design company headquartered in Milan, Italy that makes accessories and parts for Automobiles. The name mahogany is used when referring to numerous varieties of dark-colored wood originally the wood of the species Swietenia mahagoni, known as West [1]

Alfa Romeo 156 Sportwagon
Alfa Romeo 156 Sportwagon

Starting from 1999 five-speed Selespeed sequential transmission came as an option to 2. Selespeed is the name of the Magneti Marelli developed Electrohydraulic manual transmission used in Alfa Romeo cars 0 litre Twin Spark version and four-speed automatic Q-System to 2. 5 litre V6 version,[7] the Q-system can be used as normal automatic or shift manually with H-pattern,[3] it has three automatic modes: city, sport and ice.

A significant addition to the 156 range was the Sportwagon estate in 2000, a first attempt at an estate car of this size for the company. A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate Sportwagon was also available with Boge-Nivomat self-levelling hydropneumatic rear suspension. Nivomat (a Portmanteau of the French niveau and automatique) is the name for a vehicle suspension technology created by [8] The Sportwagon was marketed as lifestyle estate without large carrying capacity. A station wagon (or simply wagon) in American, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand usage and an estate car (or just estate [9]

In 2001 engines were upgraded, engines complied with Euro3 norm and outputed 120 PS (88 kW) (1. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 6 L), 140 PS (100 kW) (1. 8 L), 150 PS (110 kW) (2. 0 L) and 192 PS (141 kW) (2. 5 L).

Exterior styling

The 156 was designed by Alfa Centro Stile under control of head designer Walter de'Silva. Walter Maria de’Silva (born February 27, 1951 in Lecco, Italy) is a car designer from Italy, and currently in charge [10] Its distinctive style with its high curved flanks, retro styled front door handles, hidden rear door handles, dramatic deep grille and sweeping profile made it, to some, the best looking car in its class. A grille (French word from Latin craticula, small grill is an opening of several slits side by side in a wall or metal [11] The car was one of the first saloons to feature hidden rear door handles and prominent front door handles to give it a coupé look. The design was influenced by three historical Alfa Romeo models: the 1900, the Giulietta and the Giulia. [12] The 156 achieved a drag coefficient (Cd) of 0. The drag coefficient ( Cd, Cx or Cw) is a Dimensionless quantity that describes how streamlined an 31. [1] The sportwagon bodystyle filled a gap in the market that Alfa Romeo had distanced themselves from since the 33 SportWagon of the 1980s. The Alfa Romeo 33 is a Small family car produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo between 1983 and 1995 A Sportwagon is the Alfa Romeo model name for a long-bodied estate type vehicle The 156 Sportwagon was released to much critical acclaim, being one of the best, if not one of the most spacious estate cars available. Oddly enough, the 156 saloon has more luggage space than the sportwagon. [13] It can be seen the sportwagon is a hatchback version of the 156 with much better access to storage. Hatchback is a term designating an Automobile design containing a passenger cabin with an integrated Cargo space accessed from behind the vehicle by a single Other differences included a lower ride height, side skirts as standard and a factory spoiler. Walter de'Silva has commented the design of the 156 as:

“ perfectly balanced. [10] ”

Interior styling

The 1998 original interior builds on a benchmark set by Alfa Romeo in their previously released Alfa Romeo 166, with a deeply scolloped upper dashboard and simple centre console. The Alfa Romeo 166 is an Executive car produced by the Italian Automaker Alfa Romeo between 1998 and 2007 All of the main controls and displays are angled towards the driver in typical Italian sports car style, although this can sometimes be awkward for passengers who will struggle to see the interior clock. Despite being a family car, the interior design lacks cup holders, which normally come standard in saloons. Typically, for a smaller executive car, there is ample room up front for the driver and passenger to sit comfortably, with very comfortable seats. However, rear seat passengers may find the design restrictive in overall room. The 156 is a car for four people, rather than five, although later models did add a full centre seatbelt in place of the lap belt in earlier models.

2002 saw an update to both the interior and exterior of the 156.

Platform and suspension

The 156 uses a platform derived from the Alfa Romeo 155, which in turn was derived from the Fiat Group's "Tipo" platform. The Alfa Romeo 155 is a Compact executive car produced under the Italian Alfa Romeo Marque between 1992 and 1998 An automobile platform is a shared set of common design engineering and production efforts as well as major components over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of However it is sufficiently different from the original "Tipo" one to be seen as a new platform. [14][15] The 156 is a highly-developed front-wheel drive car; (the Cross/Sportwagon Q4 offered four-wheel drive in left-hand drive markets) with a double high wishbone front suspension and all independent multi-link rear suspension,[1][16]which is consists of a telescopic vertical strut with coaxial spring and two transverse links of different lengths and a longitudinal strut. Front-wheel drive (or FF layout) is a form of engine / transmission layout used in Motor vehicles where the engine drives the front Wheels Four-wheel drive, 4WD, or 4x4 ("four by four" is a four-wheeled Vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four Wheels to Right-hand traffic and left-hand traffic mean regulations requiring all traffic to keep either to the left or the right side of the Road. In automotive suspension, a control arm (sometimes called a wishbone or A-arm) is a nearly flat and roughly triangular member (or sub-frame that Plan view The arms have to control toe /steer and lateral compliance See also Strut (disambiguation StRUT ( St udents R ecycling U sed T echnology are three separate organizations A Coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it to absorb shock or to maintain This structure means that the rear wheels have a small passive steering ability. Steering is the term applied to the collection of components linkages etc [8] Weight saving material (aluminum) has been used in several parts both front and rear suspension. The weight saving materials was also used in many other parts like magnesium framed front seats. [17]

Facelifts

2002 facelift

External images
1st series dashboard
2002 facelift dashboard

2002 also saw the arrival of a facelifted interior with different matte-finish surfacing and chrome highlights. A facelift is the revival of a product through cosmetic means for example by changing its appearance while leaving its underlying Engineering or Design New version used the 147's dual-zone digital climate control and CanBus serial wiring system, the interior climate could also be controlled via air quality sensor. The Alfa Romeo 147 is a Small family car produced by Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2000 The term air conditioning refers to the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for Thermal comfort. [18]A different choice of colours were available for the interior, with the option of a two-tone interior very much like that BMW were introducing at the time. A wider range of options including xenon lighting, tele-informatics (CONNECT and CONNECT NAV) and a Bose stereo system were available, the stereo system could now also be operated via buttons on the steering wheel. Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. Also the Selespeed gearbox control system was updated, buttons at steering wheel were replaced by paddle shifters, like seen earlier on Alfa Romeo 147. In the center console was added multifunctional display with trip computer, fault and service monitor. A trip computer is an onboard Computer device fitted to Cars which can generally record distance travelled average speed average fuel consumption and display Also electronic stability control VDC (Vehicle Dynamic Control) and slip control ASR (Anti Slip Regulation) came as standard. Electronic stability control ( ESC) is a computerized technology that improves the safety of a vehicle's handling by detecting and preventing skids A traction control system ( TCS) also known as Anti-Slip Regulation ( ASR) on current production Vehicles are typically (but not necessarily Passive safety was also made better, all versions got window airbags as standard. An airbag is part of a vehicle's safety restraint system a flexible envelope designed for rapid inflation in an automobile Collision, to prevent vehicle occupants The 2. 0 L JTS 165 PS (121 kW) gasoline direct injection engine replaced the 2. The JTS engine (Jet Thrust Stoichiometric is a Gasoline direct injection engine produced by Alfa Romeo. Gasoline direct injection is a latest variant of Fuel injection employed in modern two- and four- stroke Petrol engines The petrol/gasoline 0 litre Twin Spark engine, offering more low end torque and more power than the Twin Spark, diesel engines were also uprated. Only notable difference exterior-wise was a body colored mirrors and bumper strips which were earlier black.

New front in 2nd series (2003) Alfa Romeo 156 Sportwagon.
New front in 2nd series (2003) Alfa Romeo 156 Sportwagon.
New rear end designed by Giugiaro in 2nd series.
New rear end designed by Giugiaro in 2nd series.
2nd series (2003) Alfa Romeo 156 Polizia di Stato.
2nd series (2003) Alfa Romeo 156 Polizia di Stato. The Polizia di Stato (State Police or PdS is one of the National police forces of Italy.

2003 facelift (2nd series)

Late 2003 saw the launch of a facelifted 156, with new front and rear fascias designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro. Confusingly fascia is used for two completely different things in the Automotive world Giorgetto Giugiaro (born August 7, 1938) is an Italian Automobile designer He was born in Garessio, Province of Cuneo [19] To the top of range was added new TI trim level (Turismo Internazionale) designating a sporty kit, this version was equipped with modified suspension, bigger wheels (215/45 17") and leather-trimmed interior. This mid-life facelift divided opinion with some preferring the prettier pre-facelift look with others singing the praises of the newer more aggressive demeanour of the latter models. The GTA models never received the exterior update. Diesel engines underwent a major re-working, new four valve per cylinder heads were added, second stage common rail injection with 1400 bar maximum injection pressure with up to five injections per cycle for lower noise, consumption and higher performance. In an Internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits atop the cylinders and consists of a platform containing part of the Combustion chamber and the They were rated at 140/150 PS (103/110 kW) for straight-4 1. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders 9 litre 16-valve and 175 PS (129 kW) for straight-5 2. The straight-5 or inline-5 is an Internal combustion engine with five cylinders aligned in one row sharing a single Engine block and Crankcase 4 litre 20-valve.

2004 Q4 variants

External images
Alfa Romeo Crosswagon Q4

In 2004, Q4 (short for Quadrifoglio 4) four-wheel drive versions arrived to some markets, which were known as the Crosswagon Q4 and Sportwagon Q4 (both using the 1. 9 L 150 PS (110 kW) JTD diesel engine). These cars were equipped with a Torsen C four-wheel drive system and raised ride heights (Crosswagon height: 1,497 mm (58. Torsen, (full name Torsen traction) is an Automotive part a Limited slip differential. 9 in), Sportwagon 1,458 mm (57. 4 in). [20] The Crosswagon version was made to look more like all-terrain vehicle; door sill aluminium protection, front and rear bumpers were equipped with aluminium inserts. The Sportwagon Q4 was a normal looking version with just slighly higher ground clearance than the front wheel drive Sportwagon.

The 156 saloon was discontinued late in 2005 in Europe, Q4 Crosswagon was produced to the end of 2006. The 156 was replaced with 159, which also spawned the Brera, the 2-door coupe that replaces the GTV along with its convertible sister the new Spider. The Alfa Romeo Brera is a Grand tourer produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2005 The Alfa Romeo Brera is a Grand tourer produced by the Italian automaker Alfa Romeo since 2005

Alfa Romeo 156 GTA

Alfa Romeo 156 GTA
Alfa Romeo 156 GTA

In September 2001, the 156 GTA and Sportwagon GTA were launched at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The GTA was named after the Alfa Romeo GTA from the 1960s, the letters GTA meaning Gran Turismo Alleggerita (English: lightened Grand Tourer). The Alfa Romeo GTA is a Coupé Automobile manufactured by the Italian manufacturer Alfa Romeo from 1965 to 1971 English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Even though the name suggests a light car, the GTA isn't any lighter than base 156. It was actually 91 kilograms (200 lb) heavier than 2. 5 litre V6 engined version. [21] With its 3. 2 litre engine its easy to get very varying fuel consumption figures, the EC urban fuel consumption is 15. 6 miles per imperial gallon (18. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824 A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries 1 L/100 km/13. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand 0 mpg US) and combined 23. Fuel economy in automobiles is the amount of Fuel required to move the Automobile over a given Distance. US customary units, also known in the United States as English units or Imperial units (in reference to the British Empire) (but see English 3 mpg (imp) (12. 1 L/100 km/19. 4 mpg US), on the highway the consumption is 32. 8 mpg (imp) (8. 61 L/100 km/27. 3 mpg US). [22]

The very first GTA was sold on-line auction from September 13 to 23, the duration of the Frankfurt Motor Show. Winning bid was 48,691. 26 euros, which was donated to "Telethon" charity fund. [23] Equipped with a 3. 2 litre V6 with six-speed manual transmission or six-speed Selespeed (paddles in steering wheel, hydraulically operated clutchless manual gearbox), the GTA variants were aimed at the performance market. Selespeed is the name of the Magneti Marelli developed Electrohydraulic manual transmission used in Alfa Romeo cars The GTA variants boasted 250 PS (180 kW), had a lowered and stiffened suspension, a distinctive body kit and leather interior. The suspension was specifically made for the GTA by Fiat Research Centre and Fiat Auto Design and Development Department. [24] Steering was also made faster, only 1. Steering is the term applied to the collection of components linkages etc 7 turns from lock to lock compared to 2. 1 in normal models. The GTA had also much bigger brakes (Brembo), at front 305 millimetres (12 in) discs and rear 276 millimetres (10. The disc brake or disk brake is a device for slowing or stopping the rotation of a Wheel. Brembo is a manufacturer of Automotive Brake systems especially for high-performance cars and Motorcycles It was established in Bergamo 8 in). The front discs were later updated to 330 millimetres (13 in). The GTA subsequently stopped production in October 2005 citing the upcoming replacement to the 156, the Alfa Romeo 159. The Alfa Romeo 159 is a Compact executive car produced by the Italian manufacturer Alfa

Engines

The 156 offered various engines and power levels during its lifespan, four and six cylinder petrol engines and four and five cylinder diesel engines, all produced at Pratola Serra except the V6 engine , which was produced at Alfa Romeo's Arese plant. Pratola Serra is a town (commune in the Province of Avellino, Campania, Italy. Arese is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about northwest of Milan [1] [25][26][27][28] The 1. 9 JTD diesel was world's first common rail diesel engine in a passenger car. [29]


Petrol

Twin Spark (TS) engine.
Twin Spark (TS) engine.
2.5 V6 engine.
2. 5 V6 engine.
Model Engine Displacement Power Torque 0–100 km/h,s
0-62 mph,s		 Top speed Years Note
1. 6 TS I4 1,598 cc (97. The straight-4 or inline-4 engine (often abbreviated I4 or L4) is a four cylinder Internal combustion engine with all four cylinders A cubic centimetre or cubic centimeter (symbol cm3 —the abbreviation cc, though widely used is deprecated is a commonly used unit of Volume 5 cu in) 88 kW (120 PS) @6300 rpm 144 N·m (106 ft·lbf) @ 4500 rpm 10. A cubic inch (plural cubic inches) is a non- SI unit of Volume, equal to the volume of a Cube with sides of one Inch. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. Newton metre is the unit of moment ( Torque) in the SI system The foot-pound force, or simply foot-pound (symbol ft·lbf or ft·lb) is a unit of work or Energy (a scalar 5 200 km/h (124 mph) 1997–2006
1. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. 8 TS I4 1,747 cc (106. 6 cu in) 106 kW (144 PS) @6500 rpm 169 N·m (125 ft·lbf) @3500 rpm 9. 3 210 km/h (130 mph) 1997–2000 Euro2
1. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 8 TS I4 1,747 cc (106. 6 cu in) 103 kW (140 PS) @6500 rpm 163 N·m (120 ft·lbf) @3900 rpm 9. 4 208 km/h (129 mph) 2001–2006 Euro3
2. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 0 TS I4 1,970 cc (120 cu in) 114 kW (155 PS) @6400 rpm 187 N·m (138 ft·lbf) @3500 rpm 8. 6 216 km/h (134 mph) 1997–2000 Euro2
2. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 0 TS I4 1,970 cc (120 cu in) 110 kW (150 PS) @6300 rpm 181 N·m (133 ft·lbf) @3800 rpm 8. 8 214 km/h (133 mph) 2001–2002 Euro3
2. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 0 JTS I4 1,970 cc (120 cu in) 121 kW (165 PS) @6400 rpm 206 N·m (152 ft·lbf) @3250 rpm 8. 2 220 km/h (137 mph) 2002–2006 Facelift
2. A facelift is the revival of a product through cosmetic means for example by changing its appearance while leaving its underlying Engineering or Design 5 Q-System V6 2,492 cc (152. A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders mounted on the Crankcase in two banks of three cylinders 1 cu in) 140 kW (190 PS) @6300 rpm 222 N·m (164 ft·lbf) @5000 rpm 8. 5 227 km/h (141 mph) 1997–2000 Euro2
2. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 5 Q-System V6 2,492 cc (152. 1 cu in) 141 kW (192 PS) @6300 rpm 218 N·m (161 ft·lbf) @5000 rpm 8. 5 227 km/h (141 mph) 2001–2006 Euro3
2. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 5 V6 V6 2,492 cc (152. 1 cu in) 140 kW (190 PS) @6300 rpm 222 N·m (164 ft·lbf) @5000 rpm 7. 3 230 km/h (143 mph) 1997–2000 Euro2
2. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 5 V6 V6 2,492 cc (152. 1 cu in) 141 kW (192 PS) @6300 rpm 218 N·m (161 ft·lbf) @5000 rpm 7. 3 230 km/h (143 mph) 2001–2006 Euro3
3. European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states 2 GTA V6 3,179 cc (194. 0 cu in) 184 kW (250 PS) @6200 rpm 300 N·m (221 ft·lbf) @4800 rpm 6. 3 250 km/h (155 mph) 2002–2005

-2. 0 TS, 2. 0 JTS and GTA Selespeed versions have same performance statistics as manual transmission. Selespeed is the name of the Magneti Marelli developed Electrohydraulic manual transmission used in Alfa Romeo cars

Diesel

Model Engine Displacement Power Torque 0–100 km/h,s
0-62 mph,s		 Top speed Years Note
1. 9 JTD I4 8v 1,910 cc (117 cu in) 77 kW (105 PS) @4000 rpm 255 N·m (188 ft·lbf) @2000 rpm 10. 4 188 km/h (117 mph) 1997–2000
1. 9 JTD I4 8v 1,910 cc (117 cu in) 81 kW (110 PS) @4000 rpm 275 N·m (203 ft·lbf) @1800 rpm 10. 3 191 km/h (119 mph) 2001
1. 9 JTD I4 8v 1,910 cc (117 cu in) 85 kW (115 PS) @4000 rpm 275 N·m (203 ft·lbf) @2000 rpm 10. 3 191 km/h (119 mph) 2002 Facelift
1. A facelift is the revival of a product through cosmetic means for example by changing its appearance while leaving its underlying Engineering or Design 9 JTDm I4 16v 1,910 cc (117 cu in) 103 kW (140 PS) @4000 rpm 305 N·m (225 ft·lbf) @2000 rpm 9. 3 209 km/h (130 mph) 2003
1. 9 JTDm I4 16v 1,910 cc (117 cu in) 110 kW (150 PS) @4000 rpm 305 N·m (225 ft·lbf) @2000 rpm 9. 1 212 km/h (132 mph) 2003 *
2. 4 JTD I5 10v 2,387 cc (145. The straight-5 or inline-5 is an Internal combustion engine with five cylinders aligned in one row sharing a single Engine block and Crankcase 7 cu in) 100 kW (136 PS) @4000 rpm 310 N·m (229 ft·lbf) @2000 rpm 9. 5 203 km/h (126 mph) 1997–2000
2. 4 JTD I5 10v 2,387 cc (145. 7 cu in) 103 kW (140 PS) @4000 rpm 304 N·m (224 ft·lbf) @1800 rpm 9. 4 205 km/h (127 mph) 2001
2. 4 JTD I5 10v 2,387 cc (145. 7 cu in) 110 kW (150 PS) @4000 rpm 305 N·m (225 ft·lbf) @1800 rpm 9. 4 212 km/h (132 mph) 2002–2007 Facelift
2. A facelift is the revival of a product through cosmetic means for example by changing its appearance while leaving its underlying Engineering or Design 4 JTDm I5 20v 2,387 cc (145. 7 cu in) 129 kW (175 PS) @4000 rpm 385 N·m (284 ft·lbf) @2000 rpm 8. 3 216 km/h (134 mph) 2003–2006 2nd Facelift

*Crosswagon Q4 topspeed is 192 km/h (119 mph) and acceleration 0–100 km/h (62,5 mph) is 10. A facelift is the revival of a product through cosmetic means for example by changing its appearance while leaving its underlying Engineering or Design 5 seconds, for Sportwagon Q4 numbers are 200 km/h (124 mph) and 10. 2 seconds.

Special versions

Alfa Romeo 156 GTAm

Alfa Romeo 156 GTAm was shown at Bologna Motor Show in December 2002, car was built by Fiat Group's partner N-Technology. The GTA 3. 2 L (3179 cc) engine was bored to 3. 5 L (3548 cc) and power pushed to 300 PS (220 kW). [30] Car had widened wheel arches and 19 inch tyres and it was equipped with N-Technology limited slip differential. A limited slip differential ( LSD) is a modified or derived type of differential gear arrangement that allows for some difference in rotational Velocity This car never reached production phase.

Autodelta 156 GTA 3. 7 V6

London based aftermarket tuning company Autodelta made also two high performance versions based on 156 GTA, in GTA AM version Alfa Romeo V6 engine was bored to 3. Autodelta is an after-market tuning company for Alfa Romeo cars founded in 1987 by engineer Jano Djelalian Alfa Romeo' s in-house V6 engine design made its initial début in 1979 in the Alfa 6, later attaining fame under the hood of the Alfa Romeo 164. 8 L (3750 cc), which was capable to push 328 PS (241 kW) at 7300 rpm. With this power car can reach top speed of 280 kilometres per hour (175 mph). (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. The other one GTA AM Super was "upgrade" to the first version, now fitted with Rotrex supercharger and pushing out 400 PS (290 kW). A supercharger is an air compressor used for Forced induction of an Internal combustion engine. [31]

Awards

In 1998, an international jury of 56 journalists representing 21 countries awarded the Alfa 156 the European Car of the Year award; it was described as having a "very refined suspension layout so to offer an impeccable roadholding". The European Car of the Year award was established in 1964 by a collective of automobile magazines from different countries in Europe. [32] The 2. 5 V6 engine was awarded with the International Engine of the Year award in 2000. The International Engine of the Year is an annual competition judged by a panel of Automobile journalists from around the world and organized by the United Kingdom [33] The 156 has won more than 35 awards,[34] including:

Motorsport

Alfa Romeo 156 (N.Technology), James Thompson driving the WTCC car during the 2007 WTCC season.
Alfa Romeo 156 (N. See also Autocar Company and Autocars Co, American and Israeli automobile manufacturers respectively see Otokar for the Turkish What Car? is a long-running UK monthly Automobile Magazine and Website, currently edited by Steve Fowler and published Auto Express is a weekly motoring Magazine sold in the United Kingdom, with features including news road tests first drives readers' letters product Auto Motor und Sport ( is a leading German Automobile magazine. Auto Bild ( is a leading German Automobile magazine. It is published by Axel Springer AG, and first appeared in 1986. Technology), James Thompson driving the WTCC car during the 2007 WTCC season. James Thompson (born April 26 1974) is an English Auto racing driver from York. The 2007 World Touring Car Championship season is the 4th World Touring Car Championship season

The Alfa Romeo 156 was as well vested in motorsport as its predecessor, the 155. The Alfa Romeo 155 is a Compact executive car produced under the Italian Alfa Romeo Marque between 1992 and 1998 It runs in the British Touring Car Championship as well as various European championships, most notably the WTCC and formerly the ETCC where it was especially successful. The British Touring Car Championship is a Touring car racing series held each year in the United Kingdom. The World Touring Car Championship ( WTCC) is an international Touring Car championship organized by the FIA. The European Touring Car Championship was an international Touring car racing series organized by the FIA. The 156 sports car program was run by Fiat Group's partner N. Technology S. p. A. , originally founded as Nordauto Squadra Corse to compete in Italian Touring Car Championship. In 1994 name was changed to Nordauto Engineering and 2001 to N. Technology. [36] In 1998 Alfa Romeo also offered for sale the 156 Group N version for the track. In relation to Motorsport governed by the FIA, Group N refers to a set of regulations providing 'standard' production vehicles for competition often referred to as [7] The 156 Group N had no carpets, seats or upholstery, but included additional track safety devices. The 156 has won the following titles:

Touring versions:

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Press Files/26/10/1997. The Italian Superturismo Championship (Campionato Italiano Superturismo is Italy 's national motorsport series for touring cars. Fabrizio Giovanardi (born December 14, 1966 in Sassuolo) is an Italian Racecar driver The Italian Superturismo Championship (Campionato Italiano Superturismo is Italy 's national motorsport series for touring cars. Fabrizio Giovanardi (born December 14, 1966 in Sassuolo) is an Italian Racecar driver The European Touring Car Championship was an international Touring car racing series organized by the FIA. Fabrizio Giovanardi (born December 14, 1966 in Sassuolo) is an Italian Racecar driver The European Touring Car Championship was an international Touring car racing series organized by the FIA. Fabrizio Giovanardi (born December 14, 1966 in Sassuolo) is an Italian Racecar driver The European Touring Car Championship was an international Touring car racing series organized by the FIA. Fabrizio Giovanardi (born December 14, 1966 in Sassuolo) is an Italian Racecar driver The European Touring Car Championship was an international Touring car racing series organized by the FIA. Gabriele Tarquini (born in Giulianova, March 2, 1962) is a Racing driver from Italy. alfaromeopress. com. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
  2. ^ Automotive Intelligence News. autointell. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  3. ^ a b Unique Performance Automatic Gearboxes for the New Alfa Romeo 156. autoweb. com. au. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
  4. ^ Press release 01/09/1997. fiatautopress. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  5. ^ Equipment Boost For 2002 Alfa Romeo 166. www. autoweb. com. au. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
  6. ^ Alfa Romeo 159 article. autozine. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  7. ^ a b Alfa Romeo history 1990–2000. alfaromeo. com. au. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  8. ^ a b Alfa Romeo 156 restyling article, page 5. italiaspeed. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  9. ^ 2003 Alfa Romeo 156 2.0 JTS Sportwagon review. carenthusiast. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
  10. ^ a b Alfa Romeo 156 Women's view. uk. cars. yahoo. com. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
  11. ^ ALFA ROMEO 156. realestatepath. com. au. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.
  12. ^ History of Alfa Romeo 156 (project 932) (v2.0). alfa156. net. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  13. ^ ALFA ROMEO 156 1.9 JTD 140. cars. yahoo. co. uk. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration
  14. ^ Tipo's derivatives. fiat-tipo-portugal. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  15. ^ Alfa Romeo 156. alfaworkshop. co. uk. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  16. ^ It's a common mistake to think that car has McPherson rear suspension, with shock absorber has combined with the spring, but this isn't McPherson,
  17. ^ Alfa Romeo - 156. Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, Shock absorbers and linkages that connects a Vehicle to its Wheels Suspension A shock absorber in common parlance (or damper in technical use is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or dampen shock impulse and dissipate A Coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it to absorb shock or to maintain auto. moldova. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
  18. ^ Press Files/29/01/2002. fiatautopress. com//. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
  19. ^ Press Files/05/06/2003. fiatautopress. com/. Retrieved on 2007-07-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat
  20. ^ News 18/2/04. alfa. co. nz. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  21. ^ Fortissimo!. telegraph. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
  22. ^ Graham Whyte. Road Tests Alfa Romeo 156 GTA. newcarnet. co. uk. Retrieved on 2008-01-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
  23. ^ Press release27/09/2001. fiatautopress. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  24. ^ Press Files/29/01/2002. . . fiatautopress. com. . . Retrieved on 2007-07-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
  25. ^ TECHNICAL SPECIFICIFICATIONS. alfisti. ru. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
  26. ^ new models: facelifted Alfa Romeo 156 and Sportwagon including GTA versions. italiaspeed. com/newmodels_156gta. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
  27. ^ Press Files 20/01/1999 ALFA 156: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. www. fiatautopress. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
  28. ^ Technical information. www. alfa156. net. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
  29. ^ New Powertrain Technologies Conference. autonews. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
  30. ^ Alfa Romeo 156 GTAm article. mitoalfaromeo. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. (Italian)
  31. ^ Technical details. autodelta. co. uk. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  32. ^ Previous winners. caroftheyear. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  33. ^ Previous Winners. ukintpress. com. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
  34. ^ Alfa Romeo 156 restyling article, page 9. italiaspeed. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  35. ^ South African Car of the Year, Previous Winners. sagmj. org. za. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  36. ^ N.Technology background. ntechnology. it. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.

External links

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